Geophysical logging techniques used to support environmental site remediation. Also referred to as borehole geophysical logging and geophysical well logging, the techniques support site characterization and remedial design efforts at properties with groundwater impacted by discharges of contaminants, including Superfund (CERCLA) and other sites where dense, non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPL) may be present in fractured bedrock and unconsolidated aquifers. The logging methods described include: Natural Gamma; Caliper; Acoustic Televiewer (ATV), also known as Acoustic Borehole Imager (ABI); Optical Televiewer (OTV), also known as Optical Borehole Imager (OBI); Electrical Resistivity, also known as Normal Resistivity; Single Point Resistance; Fluid Resistivity; Fluid Temperature; Heat Pulse Flow Meter (HPFM). Information is provided about how geophysical logs can assist in developing a Conceptual Site Model (CSM), with attention to structural geologic constraints on groundwater monitoring system design, referencing example conditions from the dipping sedimentary rocks of the Newark Basin and unconsolidated sediments of the New Jersey Coastal Plain. The presentation is meant to be of use to a wide range of investigators, including geologists, hydrogeologists, engineers and regulators responsible for site remediation.
This document discusses survey design and procedures for electrical resistivity surveys. It describes three common modes: 1) Sounding mode, where electrode spacing is varied to map resistivity with depth at fixed locations. 2) Profiling mode, where electrode spacing is fixed and the array is moved laterally to map lateral resistivity variations. 3) Profiling-sounding mode, which combines aspects of profiling and sounding modes. Common electrode arrays like Wenner and Schlumberger are described for each mode. Sounding and profiling modes are suited for mapping vertical and horizontal resistivity contrasts respectively.
It covers seismic method, gravity method, electromagnetic method, magnetic method and radiometric method. all these methods help in mineral exploration
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology part 3Jyoti Khatiwada
Hydraulic fracturing is a method to estimate initial stresses by pressurizing a sealed borehole section until it fractures. The fracture orientation indicates the minimum stress direction. This provides the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress for vertical boreholes. The breakdown pressure estimates the minimum principal stress, while the reopening pressure estimates the maximum principal stress. This allows estimating the 2D stress field in the horizontal plane, making it suitable for deep measurements where no underground access exists. However, it requires space for equipment and is best suited to vertical boreholes.
Mohr circle mohr circle anaysisand applicationShivam Jain
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation used to analyze the state of stress at a point. It relates the normal and shear stresses acting on planes of all orientations passing through that point. The document discusses how to construct Mohr's circle through an example and how it can be used to analyze principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and normal and tangential stresses on any given plane. Applications of Mohr's circle include studying brittle deformation features like faults and fractures, pore pressure effects, and stability of structures like bridges, dams and tunnels.
Borehole geophysics is the science of recording and analyzing measurements of physical properties made in wells or test holes. Probes that measure different properties are lowered into the borehole to collect continuous or point data that is graphically displayed as a geophysical log. Multiple logs typically are collected to take advantage of their synergistic nature--much more can be learned by the analysis of a suite of logs as a group than by the analysis of the same logs individually. Borehole geophysics is used in ground-water and environmental investigations to obtain information on well construction, rock lithology and fractures, permeability and porosity, and water quality. The geophysical logging system consists of probes, cable and drawworks, power and processing modules, and data recording units. State-of-the-art logging systems are controlled by a computer and can collect multiple logs with one pass of the probe
This document discusses survey design and procedures for electrical resistivity surveys. It describes three common modes: 1) Sounding mode, where electrode spacing is varied to map resistivity with depth at fixed locations. 2) Profiling mode, where electrode spacing is fixed and the array is moved laterally to map lateral resistivity variations. 3) Profiling-sounding mode, which combines aspects of profiling and sounding modes. Common electrode arrays like Wenner and Schlumberger are described for each mode. Sounding and profiling modes are suited for mapping vertical and horizontal resistivity contrasts respectively.
It covers seismic method, gravity method, electromagnetic method, magnetic method and radiometric method. all these methods help in mineral exploration
The presentation comprises the Gravity Method, It's anomaly, reduction, and its applications. The Gravity method is commonly used in Geology specifically in Geophysics.
This document discusses seismic surveying methods used in geophysical exploration. It describes how seismic waves are generated artificially and recorded to map subsurface structures and lithologies. The main methods discussed are 2D and 3D seismic surveys. 2D surveys involve collecting seismic data along widely spaced lines, while 3D surveys acquire closely-spaced data to generate high-resolution 3D images of the subsurface. The document outlines the objectives, preparation, data acquisition, and interpretation of seismic data to infer the presence of oil and gas reservoirs.
This document summarizes key concepts about porosity and permeability from a student presentation. It discusses how porosity is the volume of void space available to contain fluids, and permeability relates to how easily fluids can pass through materials. Several factors that control porosity are described, including packing density, grain size, sorting, and post-burial changes from processes like compaction, cementation, and fracturing. Common methods for determining porosity from well logs are also summarized, including bulk density, neutron, and acoustic logs. Equations for calculating porosity from each log type are provided.
Rock mechanics for engineering geology part 3Jyoti Khatiwada
Hydraulic fracturing is a method to estimate initial stresses by pressurizing a sealed borehole section until it fractures. The fracture orientation indicates the minimum stress direction. This provides the orientation of the maximum horizontal stress for vertical boreholes. The breakdown pressure estimates the minimum principal stress, while the reopening pressure estimates the maximum principal stress. This allows estimating the 2D stress field in the horizontal plane, making it suitable for deep measurements where no underground access exists. However, it requires space for equipment and is best suited to vertical boreholes.
Mohr circle mohr circle anaysisand applicationShivam Jain
Mohr's circle is a graphical representation used to analyze the state of stress at a point. It relates the normal and shear stresses acting on planes of all orientations passing through that point. The document discusses how to construct Mohr's circle through an example and how it can be used to analyze principal stresses, maximum shear stress, and normal and tangential stresses on any given plane. Applications of Mohr's circle include studying brittle deformation features like faults and fractures, pore pressure effects, and stability of structures like bridges, dams and tunnels.
Borehole geophysics is the science of recording and analyzing measurements of physical properties made in wells or test holes. Probes that measure different properties are lowered into the borehole to collect continuous or point data that is graphically displayed as a geophysical log. Multiple logs typically are collected to take advantage of their synergistic nature--much more can be learned by the analysis of a suite of logs as a group than by the analysis of the same logs individually. Borehole geophysics is used in ground-water and environmental investigations to obtain information on well construction, rock lithology and fractures, permeability and porosity, and water quality. The geophysical logging system consists of probes, cable and drawworks, power and processing modules, and data recording units. State-of-the-art logging systems are controlled by a computer and can collect multiple logs with one pass of the probe
The gravity method involves measuring variations in the Earth's gravitational field to determine subsurface density variations. Gravity surveys measure differences in gravitational attraction at surface locations. After collecting data at regular intervals, corrections are applied for drift, elevation, tides and topography. The corrected anomalies are analyzed to infer subsurface geology, locating structures like faults, voids or buried valleys. Common applications include engineering, environmental and geothermal studies.
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
The document discusses several failure criteria for rocks, including:
1) The Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which defines shear strength as a function of cohesion and friction angle.
2) The Hoek-Brown criterion, which models the non-linear relationship between principal stresses and incorporates rock mass quality.
3) The Griffith failure criterion, which postulates that stress concentrations at flaws like cracks cause propagation and failure.
It also briefly mentions the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and that empirical criteria tailored to a specific rock type may provide the most precise failure prediction.
The document discusses seismic instrumentation used for gathering seismic data. It describes the main components - seismic sources, sensors, and acquisition systems. For seismic data acquisition, an elastic wavefield is emitted by a source and measured by receivers along lines or on a grid. The data is then processed and interpreted. The chapter focuses on the hardware used for seismic measurements, including discussions of airgun arrays as marine sources, vibroseis and dynamite for land sources, and geophones and hydrophones as sensors. It provides an overview of how the different components contribute to the recorded seismic data.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
The document discusses the methods for near-surface seismic refraction surveying. It describes typical equipment used including seismographs, sensors, spread cables, and sources. It outlines survey geometry considerations for sensor and source placement. It also details typical recording parameters, the analysis process of picking first breaks and inverting travel time curves, and references additional analysis techniques and software.
Seismic surveys use seismic waves to image the subsurface. There are two main types: refraction surveys use refracted waves to determine shallow layer velocities, while reflection surveys use reflected waves to image deeper geological structures and boundaries between rock layers. Reflection surveys require more receivers and sources to adequately image the subsurface, making the data acquisition and processing more complex but able to image deeper targets compared to refraction surveys.
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Rock mass classification or rock mass rating of rock materials in civil and m...Ulimella Siva Sankar
1. Rock mass classification systems provide a methodology to characterize rock mass strength using simple measurements and allow geologic data to be converted into quantitative engineering parameters.
2. The most widely used systems are RQD, RMR, and Q-system which evaluate factors like rock quality, joint conditions, and groundwater to determine an overall classification.
3. Classification systems estimate the rock mass strength and deformability, which can then be input into numerical models to design underground mine openings and support requirements.
1. The document summarizes a presentation on magnetic survey methods given on May 21, 2020. It discusses concepts like magnetic susceptibility of rocks, elements that make up Earth's magnetic field like the core and mantle, and how magnetic polarity reversals are recorded in rocks.
2. Key factors that control magnetic susceptibility of rocks are magnetic minerals like olivine and magnetite. Susceptibility can also depend on mineral grain alignment. Magnetic fabrics provide information on rock composition and formation processes.
3. Earth has layers of increasing density, from less dense continental crust to denser mantle and core. The outer core generates convection currents that power the magnetic field, and the inner solid core rotates to produce it.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
This document discusses computer programs and computer-aided approaches used for slope stability analysis in rock slope engineering. It describes how programs can perform kinematic analysis using stereonets, limit equilibrium analysis using methods like Bishop and Janbu, and rockfall simulation. Specific programs mentioned include DIPS, DipAnalyst, SLIDE, SWEDGE, ROCPLANE, ROCFALL, Phase2, FLAC, UDEC, and 3DEC. These programs allow for conventional limit equilibrium methods, numerical continuum modeling, discontinuum modeling, and hybrid modeling approaches to slope stability analysis.
The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
New Jersey Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) James Peterson\'s recent presentation regarding the LSRP\'s role in New Jersey site remediation
The gravity method involves measuring variations in the Earth's gravitational field to determine subsurface density variations. Gravity surveys measure differences in gravitational attraction at surface locations. After collecting data at regular intervals, corrections are applied for drift, elevation, tides and topography. The corrected anomalies are analyzed to infer subsurface geology, locating structures like faults, voids or buried valleys. Common applications include engineering, environmental and geothermal studies.
This document provides an overview of geophysical methods used for site investigation and laboratory measurements. It discusses various methods including electrical resistivity, seismic methods, electromagnetic conductivity, gravity geophysical methods, and geothermal methods. For each method, it describes how the technique works and how tests are conducted to collect subsurface data on properties like density, conductivity, and elastic moduli. The document aims to explain different geophysical techniques that can be employed to characterize subsurface conditions.
Gravity anomaly across reagional structuresAmit K. Mishra
Gravity Anomaly across continents and ocean, gravity anomaly across mid-oceanic ridges, gravity anomaly across orogenic belts, and gravity anomaly across subduction zones.
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
Seismic Refraction Test
Subsurface investigation by seismic refraction
Seismic Data Analysis
Seismic refraction instrumental set up and operation
P-waves velocity ranges for different strata
The document discusses several failure criteria for rocks, including:
1) The Mohr-Coulomb criterion, which defines shear strength as a function of cohesion and friction angle.
2) The Hoek-Brown criterion, which models the non-linear relationship between principal stresses and incorporates rock mass quality.
3) The Griffith failure criterion, which postulates that stress concentrations at flaws like cracks cause propagation and failure.
It also briefly mentions the Drucker-Prager yield criterion and that empirical criteria tailored to a specific rock type may provide the most precise failure prediction.
The document discusses seismic instrumentation used for gathering seismic data. It describes the main components - seismic sources, sensors, and acquisition systems. For seismic data acquisition, an elastic wavefield is emitted by a source and measured by receivers along lines or on a grid. The data is then processed and interpreted. The chapter focuses on the hardware used for seismic measurements, including discussions of airgun arrays as marine sources, vibroseis and dynamite for land sources, and geophones and hydrophones as sensors. It provides an overview of how the different components contribute to the recorded seismic data.
Gravity and magnetic methods are an essential part of oil exploration. They do not replace seismic. Rather, they add to it. Despite being comparatively low-resolution, they have some very big advantages.
These geophysical methods passively measure natural variations in the earth’s gravity and magnetic fields over a map area and then try to relate these variations to geologic features in the subsurface. Lacking a controlled source, such surveys are usually environmentally unobjectionable.
The document discusses the methods for near-surface seismic refraction surveying. It describes typical equipment used including seismographs, sensors, spread cables, and sources. It outlines survey geometry considerations for sensor and source placement. It also details typical recording parameters, the analysis process of picking first breaks and inverting travel time curves, and references additional analysis techniques and software.
Seismic surveys use seismic waves to image the subsurface. There are two main types: refraction surveys use refracted waves to determine shallow layer velocities, while reflection surveys use reflected waves to image deeper geological structures and boundaries between rock layers. Reflection surveys require more receivers and sources to adequately image the subsurface, making the data acquisition and processing more complex but able to image deeper targets compared to refraction surveys.
Reflecting method of seismic prospectingPramoda Raj
This document provides an overview of seismic prospecting methods. It discusses the different types of seismic waves, including P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. The seismic reflecting method is described as using controlled seismic sources to generate waves that reflect off underground formations and are detected by sensors at the surface. Reflection seismology can be used to map subsurface geology at various depths for applications like hydrocarbon exploration, engineering surveys, and studying crustal structures. In summary, the document outlines seismic prospecting techniques, focusing on the seismic reflecting method of using controlled sources and detecting reflected waves.
Rock mass classification or rock mass rating of rock materials in civil and m...Ulimella Siva Sankar
1. Rock mass classification systems provide a methodology to characterize rock mass strength using simple measurements and allow geologic data to be converted into quantitative engineering parameters.
2. The most widely used systems are RQD, RMR, and Q-system which evaluate factors like rock quality, joint conditions, and groundwater to determine an overall classification.
3. Classification systems estimate the rock mass strength and deformability, which can then be input into numerical models to design underground mine openings and support requirements.
1. The document summarizes a presentation on magnetic survey methods given on May 21, 2020. It discusses concepts like magnetic susceptibility of rocks, elements that make up Earth's magnetic field like the core and mantle, and how magnetic polarity reversals are recorded in rocks.
2. Key factors that control magnetic susceptibility of rocks are magnetic minerals like olivine and magnetite. Susceptibility can also depend on mineral grain alignment. Magnetic fabrics provide information on rock composition and formation processes.
3. Earth has layers of increasing density, from less dense continental crust to denser mantle and core. The outer core generates convection currents that power the magnetic field, and the inner solid core rotates to produce it.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document provides an overview of laboratory and field testing methods for rocks. It discusses index property tests such as unit weight, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, and sonic velocity that are used to characterize and classify rocks. It also describes mechanical property tests like unconfined compressive strength testing, triaxial testing, point load strength testing, and beam bending tests. Common field testing methods mentioned include pressuremeter testing, in-situ direct shear testing, and hydraulic fracturing. The document provides details on sample preparation, equipment used, procedures, and how to calculate and interpret results for different rock property tests.
This document discusses computer programs and computer-aided approaches used for slope stability analysis in rock slope engineering. It describes how programs can perform kinematic analysis using stereonets, limit equilibrium analysis using methods like Bishop and Janbu, and rockfall simulation. Specific programs mentioned include DIPS, DipAnalyst, SLIDE, SWEDGE, ROCPLANE, ROCFALL, Phase2, FLAC, UDEC, and 3DEC. These programs allow for conventional limit equilibrium methods, numerical continuum modeling, discontinuum modeling, and hybrid modeling approaches to slope stability analysis.
The document discusses different geophysical methods used for subsurface exploration, including gravity, magnetic, electrical resistivity, and seismic methods. It focuses on explaining the gravity and magnetic methods. Gravity surveys measure differences in the gravitational field to detect variations in subsurface density distributions. Magnetic surveys map variations in the magnetic field caused by changes in magnetic susceptibility or structure of near-surface rocks. Both methods are used to locate features like hydrocarbon deposits, ore bodies, cavities, and buried structures or utilities.
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
Rock Mass Classification and also a brief description of Rock Mass Rating (RMR), Rock Structure Rating (RSR), Q valves and New Austrian Tunneling method(NATM)
New Jersey Licensed Site Remediation Professional (LSRP) James Peterson\'s recent presentation regarding the LSRP\'s role in New Jersey site remediation
The electrical resistivity method uses four electrodes to measure the resistivity of soil and rock formations. Resistivity depends on factors like material type, water content, and salt concentration. Rocks have higher resistivity than saturated clays. This method involves expanding the electrode spacing to measure resistivity at increasing depths. It can detect subsurface variations and locate deposits like sand and gravel within fine-grained soils. Interpretation can be challenging as resistivity changes gradually at interfaces rather than abruptly.
This document discusses various geophysical investigation methods used to study subsurface geology. It describes electrical resistivity, seismic refraction, gravity and magnetic methods. Electrical resistivity involves measuring resistivity variations to interpret subsurface rock types and structures. Seismic refraction uses the refraction of seismic waves to determine depth to subsurface layers. Gravity and magnetic methods detect density and susceptibility anomalies respectively to locate subsurface bodies. Geophysical methods provide quick, economical and multi-purpose subsurface exploration without drilling.
WELL LOG : Types of Logs, The Bore Hole Image, Interpreting Geophysical Well Logs, applications, Production logs, Well Log Classification and Cataloging
This document provides an overview of a publication containing papers from the Symposium on Geophysical Methods for Geotechnical Investigations. The publication covers both surface and borehole geophysical techniques applied to environmental and geotechnical engineering problems. Surface methods provide horizontal maps or vertical profiles of subsurface properties, while borehole methods provide continuous vertical logs of properties along boreholes. Together, surface and borehole methods provide complementary data for characterizing geological formations and groundwater.
Timothy C. Gunter presented on the U.S. Deep Borehole Disposal Program for DOE managed waste. The program's goal is to evaluate the feasibility of deep borehole disposal as an alternative option for certain types of smaller DOE waste. A deep borehole field test is planned to further study the concept at a depth of 5 km. Potential waste candidates include cesium/strontium capsules, calcine waste, and some spent nuclear fuel stored at DOE sites, but no decision has been made to use deep boreholes for disposal. The field test aims to advance understanding of deep geological conditions and borehole engineering requirements.
This document provides information about mining and mineral exploration. It begins with an introduction to mining and the materials recovered through mining such as metals, coal, salt, and diamonds. It then discusses the history of mining from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. Tables show production data for various countries and Philippine reserves of metallic and non-metallic ores. The document also covers topics like prospecting methods, geological guides for prospecting, exploration techniques, and equipment used for exploration such as gravimeters, scintillometers, and seismographs.
Geochemical exploration involves the detection of abnormal concentrations of chemical elements or hydrocarbons in surficial materials like soils, waters, and plants to search for economic mineral or petroleum deposits below the surface. It is divided into searching for metallic/non-metallic mineral deposits and oil/gas accumulations. The discovery of chemical elements or hydrocarbons above normal levels in surficial materials is called a geochemical anomaly, which is hoped to indicate mineralization or hydrocarbon resources underground. Modern geochemical exploration uses sensitive instrumentation, remote sensing, GIS, sophisticated sample collection and analysis, and electronic data processing to interpret and find deposits that were previously uneconomic or impossible to detect visually like low-grade deposits.
This document discusses geophysical logging methods used to characterize groundwater wells, including temperature, conductivity, resistivity, caliper, and flow meter logs. Key information obtained includes subsurface physical properties, aquifer parameters, well integrity, and water flow. The logs assist with hydrogeological assessment, formation calibration, well design, and drilling quality control. Field operations involve lowering sensor tools into the wellbore via cable while recording measurements. Analysis of the logs provides information on factors such as temperature gradients, lithology, fractures, and water influx.
Datalog Technology is an experienced provider of wireline logging services to the oil sands industry. It has logged over 4,500 wells and has a strong safety record, with over 2.5 million hours worked without incident. Datalog has competitive advantages including standardized API calibrated logs, experienced field staff, operational readiness, and the ability to log wells within 2 hours. It offers open hole logging combinations and only requires 2.4 meters of overburden to log core holes.
The document describes a borehole logging system that uses a tripod, winch, control cables, and micro-logger laptop to lower probes on logging cables down a borehole to collect data from a caliper probe and electric/gamma probe.
The document discusses ordinary differential equations, including exponential growth/decay models, separation of variables, numerical and hybrid numerical-symbolic solving techniques, orthogonal curves, Newton's law of heating and cooling, and medical modeling examples. Specific examples are provided to illustrate concepts like families of solutions, implicit solutions, direction fields, and determining parameter values from initial conditions.
The document discusses enhanced reservoir characterization using borehole images and dipmeter data. It begins with an overview of how logging tools have advanced from single measurements to detailed mapping of borehole walls using modern imaging tools with hundreds of thousands of data points per meter. The main topics covered include different types of dipmeter and imaging tools, generating borehole maps for orientation, stereographic projections for analyzing dip distributions, and processing raw data into geologically interpretable outputs like image and dip logs. Overall, the document outlines the transition from traditional well logging to digital geological mapping using high-resolution borehole wall data.
This document discusses special core analysis techniques used to measure relative permeability in rock samples. Special core analysis involves flow experiments on core samples to determine two-phase flow properties and relative permeability. The document describes methods to measure relative permeability, including maintaining intimate contact between core samples during steady fluid flow. It also discusses factors that influence relative permeability measurements like wettability alterations and saturation history effects during gas and water displacement processes. Capillary pressure tests and different capillary pressure measurement methods are also summarized.
Core analysis:State of SDN-NFV in wireless networks 2014Patrick Lopez
This document discusses SDN and NFV in mobile networks. It provides background on Core Analysis, which provides consultancy services on over-the-top video. The document summarizes AT&T's challenges around rapidly increasing network traffic. It then discusses why SDN and NFV are needed in wireless networks to address issues like monolithic infrastructure. The rest of the document outlines the state of NFV orchestration, ETSI's NFV architecture, breakdowns of NFV proofs-of-concept, and a roadmap for virtualized network functions in wireless networks.
1. The document discusses solving differential equations using the Laplace transform. It provides 13 examples of applying the Laplace transform to find solutions to differential equations with various initial conditions.
2. The examples cover a range of differential equation types, including those with constant coefficients, exponential functions, and polynomials.
3. For each example, the Laplace transform is applied to the differential equation to obtain an expression for the transform Y(s) of the unknown function y(t). This is then inverted using tables of Laplace transforms to find the solution y(t) satisfying the given initial conditions.
Tool Physcis cover the operating principles of modern logging tools, their applicability to varied environmental (borehole, formation and drilling fluid) condition and their use for defining petrophysical properties. It is important to properly select logging tool suites that are fit-for-purpose calls to know their limitations in specific well conditions.
Our Advanced Logging Tools Physics focuses on Basic Logging Operations and Quality HSE, Basic Nuclear Logging, Resistivity Logging, Acoustic (Sonic Logging), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Borehole Imaging & Dipmeters and Modern Nuclear Tools.
Petrophysical Study of Reservoir Rocks: Use of Image Analysis Software (IAS...Cristian Medina
This document discusses using image analysis software (IAS) and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data to characterize reservoir rocks. It finds that IAS provides a good estimate of porosity measured from core analysis, but the techniques measure different pore sizes and have limitations. MICP describes pore throats while IAS visualizes pores. The study also resolves discrepancies between IAS and core porosity measurements and finds pore shape relationships and pore size distributions can inform reservoir performance. The techniques are complementary and carbonate reservoirs pose more challenges for characterization.
The document discusses various borehole problems that can be encountered during drilling operations, including:
- Pipe sticking caused by differential pressure or mechanical forces
- Lost circulation occurring when fluid flows into porous or fractured formations
- Hole deviation due to factors like formation heterogeneity, drilling equipment, and drilling parameters
- Pipe failures from twistoff, parting, collapse, burst, or fatigue
- Borehole instability issues like hole closure, enlargement, fracturing or collapse
- Mud contamination from solids, salts, or formation fluids entering the drilling fluid system
- Formation damage near the wellbore from plugging by solids or fluid invasion impairing permeability
Proper planning, monitoring, and application of best
This document provides details of Jack Philpott's GIS portfolio project measuring glacier retreat in Alaska. It includes a title page, statements of originality and word length, acknowledgements, abstract, keywords, table of contents, and lists of figures and tables. The main body of the text is divided into sections on introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. It measures the retreat of four glaciers in Alaska using Landsat satellite imagery and compares the glacier length records to local climate records from 1965 to present. While glacier size was expected to determine retreat rates, the findings showed multiple climatic and topographic factors were influential rather than any single variable like area.
The use of waveform cross correlation for creation of an accurate catalogue o...Ivan Kitov
Page 3
In the current study of mining activity within the Russian platform, we use the advantages of location and historical bulletins/catalogues of mining explosions recorded by small-aperture seismic array Mikhnevo (MHVAR). The Institute of Geospheres Dynamics (IDG) of the Russian Academy of Sciences runs seismic array MHVAR (54.950N; 37.767E) since 2004.
Small-aperture seismic array “Mikhnevo” includes ten vertical stations (solid triangles), with one station in the geometrical centre of the array (C00) and other nine stations distributed over three circles with radii of 130 m, 320 m, and 600 m. The array aperture in approximately 1.1 km. Two 3C stations (solid triangles in circles) were added to the outer circle in order to improve the overall stations sensitivity (detection threshold) and resolution. All stations are equipped with short-period seismometers SM3-KV, which are characterized by flat response between 0.8 Hz and 30 Hz and gain of 180,000 [Vs/m]. Later, a 3C broad band station (BB) was installed in the centre of the array for surface wave measurements. The array response function (only for 12 vertical channels) is similar to that for many small-aperture arrays. Such arrays are designed to measure high-frequency signals from regional and near-regional sources with magnitudes above 1.5-2.0.
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MHVAR detects regional seismic phases (Pn, Sn, Lg, Rg) from various sources. Figure shows some selected waveforms with source-station distance decreasing up-down. Correspondingly the length of records decreases – for the closest mines it’s harder to distinguish between P and S phases.
Page 5
More than 50 areas at regional and near regional distances with different levels of mining activity have been identified by MHVAR. Since 2004, thousands of events have been reported in the IDG seismic catalogue as mining explosions. The IDG publishes this mining event catalogue as a part of the annual issues of “Earthquakes in Russia”, which is available for the broader geophysical community. The map shows several selected mines at near-regional distances where MHVAR successfully detects events with magnitudes 1.0 and lower. We also show a few selected mines at regional distances with the largest events of magnitude (ML) 2.0 and above. Such events should be also detected by IMS arrays. Joint interpretation of signals detected by MHVAR and IMS arrays allows significant improvements in signal detection, location, characterization and identification of events in the IDG catalogue when the historical data are revisited. The work on joint analysis of the IDG and IMS data is possible under the “Contract for limited access to IMS data and IDC products” between the CTBTO and IDG, which allows obtaining data through 2011.
To begin with, we have chosen blasts with larger magnitudes from well-known ironstone mine Mikhailovskiy (red circle), which is situated at regional distances somewhere between MHVAR (~330 km) and IMS array AKASG
The document contains numeric data organized into 3 tables of 30 columns and 11 rows. The values in each table range from approximately 5 to 50. This appears to be measurement or other quantitative data organized into tables.
SELECTION OF SUITABLE EQUATIONS IN FINAL ESTIMATION OF LOCAL SCOUR (SECOND ED...IAEME Publication
local scour is one of the most significant causes of bridges damaging and destruction, particularly on the flood time. hence determination of local scour around piers of bridges play an important role in design of bridge. In addition to the loss of lives and properties, damaged bridges lose their functions; and, lead to extra costs of maintenance. with the help of regression analysis Some equations have been obtained by different researchers using experimental
observations and field data .The goal has been to obtain an equation with fewer gaps between observed values and predicted values.
This document discusses rainfall (presipitasi) in Indonesia. It defines presipitasi as water falling from the atmosphere to Earth's surface, including rain, snow, fog, dew and hail. In tropical areas like Indonesia, the main contributor is rain. Rain occurs when moist air rising in the atmosphere cools and condenses. Factors like wind, temperature, atmospheric and local pressures influence rainfall amounts. The types of rain discussed are convective (from air masses lifted by heating), cyclonic (from uneven solar heating creating pressure systems), and orographic (from moist air lifted over mountains). Methods for measuring and analyzing rainfall data using rainfall stations are also outlined.
South_Blakey_Evolution of GIS Based Analysis ECIM Haugesund 2010Bernie South
The document discusses how GIS-based analysis has evolved in petroleum exploration from the past to present. It describes how GIS was initially used as a tool for multi-disciplinary collaboration and synthesis by geoscientists. Over time, GIS analysis has become more integrated, standardized, automated through database integration and custom workflows. Modern GIS analysis in exploration leverages more advanced visualization, spatial analysis and programming capabilities to better integrate diverse datasets and modeling for play assessment.
Here are the key points about conditional probability:
- Conditional probability quantifies the probability of an event Y occurring given some additional information H is known. It is denoted p(Y|H).
- The two main properties of conditional probability are:
1) p(Y|H) ≥ 0 for all possible values of Y
2) The probabilities of all possible values of Y sum to 1
- Conditional probability can also be expressed as p(Y|X) where X is another random variable that provides information.
- The relationship between conditional and joint probabilities is:
p(Y|X) = p(X,Y) / p(X)
- If Y is independent of X,
St st pipe_pressure_rating_charts_rev_sep_2010setyopermadi
This document provides allowable working pressure tables for stainless steel grade 304 seamless pipes according to ASTM A 312. It lists the design strength and allowable working pressures in megapascals at different temperatures for various pipe sizes and schedules. Notes are provided regarding the calculation method, applicability to piping classes, and additional factors that must be considered for welded pipes. Conversion factors are also listed to convert pressures to other common units.
The Geomorphology of Dunes Along the Western Shoreline of Lake Michigan: Diss...SERC at Carleton College
This document summarizes research on the geomorphology of dunes along the western shoreline of Lake Michigan. It describes the study areas around Clark Lake, Kangaroo Lake, and Europe Lake, including dune sizes and spacing. Methods used in the research are outlined, such as the use of LiDAR, ground penetrating radar, particle size analysis, and optically stimulated luminescence dating. Optical dating results from samples are presented. The document discusses disseminating the findings in the classroom and provides potential assignment topics.
The table shows the percentage of resources (runs) remaining at different stages of an innings based on overs left and wickets lost. It was created by Duckworth and Lewis to help determine revised targets in rain-interrupted one day cricket matches. The higher the percentage, the more resources a team has to score runs. The percentage decreases as overs remaining decreases and wickets lost increases. The table aims to provide a fair method for adjusting scores based on the conditions faced by each team.
The document provides a summary of a geotechnical investigation report for a proposed check dam construction site. Three boreholes were drilled and standard penetration tests (SPT) were conducted at 1.5m intervals to determine soil properties. Laboratory tests including specific gravity, moisture content, particle size distribution, liquid limit and plastic limit tests were performed on soil samples. Subsurface exploration found soils to have SPT values ranging from 3 to 60. The report provides tables with soil properties and allowable bearing capacities for foundations of varying widths at 0.86m depth.
This textbook provides an overview of the fundamental principles of geophysics for undergraduate students. It covers topics such as the structure and composition of the Earth and other planets, plate tectonics, gravity, seismology, geochronology, thermodynamics, geoelectricity, geomagnetism, and paleomagnetism. The second edition has been completely revised and updated with the latest research. It includes new exercises and review questions to help students evaluate their understanding.
This thesis examines the relationship between changing air temperatures and snowfall season characteristics in British Columbia, Canada from 1962 to 1989. Daily temperature and snowfall data from 8 stations across the province were analyzed. Trend analysis found that average annual air temperatures increased at all stations over the study period. Most stations showed later snow starting dates, earlier snow ending dates, and shorter snowfall seasons. Correlation analysis revealed that snowfall season length was most significantly affected by rising air temperatures, though the impact varied spatially due to complex topography and atmospheric patterns. Overall, the study suggests British Columbia experienced a declining snowfall season associated with higher air temperatures in recent decades.
This document is Edward James Kemp's MSc thesis submitted to Kingston University London. It analyzes a spatial dataset of Anglo-Saxon artefacts from East Anglia recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme using geographical information systems (GIS) techniques. The thesis used cluster, hotspot and buffer analysis on the artefacts to explore spatial patterns. Cluster analysis revealed patterns in how jewellery and clothing may have been stored and how horse breeding was specialized. Hotspot analysis identified possible trade routes and towns important for tax collection or manufacturing. Buffer analysis reappraised productive sites identified in a previous study and suggested additional sites for further investigation. The GIS analysis provided new insights into Anglo-Saxon settlement patterns not evident from visual inspection
- The document discusses minimally invasive monitoring of soil-plant interactions and the Earth's critical zone using geophysical techniques.
- It focuses on using non-invasive electromagnetic (EM) monitoring at various scales to characterize soil-plant-atmosphere interactions and soil moisture dynamics over time.
- The document presents case studies applying EM monitoring at the hillslope and field scale in Italy and Sardinia to map soil properties and monitor soil moisture changes under different vegetation and irrigation/rainfall conditions.
The document discusses the need for quantitative reasoning in ecology to address important questions that affect human well-being and raise ethical issues. It notes that questions in ecology involve complex interactions over different spatial and temporal scales. Developing quantitative models with measurable parameters can help reduce confusion and advance understanding in evolutionary theory and ecology.
This problem represents an interesting opportunity for scientists and statisticians to collaborate since the problem is too big for either community. The science is not well established, although fairly sophisticated ice flow models exist. They are even becoming relevant to explain some of the complexity seen in observational data. At the same time, the complex phenomena we see in observations may not be particularly relevant to assessing the risks of significant increases in sea level rise over the near future. The talk will review what we have learned about this problem through the PISCEES SciDAC project. This problem is rich with challenges and opportunities, particularly for realigning how our two communities engage each other. The talk will review the computational, scientific, and mathematical "reality checks" that might stop any reasonable person from considering this topic further. I then will point out how each of these challenges could be mitigated if these different perspectives were better integrated.
This document contains tables of critical values for various statistical tests including the z-distribution, t-distribution, chi-square distribution, and F-distribution. The z-distribution table lists critical values for the z-test across different levels of significance. Similarly, the other tables provide critical values for t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, and other statistical analyses across different degrees of freedom and significance levels.
This document provides a summary of NASA's fiscal year 2016 budget request. Key points include:
- The total budget request for NASA in FY2016 is $18.529 billion, an increase from FY2015 enacted levels.
- The largest programs are Space Operations ($4 billion), Exploration ($4.5 billion), and Science ($5.288 billion). Science funding supports Earth Science, Planetary Science, Astrophysics, and Heliophysics programs.
- Development of the James Webb Space Telescope is the largest line item within Science, though funding is decreasing as the project nears completion.
- Exploration funding focuses on development of the Space Launch System, Orion spacecraft, and Commercial Crew Program.
Similar to Borehole geophysics presentation linked in-031317 (20)
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptxRayLetai1
Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste.
With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban.
Aim:
A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city.
Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors.
Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach.
Goals:
Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management.
Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned.
Current solid waste management situation:
The status.
Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day
collection efficiently is at about 50%.
Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal
Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City:
Solid waste generation – collection – dumping
Good Practices:
• Separation – recycling – marketing.
• Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed.
• Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products.
• Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants.
Good practices:
Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction.
Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled.
CHALLENGES:
• Resource Allocation.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
2. OUTLINE
1. Introduction: What is borehole geophysical
logging?
2. Environmental CSM Support: Which important
environmental site remediation problems can it
help us solve?
3. Geophysical Logging Methods Description
4. References
2Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
4. Definition
Borehole Geophysics
• “methods for making continuous or point
measurements down a drill hole… lowering
different types of probes into borehole and
electrically transmitting data to the surface
where recorded…as a function of depth.
• “measurements related to the physical and
chemical properties of the rocks surrounding
the borehole and the fluid in the borehole, to
the construction of the well, or to some
combination of these factors.”
(Keys, 1997)
(USGS, 2012)
4Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
8. Pros and Cons
Benefits
• Continuous record
• Objective, numerical data
• Repeatable
• New info from existing wells
• Low cost, relative to other
methods (e.g., coring)
Limitations / Qualifications
• Best applied with background
information to aid in analysis,
(e.g., soil or rock core data)
• Single logging parameter
rarely diagnostic; synergistic
analysis necessary
• Log interpretation requires
experience, knowledge of
regional hydrogeology
8Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
33. Gamma Correlation with Regional Units
• Newark Basin Coring Project
(NBCP)
– Extensive geologic framework
– Electronic data available for
gamma logs, lithology, color
– Many units correlate readily
over large distances (miles)
• NJGS maps (e.g., Plainfield
Quad) reflect NBCP sub‐units
• Elements of CSM per USGS at
NAWC research site in West
Trenton (Lacombe and Burton 2010)
• Understanding gained may
support focused approach
33(Olsen, Kent et al. 1996)Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
48. Image Logs
• Centralized ATV and OTV
• Circular traces vertically
combined
• Cylindrical record “cut” at
North, laid flat
• Log analyst selects and
classifies planar features,
which plot as sinusoids
• 3D positioning sensors
and software allow
reporting of structural
measurements to North
48
(Wightman et
al., 2003)Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
54. Acoustic Televiewer
• Two raw data tracks
– Amplitude
– Travel Time
• Amplitude of returned
signal diminished (darker
traces) in fractures, softer
rock
• Travel time through
borehole fluid increased
(lighter traces) at fractures,
other enlargements
54Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
55. Acoustic Televiewer
55
• Imaging in mud‐ or water‐
filled holes
• Structural evaluation
• Acoustic caliper
• Multi‐echo mode for
measurements through
PVC pipe
• Pipe‐inspection mode for
inner and outer corrosion,
wall thickness
(ALT, 2015)Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
84. References
• Advanced Logic Technology (ALT), 2014, WellCAD Essentials for Mining & Geotechnical Logging Data.
• ALT, 2015, Product literature for downhole geophysical instruments, online at www.alt.lu.
• Alger, R. (1966). Interpretation of electric logs in fresh water wells in unconsolidated formations.
SPWLA 7th Annual Logging Symposium, Society of Petrophysicists and Well‐Log Analysts.
• Day‐Lewis, F.D., Johnson, C.D., Paillet, F.L. and Halford, K.J., 2011, A Computer Program for Flow‐Log
Analysis of Single Holes (FLASH). Groundwater, 49: 926‐931.
• Herman, G. (2010). Hydrogeology and Borehole Geophysics of Fractured‐Bedrock Aquifers, Newark
Basin, New Jersey. Contributions to the geology and hydrogeology of the Newark basin. G. C. H. a. M.
E. Serfes, NJ Geological Survey. Bulletin 77: F1‐F45.
• Herman, G.C., 2014, New Jersey Geological Survey research and testing to verify accuracy and
reproduciblity of heat‐pulse flowmeter data and to design and calibrate modified flow diverters to
extend the reliable measurement range of the heat‐pulse flowmeter. New Jersey Geological Survey.
• Hess, A. E. (1986). "Identifying hydraulically conductive fractures with a slow‐velocity borehole
flowmeter." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 23(1): 69‐78.
• Hess, A. E. and F. L. Paillet (1990). "Applications of the thermal‐pulse flowmeter in the hydraulic
characterization of fractured rocks." ASTM special technical publication(1101): 99‐112.
84Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
85. References (cont’d)
• Johnson, C.D., Mondazzi, R.A. and Joesten, P.K., 2011, Borehole Geophysical Investigation of a
Formerly Used Defense Site, Machiasport, Maine, 2003‐2006, Report
• Keys, W. S. (1989). Borehole geophysics applied to ground‐water investigations, National Water Well
Association Dublin, OH.
• Keys, W. S. (1997). A practical guide to borehole geophysics in environmental investigations. Boca
Raton, CRC Press.
• Lacombe, P. J. and W. C. Burton (2010). "Hydrogeologic framework of fractured sedimentary rock,
Newark Basin, New Jersey." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 30(2): 35‐45.
• Matthieu, D. E., M. L. Brusseau, Z. Guo, M. Plaschke, K. C. Carroll and F. Brinker (2014). "Persistence of
a Groundwater Contaminant Plume after Hydraulic Source Containment at a Chlorinated‐Solvent
Contaminated Site." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 34(4): 23‐32.
• Michalski, A. and G. M. Klepp (1990). "Characterization of Transmissive Fractures by Simple Tracing of
In‐Well Flow." Groundwater 28(2): 191‐198.
• Michalski, A. and Britton, R., 1997, The role of bedding fractures in the hydrogeology of sedimentary
bedrock—evidence from the Newark Basin, New Jersey. Groundwater, 35: 318‐327.
85Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
86. References (cont’d)
• Michalski, A., 2010, Hydrogeologic Characterization of Contaminated Bedrock Sites in the Newark
Basin: Selecting Conceptual Flow Model and Characterization Tools. In: Herman, G.C.a.S., M.E. (ed.),
Contributions to the geology and hydrogeology of the Newark Basin. NJ Geological Survey, Trenton,
NJD1‐D12.
• Monteverde, D.H., Herman, G.C. and Stanford, S.D., 2014, Geology of the Hopewell Quadrangle,
Hunterdon, Mercer and Somerset counties, New Jersey (1:24,000). New Jersey Geological Survey,,
Trenton, N.J.
• NJDEP‐SRP (2012). Groundwater technical guidance: Site Investigation, Remedial Investigation,
Remedial Action Performance Monitoring (version 1.0).
• Olsen, P. E., D. V. Kent, B. Cornet, W. K. Witte and R. W. Schlische (1996). "High‐resolution stratigraphy
of the Newark rift basin (early Mesozoic, eastern North America)." GSA Bulletin 108(1): 40‐77.
• Parker, B. (2012). Characterization Techniques for Identifying Hydraulically Active Fractures in
Sedimentary Rocks. MGWA Spring 2012 Conference: Conduits, Karst, and Contamination Addressing
Groundwater Challenges, University of Guelph, e360 and Minnesota Geological Survey.
• Paillet, F., 1998, Flow modeling and permeability estimation using borehole flow logs in
heterogeneous fractured formations. Water Resources Research, 34: 997‐1010.
86Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017
87. References (cont’d)
• Parker, B.L., Cherry, J.A. and Chapman, S.W., 2012, Discrete fracture network approach for studying
contamination in fractured rock. AQUAMundi: Journal of Water Science, 60: 101‐116.
• Rider, M. H. (1990). "Gamma‐ray log shape used as a facies indicator: critical analysis of an
oversimplified methodology." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 48(1): 27‐37.
• Rider, M. H. and M. Kennedy (2011). The geological interpretation of well logs. Scotland, Rider‐French
Consulting Limited.
• Sloto, R. A. (2007). "Interpretation of Borehole Geophysical Logs, Aquifer‐Isolation Tests, and Water‐
Quality Data for Sites 1, 3, and 5 at Willow Grove Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base, Horsham
Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, 2005."
• Stanford, S.D., 2012, The Geology of the Chatsworth Quadrangle, Burlington County, New Jersey
(1:24000).
• Sugarman, P. J., K. G. Miller, J. V. Browning, A. A. Kulpecz, P. P. McLaughlin Jr and D. H. Monteverde
(2005). "Hydrostratigraphy of the New Jersey Coastal Plain: Sequences and facies predict continuity of
aquifers and confining units." Stratigraphy 2: 259‐275.
• Sugarman, P.J., Monteverde, D.H., Boyle, J.T. and Domber, S.E., 2013, Aquifer correlation map of
Monmouth and Ocean Counties, New Jersey (1:150000).
87Princeton Geoscience, Inc., 2017