This document describes research on millimeter-wave antennas for 5G smartphones. It discusses several antenna designs for both 60 GHz and 28 GHz applications. For 60 GHz, a 2012 design integrated a 16-element phased array directly into a printed circuit board. Later designs in 2013 and 2017 explored integrating antenna arrays with reconfigurable polarization into mobile device chassis. A 2014 design proposed a 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna array for 5G cellular devices, demonstrating an 11 dBi gain array integrated into a Samsung phone. The document outlines various antenna designs, simulation and measurement results to enable millimeter-wave smartphone connectivity.
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Its a good presentation on Antenna topic because every one is know that in electrical engineering antenna is a complete subject & its too much difficult subject of electrical engineering....I hope this ppt slides helpful in your future...Thanks A lot guys.......
KINDLY REGARDS
KHAWAJA SHAHBAZ IQBAL
ELECTRICAL ENGINEER
UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL PUNJAB ,LAHORE ,PAKISTAN
+923360690272
Broadside Array vs end-fire array
Higher directivity.
Provide increased directivity in
elevation and azimuth planes.
Generally used for reception.
Impedance match difficulty in
high power transmissions.
Variants are:
Horizontal Array of Dipoles
RCA Fishborne Antenna
Series Phase Array
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Design & Study of Microstrip Patch Antenna.The project here provides a detailed study of how to design a probe-fed Square Micro-strip Patch Antenna using HFSS, v11.0 software and study the effect of antenna dimensions Length (L), and substrate parameters relative Dielectric constant (εr), substrate thickness (t) on the Radiation parameters of Bandwidth and Beam-width.
This thesis focuses on mobile phones antenna design with brief description about the historical development, basic parameters and the types of antennas which are used in mobile phones. Mobile phones antenna design section consists of two proposed PIFA antennas. The first design concerns a single band antenna with resonant frequency at GPS frequency (1.575GHz). The first model is designed with main consideration that is to have the lower possible PIFA single band dimensions with reasonable return loss (S11) and the efficiencies. Second design concerns in a wideband PIFA antenna which cover the range from 1800MHz to 2600MHz. This range covers certain important bands: GSM (1800MHz & 1900MHz), UMTS (2100MHz), Bluetooth & Wi-Fi (2.4GHz) and LTE system (2.3GHz, 2.5GHz, and 2.6GHz). The wideband PIFA design is achieved by using slotted ground plane technique. The simulations for both models are performed in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The last two parts of the thesis present the problems of mobile phones antenna. Starting with Specific absorption rate (SAR) problem, efficiency of Mobile phones antenna, and hand-held environment.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
Multiband Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for WLAN Applicationtheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This paper presents the Microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications with planar geometry and it consists of a defected ground (DGS), a feed, a substrate, and a patch. The design with DGS has been analyzed taking different dimensions of H Slot and achieve optimized dimensions with the help of CST, Microwave Studio commercial software for WLAN band at 5.20 GHz frequency with corresponding bandwidth of 310 MHz to optimize antenna’s properties. Results show that the final designed antenna has favorable characteristics at this frequency.
Design and Analysis of Ku/K-band Circular SIW Patch Antenna Using 3D EM-based...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) antennas are considered as main radiators for RF and microwave wireless systems due to their low profile, low cost and soft integration with the other devices. The gain of a SIW patch antenna may be enhanced using different techniques such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) by modifying the antenna’s geometry with high efficiency comparing to electromagnetic techniques that take more time. This paper describes a novel structure of a circular SIW patch antenna design using a tree-dimensional electromagnetic (3D-EM) simulation based on ANN model which is developed as an accurate tool for synthesizing the forward side and then analyzing the reverse side of the problem. In this work, ANN algorithms are used for training the samples to provide precise geometrical dimensions of the SIW patch antenna with high accuracy for the target requirements. The antenna is designed to operate in Ku and K frequency bands, resonate at 16.10 GHz and 19.81 GHz respectively and show good performance resulting in low return losses of less than -10dB to -29dB for the selective frequency bands.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Due to the tremendous development in the field of wireless communication and its use in several fields, whether military or commercial was proposed. A novel tapered slot Vivaldi antenna is designed and simulated at double band frequency (Ku-band) using computer simulation technology (CST) software 2020. The dimensions of the antenna are 2.3 × 1 × 0.4 mm3 with a microstrip feed of 0.5 mm. The proposed antenna is improved by cutting a number of circle shapes on the patch layer in different positions. The simulation results are divided into more sections according to the number of circle shapes cutting. The results are good acceptance and make the improved Vivaldi antenna valuable in many future wireless communication applications.
A 2.45 GHz microstrip antenna with harmonics suppression capability by using ...journalBEEI
In this work, a microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed and defected ground structure (DGS) is designed at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna is designed on a FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant, εr of 4.5, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019 and thickness, h of 1.6 mm. The technique of DGS is used to avoid the use of additional circuits in the antenna to suppress the harmonics. By introducing a single and additional slots DGS at both ends on the antenna ground plane, the proposed microstrip patch antenna is able to suppress the higher order harmonics. The reflection coefficient, S11 is -38.75 dB at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna have suppressed the higher order harmonics effectively from -38.04 dB to -2.61 dB at 4.54 GHz and from -13.08 dB to -1.38 dB at 5.76 GHz. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated for the verification of the design. The simulated and measured results are found to be in a good agreement.
A Miniature Microstrip Antenna Array using Circular Shaped Dumbbell for ISM B...IJECEIAES
The aim of this work is the achievement, and the validation of a small microstrip patch antenna array using a circular shaped dumbbell defected ground structure. This work has been dividing into two stages: The first step is to miniaturize a microstrip patch antenna resonating at 5.8GHz, which operate in the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM) and the second is to use a circular defected ground structure to shift the resonance frequency of the antenna array from 5.8GHz to 2.45GHz. At last, a miniaturization up to 74.47%, relative to the original microstrip antenna array has accomplished. The antenna structure has designed, optimized and miniaturized using CST MW Studio. The obtained results have compared with Ansoft’s HFSS electromagnetic solver. The antenna array has fabricated on FR-4 substrate, and its reflection coefficient is measured.
Size Reduction and Gain Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna using Partially D...IJECEIAES
Microwave engineers have been known to designedly created defects in the shape of carved out patterns on the ground plane of microstrip circuits and transmission lines for a long time, although their implementations to the antennas are comparatively new. The term Defected Ground Structure (DGS), precisely means a single or finite number of defects. At the beginning, DGS was employed underneath printed feed lines to suppress higher harmonics. Then DGS was directly integrated with antennas to improve the radiation characteristics, gain and to suppress mutual coupling between adjacent elements. Since then, the DGS techniques have been explored extensively and have led to many possible applications in the communication industry. The objective of this paper is to design and investigate microstrip patch antenna that operates at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g/n, ,Zigbee, Wireless HART, Bluetooth and several proprietary technologies that operate in the 2.4 GHz band. The design of the proposed antenna involves using partially Defected Ground Structure and circular/cross slots and compare it to the traditional microstrip patch antenna. The results show improvement in both the gain of 3.45 dB and the S11 response of -22.3 dB along with reduction in the overall dimensions of the antenna. As a conclusion, the performance of the antenna has been improved through the incorporation with the DGS and slots structures regarding the S11 response and the gain. The proposed antenna become more compact. Finally, the radiation pattern of proposed antenna has remained directional in spite of adding slots on the ground plane.
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and RelatedPei-Che Chang
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and Related
Sparse Subspace Clustering
Low-Rank Representation
Least Squares Regression
Multiview Subspace Clustering
Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (PMF)
Bayesian Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (BPMF) using
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
BPMF using MCMC – Overall Model
BPMF using MCMC – Gibbs Sampling
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
4. 4
2012 year
Phased array antenna package devised using low-cost, high volume PCB (FR4).
Antenna topology eliminates the need for BGA/LGA type surface mount packaging
as the antenna is directly embedded in the circuit board.
This results in significant reduction in fabrication and mass production cost.
A multi-element array antenna prototype is simulated, fabricated and measured
and its application is WiGig and IEEE 802.11ad.
Features:
16-element array antenna package.
9 GHz bandwidth(10 dB), 57-66 GHz.
14.5 dBi gain.
12.5 mm ×××× 12.5 mm ×××× 0.404 mm dimension (antenna region fully integrated into
the circuit board).
5. 5
Figure 1. Simplified 60 GHz Integrated Board-level Array Antenna Package Configuration (Side View).
50 µm
50 µm
metal thickness: 18 µm
Take our Q-link for example
3.55, tan 0.012 @ 60 GHzrε δ= =
Difficulty: prepreg too thin to achieving 10 dB bandwidth from 57 – 66 GHz.
II. ARRAY ANTENNA PACKAGE DESIGN
6. Use one of the most popular simulation tool Polar Si9000
按照板廠提供的數據, L4 ref L3/L5算出來的impedance = 81.32 Ω
6
7. 7
Figure 2.
(a) 16-element array antenna package
(Circuit board region is omitted).
(b) Antenna element.
(c) Embedded CPW antenna feedline.
0.69 mm and 0.67 mm are optimized by HFSS.
fed signal via diamter: 80 µm.
GND vias diamter: 80 µm.
top botr r= =
In Jay’s patch antenna slide:
GND vias around:
blocking the surface-wave propagation
alleviating the effect of the edge diffraction
improving the radiation pattern.
⇒
⇒
⇒
substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW)
8. 8
CPW structure
GND
GND
GND
An embedded co-planar waveguide (CPW) is designed in M4
minimize the overall volume of the topology.
Signal and ground are located in the same metal layer → reduces # of required layers in the antenna package.
40 µm50 µm 0 42.5 @ 60 GHz.Z = Ω
array antenna package consists of 16 GSG ports which are each connected to the
antenna elements through equal number of embedded CPWs.
2.2 mm
2.2 mm
12.5 mm
12.5 mm
0.404 mm
10. 10
III. MEASUREMENT
250 um pitch Cascade Microtech GSG RF probes are using after SOLT
on-wafer calibration.
16-element array antenna package.
9 GHz bandwidth(10 dB), 57-66 GHz.
Boresight gain is 14.5 dBi @ 61 GHz.
The sidelobe levels < 12.8 dB.
The co-polarization and cross-polarization difference in both
the E- and H-plane < 11 dB through operation frequency.
±±±±45°°°° beam coverage in both x- and y-axis.
Figure 3. Measured input reflection coefficients of
the 16-element array antenna package.
8 out of 16 measured ports are plotted for brevity.
12. 12
2013 year
Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC), or organic PCBs Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) are widely used in antenna array
packages.
The 60 GHz RFICs are commonly flip-chip attached to the antenna package : shortened RF signal path and reduced parasitic
effects of transition discontinuities.
Antenna and RFIC package are assembled with the carrier board using ball grid array (BGA) or land grid array (LGA).
Lastly, lumped elements are mounted on the carrier board through surface mount technology (SMT).
Two key impediments:
1. High cost of advanced antenna materials.
2. The costs incurred by utilization of grid array assemblies such as material, fabrication and quality inspection cost.
Fig. 1. Conventional configuration of a 60
GHz antenna array module.
13. 13
Antenna module is embedded within the 12 layer FR-4 carrier board so…
1. Elimination of advanced antenna materials.
2. Elimination of grid array assemblies such as BGA or LGA.
P.S. M7 and M9 are designated as RF grounds for maximally isolate antennas and antenna feedlines from unexpected spurious
modes and crosstalks that may occur in the bottom portion of the antenna module after integration with the RFIC.
II. ANTENNA MODULE CONFIGURATION
M2-M11 metal thickness: 20 µm
M1 and M12 metal thickness: 25 µm
Fig. 2. Lamination configuration of the proposed antenna array module.
(CCL: substrate core. PPG: prepreg.)
14. 14
Fig. 3. Topology of the microstrip ring resonator.0.2 mm
0.1 mm
0.2 mm
1.1 mm
5.18 mm
Purpose: to extract permittivity of the FR-4 @ 60 GHz
Fig. 4. Measured and simulated S-parameter
amplitudes of the microstrip ring resonator.
Fig. 5. The electrical characteristics of the FR-4 substrate.
15. 15
III. ANTENNA ELEMENT DESIGN: A. Circular Stacked Patch Topology
Fig. 6. Illustration of the antenna element.
(a) 3D View. (b) Top View.
EM couple fed:
A probe-fed connected the boƩom patch → first resonance
is triggered by the bottom patch.
Controlled by the top patch antenna dimension → produces
a secondary parasitic resonance.
0.42 mm
0.61 mm
0.64 mm
1.03 mm. Outside the clearance in M4 is metallized to RF GND.
1.15 mm. fence of GND via hol
HFSS optimize
es penetrating from M4 to M7.
0.344
d:
mm
p
top
bottom
clear
fence
pitch
d
r
r
r
r
d
=
=
=
=
=
= .
75 µm.viad =
Fig. 7. Simulated electric fields and 3D radiation patterns.
(a) Without fence of ground via holes.
(b) With fence of ground via holes.
16. 16
III. ANTENNA ELEMENT DESIGN: B. Mechanism of the antenna feedline
Fig. 8. Illustration of the antenna feedline.
(a) 3D View. (b) Top View.
1
2
50 µm.
150 µm.
310 µm.
two vertical coaxial: 75 µm diameter signal via hole.
452 µm.
st
strip
pitch
pitch
W
d
d
d
=
=
≤
=
fence of ground via holes to avoid:
1. Anomalous resonances (suck out).
2. Mutual coupling and signal crosstalk.
Fig. 9. Measured S-parameter amplitudes of the antenna feedlines.
average unit loss
= 0.55 dB/mm
17. 17
III. ANTENNA ELEMENT DESIGN: C. Antenna Element Measurement
Fig. 10. Measured and simulated far-field radiation patterns of
the antenna element.
(a) E-Plane. (b) H-Plane.
Solid: measured Co-pol. Dash: simulated Co-pol.
Dotted: measured X-pol. Dash-dot-dot: simulated X-pol.
average gain = 4.8 dBi.
average radiation efficiency 71% @ 57 - 66 GHz.
18. 18
IV. ANTENNA ARRAY MODULE: A. Antenna Array Design
Fig. 11. Simulation setup of the 8-element antenna array.
Fig. 12. Sliced top view of the antenna array.
M1 and M8 are overlapped.
2.2 mm.antd =
Fig. 13. Measured S11 amplitude of the antenna array.
19. 19
Custom-made software program installed on the computer that is connected to the ESI board emulates the digital functions
of the 60 GHz transceiver system.
Beam steering is realized by modulating the phase distributions of equal-amplitude 60 GHz signals that feed each of the
antenna elements.
Eight 2-bit phase shifters within the RFIC are modulated to produce specific phase distributions for the corresponding beam
steering scenario based on a predetermined beam table.
IV. ANTENNA ARRAY MODULE: B. Antenna Module Assembly and Characterization
23. 23
Fig. The 28 GHz antenna array configuration for 5G cellular
mobile terminals and its comparison with the 4G standard.
Fig. Placement configuration of the 28 GHz
antenna array within the edge regions of the 5G
cellular handset and its desired coverage.
x
x
x
y
y
II. CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
24. 24
III. 28 GHz MESH-GRID ANTENNA ARRAY
Fig. The 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna topology.
(a) Top view (xy plane). (b) Side view (zx plane). (c)
Phased-array configuration.
10-layer PCB FR-4 substrate with 4.2 and tan 0.02.rε δ= =
512 µm
2.65 mm
1.1 mm (optimizing the microstrip feeding location via )
350 µm
f
p
h
L
d
d
=
=
= Γ
=
x
y
x
y
y
25. 25
Fig. Top view of the 28 GHz mesh-grid
patch antenna arrays placed within the
chassis of the cellular device.
Fig. Measured and simulated amplitude of the input reflection
coefficients of the 28 GHz mesh-grid patch antenna element.
Fig. Photographs of the mmWave 5G antenna system prototype:
a) standalone view of the antenna array with K type coaxial
connectors;
b) integrated inside a Samsung cellular phone and zoomed in
views of the mmWave antenna region.
3 GHz bandwidth(10 dB), 26.5-29.5 GHz.
HFSS: 3.5 dBi gain @ boresight each antenna element.
26. 26
IV. SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENTS
Fig. The measured and normalized radiation patterns of the
16-element mesh-grid patch antenna arrays in the E-plane.
Main beam is steered up to ±±±±75o in the azimuth plane.
16-element mesh-grid patch antenna array gain = 11 dBi at
boresight, simulated result is 12 dBi.
The 3 dB beamwidth is determined to be 12o at boresight.
E-plane boresight
H-plane boresight
10
If the half-power beam widths of an antenna are known :
40000 40000
28 14 dBi
12 120
or
each element 3.5 dBi 16-element 3.5 10log (16) 15 dBi
HP HP
D G
θ φ
⇒ ≈ ⇒ = ≈ ≈
×
× ⇒ + ≈
i
Ref in Jay’s antenna basic slide
28. 28
2017 year
Two types of mesh-grid phased-array antennas featuring
reconfigurable horizontal and vertical polarizations are designed,
fabricated, and measured at the 60 GHz.
29. 29
II. ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
A. Cellular Handset Effect
Fig. Comparison of the far-field radiation properties
of mmWave phased array antenna.
(A) In free-space condition.
(B) Implemented within the upper corner of a
conventional cellular handset.
4 4 phased-array patch
0.5 spacing @ 60 GHz
0.6 mm-thick FR4 PCB 3.92, tan 0.027
antenna array and the chassis distance 1.9 mm
Max gain drop 1.7 dB
r
λ
ε δ
×
= =
=
≈
Fig. Effect of the user’s hand on mmWave 5G cellular handset
antennas at 60 GHz. (A) E-plane. (B) H-plane.
5 dB gain drop when main beam steered in 30 H-plane.
30. 30
B. Gain Coverage
II. ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
A fan-beam radiation pattern in the elevation plane
(yz-plane) is required as the height profile of future
smartphones will likely be electrically small.
Beam steering is only performed along the horizontal plane
(xy-plane). This configuration potentially allows mmWave
5G diversity, multichannel MIMO, and carrier aggregation.
31. 31
C. Hardware Integration
II. ANTENNA DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
Fig. Possible mmWave 5G front-end configurations
for mmWave 5G cellular handset antennas.
(A) SPDT configuration. (B) DPDT configuration.
Assuming 5G radios adopt analog beamforming technologies
Pros: DPDT switch configuration enables
reconfigurable polarization or pattern.
Cons: Greater insertion loss.
Fig. (A) Conventional antenna placements of smartphones. (B)
Proposed mmWave 5G antenna and radio layout.
Direct-conversion architecture.
IF-architecture.
32. 32
III. DESIGN OF mmWAVE 5G CELLULAR HANDSET ANTENNAS
A. Antenna Element Design
12 Layers FR4 PCB.
60 GHz phased-array antenna-in-package.
60 GHz RFIC with 8 RF chains is flip–chip mounted on M1 and shares a reference ground with the antenna using buried vias.
The power schematic and digital signal routing are situated from M1 to M3 and from M9 to M12.
The 60 GHz signals are routed from the RFIC to each of the antenna elements through buried vias and striplines, which are
implemented from M6 to M8.
The transmission lines routing each buried via interconnects to the corresponding antenna elements are located in M7.
A pair of ground planes are designed on M6 and M8.
via diameter 100 m
capture pads diameter 150 m
µ
µ
=
=
33. 33
Horizontally polarized 60 GHz antenna element → Fan Beam
Fig. Horizontally polarized mesh-grid patch antenna. (A) 3-D view.
(B) Zoomed-in view of the radiator region.
1.05 mm
0.25 mm
affected quality factor
0.35 mm
0.38 mm optimize the input impedance to 50
h
h
w
ha
L
T
Q
d
L
=
=
=
= Ω
This configuration ensures the antenna feeding network
supports a quasi-TEM mode and eliminates undesired modal
excitations.
The devised horizontal mesh-grid patch antenna is intended
to feature a fan-beam radiation along the horizontal plane.
34. 34
Horizontally polarized 60 GHz antenna element → Fan Beam
antenna element gain = 3.3 dBi @ 57 to 66 GHz
calculated directivity of 4.1 dBi.
Insertion loss of 0.37 dB/mm as well as the loss of the
dielectric substrates of the lamination.
Fig. Simulated and measured far-field radiation patterns of the horizontally polarized
mesh-grid patch antenna.
Red solid curve: Simulated. Blue dotted curve: Measured. (A) E-plane (φ). (B) H-plane (θ).
35. 35
Vertically polarized 60 GHz antenna element → Beam steering
Fig. Conceptual illustration of devising a vertically polarized mesh-grid antenna element.
Patterns:
Far-field E
Bandwidth enhancement by optimizing the
widths and lengths of the planar ground
pads to Wg = 0.65 mm and Lg = 0.44 mm.
in mm
36. 36
Vertically polarized 60 GHz antenna element → Beam steering
Fig. Simulated and measured far-field radiation patterns of the vertically polarized mesh-grid patch antenna.
Red solid curve: Simulated. Blue dotted curve: Measured. (A) E-plane (φ). (B) H-plane (θ).
fabrication and lamination variations of the buried and thru via cause different between sim and exp.
E fields stored in the near field created between the planar patch and the planar ground pads results in
radiation efficiency degradation. (because of cavity liked shape)
The measured gain of the vertically polarized mesh-grid antenna = 2.5 dBi, calculated directivity = 3.9 dBi.
37. 37
Fig. Simulated and measured input reflection coefficients of the
horizontally and vertically polarized mesh-grid antenna elements.
BW: −10 dB amplitude @ 61 to 66 GHz.
39. 39
Fig. Proposed methods of integrating mmWave 5G antennas on
the carrier board of cellular handsets.
(A) Mounted directly on the carrier board.
(B) Integrated within the carrier board.
(C) Independent configuration.
Integrating mmWave 5G antennas
Pros: easy analysis
Cons: requires additional height
Pros: fabrication cost and assembly simplicity.
Cons: Yield rate must be high enough.
Most people used.
41. 41
Butler matrix based MBA.
Blass matrix based MBA.
Architectures discuss: PMBA Based on Beamforming Circuits
42. 42
Architectures discuss: Passive and Active MBPAAs with RF Phase Shifting
Fig. System architecture of a (a) passive and (b) active MBPAA. (c) Photograph of a dual-beam phased array operating in
the 500 – 1500 MHz range and its measured radiation pattern (Reproduced from [171]). (d) Microphotograph of a quad-
beam two-antenna Ku-band phased array. (Reproduced from [172])
43. 43
Architectures discuss: IF, BB, and LO Phase Shifting Techniques
Fig. 11. System architecture of a MBPAA receiver with LO phase shifting.
44. 44
Architectures discuss: DMBA Based on Beamforming Circuits
Fig. System architecture of (a) a full DMBA with M elements, M channels, and N beams, (b) a fixed
sub-array DMBA with M elements, Q channels, and N beams, and (c) a phased sub-array DMBA
with M elements, Q channels, and N beams.
45. 45
Challenges:
1. Beamforming Algorithm Challenges:
Highly-efficient baseband algorithms are required with the capability of direction-of-arrival(DoA) finding and interference signal
blocking for multiple users.
Dynamic control algorithms of all the amplifiers and attenuators in the DMBA system is desired for maintaining a high SNR while
preventing the damage of the transceiver due to strong jammers.
2. Digital Processing Hardware Challenges:
High-speed data from all RF channels would add up, yielding a huge amount of information that need to be processed at the BB.
This would require hardware, e.g. the AD/DA converters and DSP chips, with high-throughput digital processing capabilities and
efficient algorithms for determining the complex weighting matrix applied to the digital beamformer.
3. MMW Component Challenges:
Multiple users using multiple independent beams → total power is increased if the same level of SNR is desirable. A good
linearity, power efficiency, and thermal control of the components, particularly the amplifiers, in every transceiver has to be
maintained in a wide bandwidth at MMWs, which can be challenging to RF designers.
4. Array Channel Challenges:
As the number of RF channel increases, the mutual coupling between channels, performance uniformity of all the channels, and
the synchronization of data would become much more complicated, so channel estimation and channel synchronization by
delicate algorithms and considerations on the system level for the designers.
5. System Implementation Challenges:
In order to maintain a compact with a multilayer PCB configuration, a limited board area needs to encompass the transceiver
chips behind all the closely spaced antennas, making the signal routing and board layout a complicated task to system designers.
System architecture needs to be optimized to obtain a balance between performance and complexity. In addition, the realization
of MMW chips integrated with multi-channel transceivers would be critical to the success of a low-cost and compact DMBA for
5G base stations.