The document discusses various topics related to metallurgy and mining, including: - A brief history of mining from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. - Different types of mining such as surface mining (open-pit, strip, quarry, alluvial), underground mining (longwall, room and pillar, etc.), and ocean mining. - Activities that take place before mining such as traditional prospecting using mules and modern prospecting using trained specialists and sophisticated equipment. - Various materials recovered through mining like metals, coal, salt, diamonds and the figures showing examples.

1. Metallurgy: Mining
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Introduction
History
Types of mining
Activities before mining
REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E.
YR & SEC.
: 2B2- CHEMICAL
ENGINEERING

2. Introduction of Mining
● Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or
other geological materials from the earth, usually
from an ore body, vein or (coal) seam.
● Any material that cannot be grown through
agricultural processes, or created artificially in a
laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a
wider sense comprises extraction of any nonrenewable resource.

3. Materials Recovered in Mining
Base Metals
Figure 1. Gold

4. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 2. Copper

5. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 3. Coal

6. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 4. Rock Salt

7. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 5. potash

8. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 6. Diamonds

9. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 8. Iron

10. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 9. Silver

11. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 10. Uranium

12. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 11. Limestone

13. History of Mining

14. History of Mining
Mining of stone and metals
began in prehistoric times. Since the
beginning of civilization, people
have used stone, ceramics to make
early tools and weapons.

15. History of Mining
Stone Age
Old Stone Age man used tools
of wood, stone, horn, or bone to dig
flint from softer chalk and limestone.

16. Figure 12. Stone Age

17. Figure 13. Stone Age tools

18. History of Mining
Bronze Age
It is known that bronze age man valued copper
and bronze as both artistic and practical objects. The
ore was gained by using only simple stone and bone
tools.
It is thought that initially raw metallic copper
found on the surface would have attracted the ancients
to the uses of copper. Before long they would have
started to scratch away at the surface close to these raw
metal findings with simple tools made of
bone. However later Bronze age man started to recover
the ore from shallow open pits called bell pits.

19. Figure 14. Bronze Age

20. Figure 15. Bronze Age tools

21. History of Mining
Iron Age
Iron age generally is considering to
have started about 1200 B.C.
Existing iron ore deposits were not
exploited in ancient Egypt until the Late
Period, but the metal was occasionally
found in its meteoric form and put to use
as early as the 4th millennium BCE.

22. Figure 16. Iron Age

23. History of Mining
Iron Age
The smelting of iron was by the
process known as the 'Bloomery'
method.
Bellows were used to fan the flames
and the end product was a malleable ball
of impure iron which could be
hammered to shape.

24. Figure 17. Bellows

25. Figure 18. Iron age tools

26. Types of Mining

27. Types of Mining
● Surface Mining
● Underground Mining
● Ocean Mining

28. Surface Mining
Figure 19. Surface Mining
is a type
of mining in
which soil and
rock overlying
the mineral
deposit are
removed.

29. Surface Mining
Types of Surface Mining
● Open-pit bench mining
● Strip mining
● Quarry mining
● Alluvial mining

30. Surface Mining
Open-pit bench mining
● Open-pit mining involves excavation
which looks like a terrace.
● Open-pit mining is sometimes called
open-cut mining since the overburden is
not returned to the pit and an open cut
remains after mining is completed.

31. Figure 20. Example of Open-pit bench mining

32. Figure 21. The worlds biggest open pit mine can be found
near Hibbing, Minnesota.

33. Figure 22. Bingham Canyon Mine, located near Salt Lake City, is
the world's deepest man-made open pit excavation.

34. Surface Mining
Strip Mining
● Is the process of mining a seam of minerals
by first removing a long strip of overlying
soil and rock (overburden).
● Commonly used to mine coal or tar sand.

35. Figure 23. Example of Strip mining

36. Surface Mining
Strip Mining
□ Two forms of Strip Mining:
1. Area Stripping
2. Contour Stripping

37. Surface Mining
Strip Mining
● Area Stripping
− is used of fairly terrain,
to extract deposits over a large
area.

38. Figure 24. Example of Area strip mining

39. Surface Mining
Strip Mining
● Contour Stripping
− When a coal system is
located along a steep hillside
and only one cut into the hill
can be economically made.

40. Figure 25. Example of Contour strip mining

41. Surface Mining
Quarrying Mining
● Is a big man-made hole in the ground
from where minerals or rock are taken out.
● Quarries are normally dug deeper and
bigger.
● When they are later be used to backfill the
mined area, frequently utilized as landfill
sites for the disposal of waste

42. Figure 25. Example of Quarry mining

43. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
Concentrations in streambed or river
diamond by removing the overlying barren
ground and digging up the bearing ground.
Extracts bed sand and gravel.

44. Figure 26. Example of Alluvial mining

45. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
□ Alluvial Mining methods:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Panning
Rocker
Long Tom
Sluicing
Hydraulicking

46. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
● Panning
− The simplest technique to extract gold
from placer ore
− Mined ore is placed in a large metal or
plastic pan.
−During panning, mercury is added to the
fine mixture of gold and sand

47. Figure 27. Panning

48. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
● Rocker
− A cradle-like piece of
equipment that could because
used like a cradle to sift sands
through screens.
− A primary tool used to
separate gold from pay dirt.

49. Figure 28. Rocker

50. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
● Long Tom
− Has a greater capacity than a rocker
and does not require the labor of
rocking.
− It was mainly made of wood, with a
metal bottom.

51. Figure 29. Long Tom

52. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
● Sluicing
− defined as an artificial channel
through which flows controlled
amounts of water.

53. Figure 30. Sluicing

54. Surface Mining
Alluvial Mining
● Hydraulicking
− a form of mining that employs
water under pressure to dislodge
rock material
− often applied water under very
high pressure

55. Figure 31. Hydraulicking

56. Underground Mining
Figure 32 . Underground
Mining
● Underground
mining can be chosen
for any type of land
surface and for any
type of deposit too
deep for surface
methods.
● are used when the
mineral deposit lies
deep beneath the
surface of the earth.

57. Underground Mining
Underground Requirements
● Low-ventilation demand- quantity
passageways for air are rather rigidly fixed
and
geometry
of
● Compactness- Space is a premium, especially height.
● Easy Visibility- Most operating areas are lighted only by
individual cap-mounted or hand-held lamps
● Hand portability- Units or components must frequently be
hand-carried into an operating area
● Absence of spark and flame- Equipment is used in or near
explosives, timber supports and combustible gas or dust.

58. Underground Mining
□ Underground Mining methods:
●Long wall mining
● Open Stopes/
Room and Pillar
● Sublevel Stoping
● Shrinkage Stoping
● Cut-and-Fill
Stoping
● Square Set-and-
Fill Stoping
● Sublevel Caving
● Block Caving
● Solution Mining
● Continuous
Mining
● Nuclear Blasting

59. Underground Mining
Long-wall Mining
is a form of underground
coal mining where a long wall of
coal is mined in a single slice

60. Figure 33. Long-wall Mining

61. Video of Long-wall mining

62. Underground Mining
Open stopes/ Room and Pillar
A mining system in which the
mined material is extracted across a
horizontal plane while leaving "pillars"
of untouched material to support the
roof overburden leaving open areas or
"rooms" underground.

63. Figure 34. Room and Pillar

64. Video of Room and Pillar

65. Underground Mining
Sublevel Stoping
is a method of underground
mining method that involves
vertical mining in a large, open
stope that has been created
inside an ore vein.

66. Figure 35. Sublevel Stoping

67. Video of Sublevel Stoping

68. Underground Mining
Shrinkage Stoping
In shrinkage stoping,the
mining proceeds upward between
levels in steeply dipping ore
bodies, and most of the broken
ore is left in the stope until mining
is completed.

69. Figure 36. Shrinkage Stoping

70. Underground Mining
Cut-and-Fill Stoping
is a method of underground
mining used in vertical stopes
and in mining high-grade
irregular ore bodies.

71. Figure 37. Cut-and-Fill Stoping

72. Video of Cut-and-FillStoping

73. Underground Mining
Square Set-and-Fill Stoping
A form of stoping used
in hardrock mining that uses
systematic or random timbering
placed between the foot and
hanging wall of the vein.

74. Figure 38. Square Set-and-Fill Stoping

75. Underground Mining
Sublevel Caving
Is underhand method for
mining thick, steeply dipping
deposits. Starting at one end of
the uppermost sublevel.

76. Figure 39. Sublevel Caving

77. Video of Sublevel Caving

78. Underground Mining
Block Caving
Block caving is method for mine
large massive, structurally weak deposits
at high production rates

79. Figure 40. Block Caving

80. Video of Block Caving

81. Underground Mining
Solution Mining
Solution mining is a method in
which water, acid, or alkali dissolves
minerals in an ore deposit and then is
treated for recovery.

82. Figure 41. Solution Mining

83. Video of Solution Mining

84. Underground Mining
Continuos Mining
Continuos mining is a system based
on the machinery used in fragmenting
ore rather than on the method of
ground support.

85. Figure 42. Continuos Mining

86. Video of Continuos Mining

87. Underground Mining
Nuclear Blasting Mining
Nuclear explosives have the
capability of fracturing and breaking
large volumes of rock at low cost, which
makes them of interest for potential use
in mining.

88. Figure 43. Nuclear Blasting Mining

89. Video of Nuclear Blast Mining

90. Ocean Mining
are used when
the mineral deposit
occurs in sea water,
ocean floor, and
those that occur in
rock formations
beneath the ocean
floor.
Figure 44. Ocean Mining

91. Ocean Mining
Types of Ocean Mining
● Seawater Mining
●Ocean floor Mining

92. Ocean Mining
Seawater Mining
● Seawater mining contains the dissolved salts
of many different elements in various
proportions.
● Ordinary salt (NaCl) is recovered from the sea
water by solar evaporation. In this process, sea
water is led by canals to wide, shallow ponds on
shore. The canals then are closed and the action
of the sand and wind begins the evaporation
process.

93. Figure 45. Seawater Mining

94. Ocean Mining
Ocean floor Mining
It has been known since the 1950’s
that manganese nodules are scattered
across the deep ocean floors.

95. Figure 46. Ocean floor Mining

96. Activities Before Mining

97. Activities Before Mining
● Traditional Prospecting
● Modern Prospecting

98. Activities Before Mining
What is Prospecting ?
The process of looking for
mineral deposits.

99. Activities Before Mining
Traditional Prospecting
The old-time prospector used a
burro or mule to carry his camping
supplies, pick and shovel a pan for
washing stream gravels, two or three
pieces of drill steel and a sledgehammer
to drive them and perhaps a keg of
blasting powder.

100. Figure 47. Burro or Mule

101. Activities Before Mining
Modern Prospecting
The modern prospector is a member of a
team of highly trained specialists who use
sophisticated equipment in a
planned, systematic search. The team generally
include experts in
geology, geophysics, geochemistry, computer
techniques, drilling, mineral
economics, metallurgy, and related fields.

102. Figure 48. Trained Specialist