This document provides an overview of open-pit mining basics. It discusses that open-pit mining, also called surface mining, extracts ore or minerals from the ground without tunneling underground. The document outlines the two main types of mining as surface mining and subsurface mining. It also provides details on open-pit mining methods, factors for selecting mining methods, advantages and disadvantages of open-pit mining, and the key operations involved in open-pit mining.
subsidence, upsidence, subsidence limits, components of subsidence, prediction of subsidence, analysis of subsidence, coal mines, control of subsidence, subsidence trough, harmonic extraction, abandoned mines subsidence prevention, subsidence prevention in working coal mines, factors affecting subsidence
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
subsidence, upsidence, subsidence limits, components of subsidence, prediction of subsidence, analysis of subsidence, coal mines, control of subsidence, subsidence trough, harmonic extraction, abandoned mines subsidence prevention, subsidence prevention in working coal mines, factors affecting subsidence
Subsidence is one of the major environmental issues related to underground mining industry. This presentation gives an insight to causes, nature, effect of subsidence and some mitigation measures.
Longwall; Longwall in coal; Longwall in Hard Rock; Sublevel Caving; Characteristics of the ore body and mining method; Development; Production; Equipments Used; Block Caving, Introduction, Historical evolution of the method, Condition deposit; Principles of the method; Methodology of block caving; Basic issues of geomechanical to the black caving method; Caveability;Mine design Block caving; Fragmentation and extraction control; Subsidence associated; Advantages and Disadvantages of Block Caving
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
As a mining project is developed from conceptual to production phases, there exist a variety of uncertainties and difficulties that affect the operation’s designs and economic value.
A notable design parameter to be taken into account is the factor of dilution.
DILUTION
Planned and Unplanned Dilution
Internal and External Dilution
Primary and Secondary Dilution
Factors of Dilution
Mine Value Diminutions Due to Dilution
ORE RECOVERY
Room and Pillar Example
Ore Dilution & Recovery in Mining
Rate of Extraction
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
The basic principle of BG method is to be extract thick coal seams by drilling and blasting of roof and sides of gallery, which are driven at the bottom at the bottom of the seam at regular intervals.
Blasting gallery method is the appropriate method for the extraction of thick seam.
BLASTING OF RING HOLES PRODUCTION PER RING BLAST EXPLAINED
ground control in coal mines, stress regime, pressure arch concept, ground reaction curve, mechanics of strata failure, caving mechanism in bord & pillar, longwalls, roof falls, cavability, ground control practices or techniques in coal mines or metal mines
Considerations on the sublevel stoping method; Conditions for application of the deposit; Characteristic of Sublevel Stoping Method; Application; Development; Sublevel overhand; Sublevel underhand; Slot; Configuration of stopes; Drawpoints
Room and Pillar mining method is one of the oldest existing mining methods. This system in which the mined material is extracted across a horizontal plane, creating horizontal arrays of rooms and pillars. Usually those room and pillars are uniform size. Pillars may or may not be removed after extraction.
Used for soft as well as hard rock mining and is commonly associated with coal, potash, uranium, and other industrial materials.
Open pit mining is the process of mining a near surface deposit by means of a surface pit excavated using one or more horizontal benches.
The term open pit mining is usually used for metallic or non-metallic deposits and sparingly used for bedded deposits like coal.
As a mining project is developed from conceptual to production phases, there exist a variety of uncertainties and difficulties that affect the operation’s designs and economic value.
A notable design parameter to be taken into account is the factor of dilution.
DILUTION
Planned and Unplanned Dilution
Internal and External Dilution
Primary and Secondary Dilution
Factors of Dilution
Mine Value Diminutions Due to Dilution
ORE RECOVERY
Room and Pillar Example
Ore Dilution & Recovery in Mining
Rate of Extraction
Definition of Open pit Mining Parameters, Open pit Mining method, Bench, Open Pit Bench Terminology; Bench height; Cutoff grade; Open Pit Stability, Pit slope, Pit wall stability, Rock strength, Pit Depth, Pit diameter, Water Damage, Strip Ratio, Open-pit mining sequence, Various open-pit and orebody configurations; Ultimate Pit Definition, Manual Design, Computer Methods, Lerchs-Grossman method, Floating cone method; Open pit Optimization, The management of pit optimization, A simple example; The effects of scheduling on the optimal outline ; Optimum production scheduling; Materials handling Ex-Mine; Waste disposal; Dump design; Stability of mine waste dumps; Mine reclamation; Example of Open Pit Mining Methods
The basic principle of BG method is to be extract thick coal seams by drilling and blasting of roof and sides of gallery, which are driven at the bottom at the bottom of the seam at regular intervals.
Blasting gallery method is the appropriate method for the extraction of thick seam.
BLASTING OF RING HOLES PRODUCTION PER RING BLAST EXPLAINED
ground control in coal mines, stress regime, pressure arch concept, ground reaction curve, mechanics of strata failure, caving mechanism in bord & pillar, longwalls, roof falls, cavability, ground control practices or techniques in coal mines or metal mines
Considerations on the sublevel stoping method; Conditions for application of the deposit; Characteristic of Sublevel Stoping Method; Application; Development; Sublevel overhand; Sublevel underhand; Slot; Configuration of stopes; Drawpoints
This presentation reviews tailings dams and the hazardous waste contained within them. Basic design and the consequenses of design failure will also be reviewed.
Every Step you need in planning to extend a working open cast mine to underground mine on reaching a pit bottom.
Step-wise procedure to be followed is clearly mentioned.
Justifies the Indian Laws.
Sublevel Stoping method is explained in detail.
Case study of a copper mine is presented for eg.
The Evolution of Sublevel Caving at Trojan Mine, Bindura, Zimbabwe, J G TaylorJohn Guy Taylor
Several technical and economic factors have to be taken into
consideration in developing an optimal mining method. This paper
describes some of the important factors learnt during the evolution of the
sub-level cave mining method at Trojan Nickel Mine, part of the Bindura
Nickel Corporation (BNC) in Zimbabwe.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
3. • Mining is extracting
ore or minerals from
the ground
• An ore is a natural
material with a high
concentration of
economically valuable
minerals that can be
mined for a profit
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4. • There are two main types of mines.
1) Surface Mining
2) Subsurface Mining
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5. STATUS OF OPEN PIT MINING
Production: 2009-10
SCCL
• Underground------------ 11.97 MT (36 Mines)
• Opencast----------------- 38.45 MT (14 Mines)
• Over Burden------------ 248 M.Cum
CIL
• 473 mines owned:
• – 279 UG
• – 163 OC
• – 31 Mixed
• Production in 2009-10 was 388MT from OC and 43MT from
UG
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7. MINING METHODS
COAL MINING
METHODS
UNDER GROUND OPENCAST SPECIAL MINING
Methods Methods Methods
Hydraulic
Gassification
Mining
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8. What is Opencast Mining
• Opencast mining is also known as Open pit mining, Open cut
Mining, Surface or Strip Mining.
• The coal upto economical depth will be excavated by OC Method.
• The current operating depth of OC mines in SCCL is about 200m and
SCCL proposed to operate OC mines upto a depth of 420m. Ex: MNG
OC II Extension Project.
• The overburden and the Coal are excavated in long strips of a few
meters thickness.
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9. SURFACE MINING
• Based on System of Mining
– Continuous & Discontinuous
• Based on Mechansiation
– Manual & Mechanised
• Based on method and nature of mining:
1. Open-pit: Reclamation after completion
2. Open-Cast: Reclamation during mining
3. Quarries: stone, crushed rock, sand, gravel
4. Strip Mining: removing surface coal in strips up to 50 m
wide x 1 Km long
5. Placer Mining
6. Glory hole Mining
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10. MECHANISED OPENCAST METHODS
OPENCAST
Methods
SHOVEL DUMPER SHOVEL DUMPER Inpit Crussing SURFACE BUCKET WHEEL HIGH WALL
COMBINATION Combination and MINER EXCAVATOR MINING
with Conveyor
DRAGLINE Technology
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11. SELECTION OF METHOD OF MINING
I. Physical Factors
a) Geological Disturbances
b) Mineable Reserves.
c) Area of Excavation ( Extensiveness )
d) Depth of mining.
e) Gradient of the Seam.
f) Thickness of the Seam & No.of seams.
g) Gassiness of the seam.
h) Proness to Spontaneous heating.
i) Strata of the seam / Seams.
j) Hydro - geological conditions.
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12. II. Techno-Economical Factors
1. Stripping Ratio
2. Availability of technology / Machinery.
3. Availability of technical Skill ( HRD )
4. Capital investment.
5. Demand of Coal
6. Network of power lines, roads & railway
lines, water supply lines, railway sidings
7. Townships
8. Coal handling plants
9. Workshops
10.Life of the mine (optimum 25 years)
11.Work Culture
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13. III. SOCIO ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
1. Socio economic status of the area
2. Requirement of land(Pvt, Govt, Forest
etc.,)
3. R&R consideration
4. Environmental issues
5. Archaeological constructions
6. Bio reserves
7. EMP Clearance from.
* APSPCB , MOEF, Ministry of Forestry
* Requires public clearance also
8.Government policies
* IRR ( 12% )
* LPG ISN
14. Ideal conditions (Suitability) for Opencast Mining
1. Thickness of coal seams- > 5m
2. Flat gradient - < 1 in 6
3. Strike length - > 1 km
4. No.of seams - Less the better,
with higher thickness
5. Coal without stone bands
6. Free from surface structures / features.
7. Preferably non-forest land.
8. Availability of adequate place for dumping.
9. Stripping ratio depending on quality of the coal
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15. Advantages of opencast mining
There is no problem of ventilation
There is no problem of Roof control, supports
There is no problem of lighting in daytime.
Percentage of coal extraction is much higher (about
90%) than that of Underground mining (30-60%)
High OMS
Much productivity / profits.
Quick returns on capital investment.
Dangers & Hazards are less compare to U/G Mines.
There is no risk of gas explosion.
Large-scale mechanisation is possible.
Gestation period is less
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16. Disadvantages of opencast mining
•Work is affected by weather.
•Land degradation by mining.
•Deforestation.
•Pollution( water, Air, Land, Noise ).
•The method is uneconomic for workings
Deeper Depths, cities and under sea/rivers.
•The quarried area and OB dump heaps
present an unpleasant sight.
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