Engineering

1. ● Introduction of Mining
● Mining Industry
● Prospecting and Exploration
Metallurgy: Mining
REPORTED BY: CANOY, CLAIRE E.
YR & SEC. : 2B2- CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
TECHNOLOGY

2. Introduction of Mining
● Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other
geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore
body, vein or (coal) seam.
● Any material that cannot be grown through
agricultural processes, or created artificially in a
laboratory or factory, is usually mined. Mining in a
wider sense include extraction of non-renewable
resource

3. Materials Recovered in Mining
Base Metals
Figure 1. Gold

4. Figure 2. Copper
Materials Recovered in Mining

5. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 3. Coal

6. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 4. Rock Salt

7. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 5. potash

8. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 6. Diamonds

9. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 8. Iron

10. Figure 9. Silver
Materials Recovered in Mining

11. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 10. Uranium

12. Materials Recovered in Mining
Figure 11. Limestone

13. History of Mining

14. Stone Age
Old Stone Age man used tools of wood, stone,
horn, or bone to dig flint from softer chalk and
limestone.
History of Mining

15. Figure 12. Stone Age

16. Figure 13. Stone Age tools

17. Bronze Age
It is known that bronze age man valued copper and
bronze as both artistic and practical objects. The ore was
gained by using only simple stone and bone tools.
It is thought that initially raw metallic copper found on
the surface would have attracted the ancients to the uses
of copper.
History of Mining

18. Figure 14. Bronze Age

19. Iron Age
Iron age generally is considering to have started about
1200 B.C.
Existing iron ore deposits were not exploited in ancient
Egypt until the Late Period, but the metal was occasionally
found in its meteoric form and put to use as early as the
4th millennium BCE.
History of Mining

20. Figure 16. Iron Age

21. The smelting of iron was by the process known as the
'Bloomery' method.
Bellows were used to fan the flames and the end
product was a malleable ball of impure iron which could be
hammered to shape.
History of Mining
Iron Age

22. Figure 17. Bellows

23. Figure 18. Iron age tools

24. Mining industry

25. Country
Petroleum
(metric
tons)
Salts
(metric
tons)
Lead
(metric
tons)
Zinc
(metric
tons)
Feldspar
(metric
tons)
Gold
(metric
tons)
Silver
(metric
tons)
Copper
(metric
tons)
Kaolin
(metric
tons)
Australia 24 627 200
11 968
000
710 000 1 480 000 50 000 260 1880 870 000 104 708
China
203 014
000
70 377
600
1 981
300
3 842 200 2 100 000 340.88 3085
1 179
500
3 260 000
India 37 712 000
18 610
100
90 400 740 000 546 472 2. 239 148.524 35 500 2 727 946
Saudi
Arabia
466 553
600
1 800
000
543 4 897 42 300 4.476 7.760 1 603 62 000
Philippines 1 092 000 557 600
9 318
000 9 300 15 887 40.847 41 58 400 2 490
United
States
339 915
000
43 300
000
369 000 748 000 550 000 231 1280
1 110
000
5 420 000
Russia,
Europe
171 812
200
3 619
000
3 880 28 200 64 000 14.091 114.460 210 810 45 000
Table1. Production of Mineral Raw Materials of individual Countries

26. Country Total (metric tons)
(1) Saudi Arabia 468,464,955.236
(2) United States 391,413,511
(3) China 285,758,025.88
(4) Russia, Europe 175,783,218.551
(5) India 60,462,568.763
(6) Australia 39,812,048
(7) Philippines 11,053,758.847
Table 2. Total Volume (metric tons) of each country

27. Ore Volume(metric tons) Place
Primary gold 2,108,263,869 Baguio,Paracale, Masbate,
Surigao,Masra( Davao)
Primary Copper 4,052,082,051 Cebu,Marinduque, Benguet
Prov. Samar
Silver 2,108,260,000 Negros Occidental, Samar,
Davao
Molybdenum 30,600,306 Negros Occidental
Chromite 91,576,038 Zambales, Mindoro
Occidental, , Zambales,
Plawan
Nickel 1,569,870,783 Zambales, Palawan, Davao,
Samar
Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores

28. Ore Volume( in Metric Tons) Place
Iron 1,619,933,113 Zamboanga del Sur, Davao, Mindoro
Mercury 1,474,042 flasks Koronadal City
Lead 9,318,000 Zamboanga City
Zinc 6,162,011 Batangas and Zamboanga City
Manganese 7,537,003 Bohol, Trlac, Isabela,Palawan
Cadmium 47 Baguio district
Platinum 942 Zambales
Table 3. Philippine metallic Ores

29. Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place
Asbestos 5,811,000 Zambales and Pangasinan
Clay 450,432,000 Camarines Sur, Bulacan, Iloilo, Laguna
Rock Asphalt 550,000 Leyte
Feldspar 22,706,000 Ilocos Norte, Bulacan, Mindoro
Occidental
Dolomite 650,070,000 Negros Oriental,Bohol, Bulacan
Gypsum 2,438,000 Bataan, Batangas, Camarines Sur
Sulphur 19,534,000 Camiguin, Cagayan, Leyte, Sorsogon
Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves

30. Ore Volume( in Metric tons) Place
Diatomite 4,573,000 Lanao del Norte, Nueva Ecija,
Camarines Norte
Magnesite 52,276,000 Davao
Perlite 13,922,000 Quezon, Catanduanes, Albay,
Antique
Sand and Gravel 82,863,000 Cebu, Isabela
Pyrite 13,798,000 Albay, Antique, Surigao
Table 4 Philippine Non-metallic Reserves

31. Figure 19. Mining map of the Philippines

32. Prospecting and
exploration

33. What is Prospecting ?
The process of looking for mineral
deposits.

34. Types of Prospecting
● Traditional Prospecting
● Modern Prospecting

35. Types of Prospecting
Traditional Prospecting
Its prospectors was looking for simple, easy to find
mineralization-native gold in stream gravels or in veins out
cropping on the rocky sides of the mountains
The old-time prospector used a burro or mule to carry his
camping supplies, pick and shovel a pan for washing stream
gravels

36. Figure 20. Burro or Mule

37. Modern Prospecting
The modern prospector is a member of a team of highly
trained specialists who use sophisticated equipment in a planned,
systematic search. The team generally include experts in
geology, geophysics, geochemistry, computer techniques,
drilling, mineral economics, metallurgy, and related fields.
Types of Prospecting

38. Figure 21. Trained Specialist

39. Geological guides in
prospecting

40. Prospecting
Geological guides in prospecting
Metallogenic associations
-It deals with the location where undiscovered mineral
deposit relative of know regional trends of related
deposits.

41. Natural associations
The relation of ore deposited structural features
such as faults, brecciate and conformities and the
boarders of intrusions is used as a guide in
prospecting
Prospecting
Geological guides in prospecting

42. Zoning
Most closely followed guides to ore is the
expected pattern of mineral zoning. Ore and
gangue minerals change in character with
distance from the center of mineralization.
Prospecting
Geological guides in prospecting

43. Outcrops
Gossans, the residue of red, brown, and yellow
iron oxides and silica that remains from the
weathering is used in prospecting as a guide to
hidden primary mineralization.
Prospecting
Geological guides in prospecting

44. Figure 22.Outcrops

45. Prospecting methods

46. Prospecting
Prospecting methods
 Direct method
 Geochemical method
 Biochemical method
 Geobotanical method
 Remote sensing

47. Direct method
the topography itself may give
evidence of abrupt depressions
related to the leaching and collapse
of sulfide ore minerals.
Prospecting
Prospecting methods

48. Prospecting
Prospecting methods
Geochemical methods-
involve the field and
laboratory analysis of sampled
rock, soil, vegetation and other
natural materials for trace
amounts of the principal indicator
elements of an ore body.

49. Prospecting
Prospecting methods
Biochemical prospecting
this method is essentially an
indirect means of collecting
information from soil and
groundwater. Roots of trees and
bushes accumulate certain elements
From the subsurface and transmit
them to foliage.

50. Prospecting
Prospecting methods
Geobotanical
prospecting
this is a method in which a
presence of morphological or
mutational changes vegetation is
taken as a guide to local
geochemical condition.

51. Electrical Survey
It uses the electrical
properties of rock to locate any
mineral in the area
Prospecting
Prospecting methods

52. Equipments use in
prospecting

53. It is used for by
prospectors for close
look and to study
the rocks.
Equipments Use in Prospecting
Magnifier

54. Suction Tweezer
Equipments Use in Prospecting
For easy extraction of
tiny gold.

55. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Prospector’s
Hammer
For hammering chisels,
etc

56. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Shovel
For digging

57. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Bulb Snifter
Extracting gold from
pans.

58. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Chisels
Splitting rocks.

59. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Pick Mattocks
For digging hard rocks..

60. Equipments Use in Prospecting
Magnetic
Compass
The oldest
magnetic prospecting
instrument, which
measures the field
direction.

61. Exploration

62. What is Exploration?
Exploration is the process of closely
examining a deposits to determined it’s
size, shape, mineral content and other
characteristics.

63. Exploration
Exploration techniques
Geological Inference
This is the primary method in the initial stage of
exploration, it is critical in interpreting the results of other
methods.
The prospecting team starts with geologic map of the
region. Such map shows the various kinds of rocks at the surface
and for thousands of feet underground as well the structural
features of the rocks thickness of beds, folds, faults, fractures, and
intrusions.

64. Geological Inference

65. Geophysical method
involve the measuring slight differences in
physical properties of rocks and minerals.
Exploration
Exploration techniques

66. Geophysical Method

67. Equipments use in
Exploration

68. Exploration
equipments
Gravimeters
Use in gravity method which typically consist
of a weigh attached to a string that stretches or
contracts corresponding to an increase or decrease
in gravity.

69. Gravimeters

70. Exploration
equipments
Scintillometers
Scintillometers is a device used to measure small
fluctuations of the refractive index of air caused by
variations in temperature, humidity and pressure.

71. Scintillometers

72. Exploration
equipments
Seismograph
Use to measure earthquake. The goal of the
seismograph is to accurately record the motion of
the ground during a quake.

73. Seismograph