This document provides an overview of key concepts in geomorphology. It defines geomorphology as the study of landforms and discusses how landforms are shaped by tectonic and hydrologic processes. Early theories that invoked supernatural causes are contrasted with modern theories of uniformitarianism and plate tectonics. The roles of various controlling factors - including geomorphic agents, surficial materials, tectonic setting, and climate - are examined. Different types of crustal features like continents, mountain belts, shields, and continental shelves are also introduced.
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
Geologic time scale, Uniformitarianism, Catastrophic concept, Geomorphic process-agent cause and product, Hutton's concept, Davis Concept, Darwin's concept, Gilbert's concept
Presentation on the different factors controlling weathering. In this we discuss the basic concepts is weathering and explain in breif the various factors controlling them.
Presentation on the different factors controlling weathering. In this we discuss the basic concepts is weathering and explain in breif the various factors controlling them.
Geologic processes that shape the planet Earth, which occurs beneath the surface and associated with Interior forces. Download this so you can see some animations and some hidden images behind some pictures.
In this presentation, I focused on the geomorphological aspect of earthquake which means tectonic plates. Additionally, we also included the origin of the Universe and tectonic plates. And also the Nepal and Taiwan earthquakes of 2015 was also described here in perspective with tectonic plates.
The presentation contains basic terms of Physical Geology which is related to Geology. It is a gross presentation including images and animated gif's for better understanding.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
Geomorphology at a glance: Major landformsP.K. Mani
Geomorphology, Major landforms, Genetic landform classifications, Volcanic landforms, River Systems and Fluvial Landforms, Aeolian Landforms, Glacial Landforms
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 14 of 14 (Thompson Cany...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Desert Member of the Blackhawk Formation and the Castigate Sandstone in Thompson Canyon for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 13 of 14 (Blue Castle B...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Kenilworth through Desert Members of the Blackhawk Formation and the Castlegate Sandstone from the Blue Castle Butte area to Gunnison Butte for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 11 of 14 (Woodside Cany...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Sunnyside Member of the Blackhawk Formation in Woodside Canyon for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 10 of 14 (Woodside Cany...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Kenilworth Member of the Blackhawk Formation in Woodside Canyon for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 9 of 14 (Coal Creek & S...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Aberdeen Member of the Blackhawk Formation in Coal Creek and Soldier Canyons for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 7 of 14 (Spring Canyon ...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Spring Canyon Member of the Blackhawk Formation in Spring Canyon and Sowbelly Gulch for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 5 of 14 (Gentile Wash -...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Storrs Member of the Star Point Sandstone in Spring Canyon and the Spring Canyon Member of the Blackhawk Formation for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 4 of 14 (Spring Canyon ...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Panther Tongue of the Star Point Sandstone in Spring Canyon for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 3 of 14 (Gentile Wash -...William W. Little
Preview presentation on the Panther Tongue of the Star Point Sandstone in Gentile Wash for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 2 of 14 (Stratigraphic ...William W. Little
Stratigraphic overview for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
LGC field course in the Book Cliffs, UT: Presentation 1 of 14 (Principles of ...William W. Little
Introductory presentation for a professional field course titled: THE BOOK CLIFFS: A CASE STUDY IN COASTAL SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY, offered annually through W.W. LITTLE GEOLOGICAL CONSULTING (also offered by SCA). See details at: HTTP://LITTLEWW.WORDPRESS.COM.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. The word “geomorphology" comes from the Greek
roots "geo,“ “morph,” and “logos,” meaning
“earth,” “form,” and “study,” respectively.
Therefore, geomorphology is literally “the study of
earth forms.”
Geomorphologists are concerned primarily with
earth’s surficial features, including their origin,
history, composition, and impact on human
activity.
Geomorphology concentrates primarily on
Quaternary (Pleistocene and Holocene) features.
Earth’s landforms reflect the local and regional
balance between hydrologic and tectonic
processes.
What is Geomorphology?
Photo by NASA
3. Supernatural Intervention
• Volcanoes and earthquakes are caused by angry gods and/or devils.
• Fossils placed by the devil to confuse man.
Throughout most of
human history, natural
phenomena have been
interpreted through
myths and legends to be
the result of supernatural
intervention.
4. Creationism is the theory that all earth’s features, from grains of sand
to mountain ranges, were designed and created individually by God.
Creationism
5. Photo by W. W. Little
Catastrophism vs.
Uniformitarianism
Early ideas considered geological features, such as
mountain ranges, to have been created through sudden,
catastrophic, events.
Uniformitarianism is the idea that the same physical,
chemical, and biological processes operating on and in
the earth today were also active in the past and that,
therefore, all geologic phenomena can be explained as
natural occurrences.
6. Scientists make observations of an event or an object and then try to explain those
observations by organizing them into a logical system. As rock bodies can cover extensive
areas and represent vast periods of time, much of geological research cannot be done as
controlled experiments in a formal laboratory setting. In these situations, we rely on the
assumption that physical, chemical and biological laws are constant. That is, the processes
operating today are the same as those that operated in the past. For instance, since water
flows down hill today, it must have done so in the past. Therefore, if we identify a body of
rocks that exhibits characteristics similar to those found in a modern geological
environment, we assume that it must have formed in a similar manner.
Uniformitarianism
Ancient river channels
Modern river channels
Photos by W. W. LittlePhotographer unknown
7. • Both sedimentary and igneous rocks were precipitated in a global
sea. Erosion was caused by the “rush” of water as the sea receded.
• No explanation as to the fate of the missing sea water.
Neptunism
Abraham Gottlob Werner
8. • The ocean floor and continents are both ancient and are fixed in
their positions.
• Mountain ranges formed through crustal contraction during gradual
cooling of a molten planetary surface. Similar to the wrinkling of
dried fruit.
• Crustal folding and sea-level changes (uplift/subsidence) are due to
cooling and contraction of the earth's interior.
Shrinking Earth Theory
9. Virtually everything we see on the earth's surface is the result of the
interaction between two dynamic systems - tectonics and hydrology.
Dynamic Systems
From Tarbuck and Lutgens
10. Plate tectonics is the process by which rock material is moved from
within the earth to its surface and, in some cases, back to its interior and
by which the lithosphere is broken into a series of plates that move with
respect to one another.
12. • Driven by the earth's internal heat, which is generated by the radioactive decay of K, U, Th, and
other elements; by friction as material moves through the earth, and from residual heat related to
planetary accretion.
• Responsible for earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain formation, and continental drift
• Builds things up
• Primary processes include mantle convection and isostacy
Tectonic System
Unknown source
13. Controlling Factors for
Geomorphology
Tectonic Factors
• Structural style (normal faulting, thrust faulting, folding, vertical uplift)
• Plate position (active margin, passive margin, somewhere in between)
Hydrologic Factors
• Climate (temperature, humidity, atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns)
• Transporting medium (flowing water, ice, wind, waves, tides)
Prior Geologic History
• Nature of surficial materials
• Inherited structures
Geomorphology reflects the local and regional balance between
tectonic and hydrologic forces.
14. Controlling Factors
Geomorphic Agents and Processes: Affect how rocks and sediment
are eroded and transported.
Surficial Materials: Rocks and sediment of different types are
located at the earth’s surface.
Tectonic Setting: Determines what materials are exposed at the
earth’s surface and the manner in which they are distributed.
Climate: Determines what geologic agents are available to interact
with exposed rock materials and influences the rate of physical and
chemical reactions.
15. Controlling Factors
Geomorphic Agents and Processes: Affect how rocks and sediment
are eroded and transported.
Surficial Materials: Rocks and sediment of different types are
located at the earth’s surface.
Tectonic Setting: Determines what materials are exposed at the
earth’s surface and the manner in which they are distributed.
Climate: Determines what geologic agents are available to interact
with exposed rock materials and influences the rate of physical and
chemical reactions.
18. There are two major crustal components, continental masses and ocean
basins. They differ in elevation, rock type, density, chemical
composition, age, and history.
Crustal
Features
19. • Relatively low density rocks derived from felsic and intermediate
sources.
• Include the oldest rocks on earth (up to 4.0 Ga).
• Divided into 4 major components; shields, stable platforms, mountain
belts, and continental shelves.
Continents
Mountain Belt
Shield
Stable
Platform
Continental
Shelf
23. From Tarbuck and Lutgens
• Typically found along continental margins
• Linear belts of folded sedimentary layers overlying intrusive
igneous and metamorphic rocks
• Highly deformed by horizontal and vertical forces
• Characterized by internal zig-zag pattern
• E.g. Rockies and Appalachians
Folded Mountain Belts
35. • Regional surface of low relief with gentle warping
(resembles the shape of a Greco-Roman shield).
• Metamorphic and intrusive igneous rocks formed deep
within the earth and later elevated to the surface through
isostacy as overlying material was eroded.
• E.g. Canadian shield
Shields
42. From Hamblin & Christiansen (2001)
• Horizontal and slightly deformed sedimentary layers overlying
the shields.
• Little deformation or vertical movement over hundreds of
millions of years.
Can have broad domes and basins
• E.g. U.S. Midwest between the Rockies and the Appalachians.
Stable Platforms
67. Continental shelf
• Submerged, flat continental area
• Very low seaward gradient
• Thick sediment cover obscures complex underlying fault structures.
Continental slope
• Edge of continental shelf to sea floor.
• Steeper than shelf, but still relatively flat.
• The base of the slope is known as the continental rise.
• Can include thick, fan-shaped deposits formed by submarine "avalanches."
Continental Shelves
From Tarbuck and Lutgens
Continental Shelves and
slopes are considered to
be parts of continents but
form transition zones with
ocean basins.
Editor's Notes
In this first lesson, you will be introduced to the processes that govern the development of earth’s physical features. You will learn that there are two fundamental systems responsible for virtually everything we see at the earth’s surface. These are the tectonic and hydrologic systems. The tectonic system is driven by the earth’s internal heat and tends to build things up, producing angular features. Mountain ranges, earthquakes, volcanoes, island chains, and the break up and drifting of continents are all products of the tectonic system. The hydrologic system receives its energy from the Sun and wears things down, smoothing out the angular features produced by tectonics. Rivers, lakes, sand dunes, glaciers, and beaches are all the result of hydrologic processes. What we see at any one spot on the earth’s surface is the result of the local balance of these two opposing systems. Where the tectonic system dominates, high mountains are formed and shorelines are irregular. The west coasts of North and South America, the island chains of the Pacific Ocean, and the Himalayan Mountain Range are areas dominated by tectonic processes. Areas influenced primarily by hydrologic processes tend to be flatter with relatively smooth coast lines, such as the great plains and Gulf coast of the United States.