rader communication

1. Vol.:(0123456789)
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Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-018-00072-y
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Analysis and Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna for Radar
Communication
S. Palanivel Rajan1
· C. Vivek1
Received: 10 September 2018 / Revised: 26 October 2018 / Accepted: 13 November 2018
© The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2019
Abstract
In modern days, Microstrip patch antennas become more popular because of its fascinating features such as low cost, light
weight, low profile planar configuration which can be effortlessly made conformal to host surface. In order to overcome the
demerits of patch antenna like low gain, low efficiency, low directivity and narrow bandwidth, it is obligatory to implement
patch antennas in array configuration by creating cuts in the ground, by increasing the height of patch, rising the substrate
thickness and by decreasing the permittivity of the substrate. Percentage of bandwidth of the patch antenna can also be
increased by the above mentioned techniques. Circuit board FR4 (Flame Retardant 4) is used for designing this patch antenna,
since it has fabulous performance during the fabrication process. In this paper, design of two layered electromagnetically
coupled rectangular patch antenna with microstrip-line inset-fed with minimized return loss has been proposed for the wire-
less devices.
Keywords Antenna · Electromagnetic propagation · Microstrip antenna · Patch antenna
1 Introduction
Microstrip patch antenna is more popular in the
mobile phone market due to its compact size, low
cost, light weight, etc. It has some applications like Sat-
ellite communications, aerospace, radars and biomedical
applications. Microstrip antenna has good return loss, Volt-
age Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) value and bandwidth
[1]. Microstrip patch antenna has a microstrip-line, elec-
tromagnetically coupled (EMC) and co-axial probe is used
for a purpose of feeding technique. Radiating patch on one
side of dielectric substrate and has a ground plane on other
side for the construction of microstrip patch antenna. Few
advantages of patch antenna are Low weight, low profile
planar configuration, low fabrication costs and microwave
integrated circuits technology which gives the capability of
integration [2]. Wireless communications system, medical
applications, cellular phones, pagers, Global Positioning
System (GPS), radar systems, and satellite communications
systems and of course even in the military systems just like
in the rockets, aircraft missiles, etc. are very well suited
application of E-shape microstrip patch antenna. Microstrip
antennas are currently one of the fastest growing antennas
in telecommunication production [3]. Wireless communi-
cation has experienced good growth in the past few years
[4]. Patch antenna are easy to design, light weight, all the
fields/areas are spreading over the substrate and substrate
material is not expensive [5]. Due to the increasing usage
of the patch antenna in wireless communication, it has wide
range of configurations. A radar device is used to observe the
function and/or movement of objects are using the operation
of ultra-high-frequency (UHF) or microwave section of the
radio-frequency (RF) spectrum [6].
At certain frequencies precipitations are reflected the
electromagnetic fields used to track the storm systems
by radar [7]. It is widely used in air-traffic control, air-
craft navigation, and marine navigation in radar systems
and radar sender specific maps additionally used. On the
earth’s surface of topographical maps are highly detailed by
NASA employer [8]. It is because the radio frequency gets
reflected by the ionosphere. In a global positioning system,
high permittivity substrate material is used in microstrip
patch antenna. Because of this feature, positioning circular
* S. Palanivel Rajan
drspalanivelrajan@gmail.com
C. Vivek
vivekc.phd@gmail.com
1
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
M.Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, TN, India

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polarization becomes very compact and it is quite expensive
[9].
2 Literature survey
2.1 Bandwidth Enhancement of Microstrip Line
Inset Fed Patch Antenna
To design microstrip patch antenna, there are different feed-
ing techniques are available. Patch antenna is designed with
microstrip line inset feeding technique which is shown in
Fig. 1. Main components of microstrip path antenna are sub-
strate, patch, ground plane and line fed [10].
In an inset, cuts are provided in the ground (as in Fig. 2)
which is responsible for improving the bandwidth and also
help to maintain field pattern [11]. Microstrip patch in each
design should maintain distance, so that fields in every sin-
gle patch may overlap in a constructive manner to reduce
the size [12].
2.2 Study of Microstrip‑Line Inset‑Fed
and Two‑Layer EM Coupled Rectangular Patch
Antennas
In this paper have a study of electromagnetically coupled
(EMC) with two layers and a rectangular patch antenna is
an inset-fed technique of microstrip-line [13].
IE3D software used for resonant frequency, investigation
of bandwidth, input impedance has a two layer of air thick-
ness and inset position have an influence [14]. The geometry
of a microstrip-line inset-fed rectangular patch antenna is
shown in Fig. 3. The resistance is normalized to R0, which
is the resistance when d=0. Here two antennas are coupled
by an electromagnetically shown in Fig. 4.
2.3 Frequency Reconfigurable Microstrip Circular
Patch Antenna for Wireless Devices
Here, frequency reconfigurable circular antenna design
was proposed. In this, a circular patch antenna with cir-
cular slot using two pin diodes at the centre frequency
10 GHz was designed and simulated [15]. Frequency
reconfiguration is achieved in the frequency range of
9.69–10.2 GHz. The substrate used is FR-4 with its per-
mittivity of 4.54 and thickness of 1.6 mm. The dimensions
of the microstrip circular patch element were calculated
at the centre frequency of 10 GHz by conventional design
procedure [16]. The conventional circular patch structure
was modified by introducing a circular slot that is shown
in the Fig. 5.
Fig. 1 Basic structure of microstrip patch antenna
Fig. 2 Line inset fed microstrip
patch antenna
Fig. 3 Microstrip-line inset-fed rectangular patch
Fig. 4 Electromagnetically coupled patch antenna between two layers
Fig. 5 Reconfigurable design of circular patch antenna

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2.4 Microstrip Patch Antenna Design for GPS
Application Using ADS Software
Design of patch antenna has a general method of increasing
the thickness and their impedance [17]. Here in Fig. 6 depict
the geometry of the proposed patch antenna.
The substrate height is of much of importance for the per-
fect matching of antenna impedance with the line feed imped-
ance [18]. As seen in the Fig. 6, the return loss is less than
−10 dB at frequency 1.176 GHz. This is a standard level of
return loss which can be allowed for any frequency of opera-
tion to be worked upon if it has return loss less than −10 dB
[19].
2.5 Design of H‑Shape Microstrip Patch Antenna
for WLAN Applications
In this work, constant of the substrate and dielectric depends
upon the size and bandwidth [20]. Here the design of H-shape
antenna has been larger bandwidth produces by a low dielec-
tric constant, while the smaller size of the antenna produces
by a high dielectric constant of the substrate [21]. Design of
H-shaped slot antenna are simulated by using ADS tool as
shown in Fig. 7. Figure 8 shows a patch antenna in its basic
form: ground plane is over a flat plate (usually a PC board)
[22]. The fundamental mode is also indicated a rectangular
patch excited in distribution of electric field [23].
3
Design of Microstrip Patch Antenna
Effective Dielectric Constant,
(1)
Wavelengtth, 𝜆 =
c
fo
𝜆 = 4.109
(2)
Width of the Antenna, w =
c
fo
√
2
𝜀r + 1
w = 1.58 mm
Incremental length,
(3)
𝜀eff =
𝜀r + 1
2
+
𝜀r − 1
2
[
1 + 12
h
w
]−
[
1
2
]
𝜀eff = 2.419
(4)
Thickness of the Antenna, h =
0.0606𝜆
√
𝜀r
h = 0.125
(5)
ΔL = 0.412
(
𝜀reff + 0.3
)
(
𝜀reff − 0.258
)
(
w
h
+ 0.264
)
(
w
h
+ 0.8
)
ΔL = 1.249
(6)
Effective Length, Leff =
c
2fo
√
𝜀reff
Leff = 1.567
(7)
Length, L = Leff − 2ΔL L = 1.025
Fig. 6 Actual ADS model (top view)
Fig. 7 Antenna layout of H-shape in ADS
Fig. 8 Dimensions of H-shape antenna

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4 Results and Discussion
In Fig. 9, Hermite-Gaussian beams are utilized to provide
the realization approach for the patch antenna. The antenna
consists of four rectangular patches.
The height of each patch is 1.025 mm and width of the
patch is 1.58 mm. Microstrip patch antenna consists of
four identical patches, which are excited with the appro-
priate phase placement to generate the ­
HG11 beam and
then the antenna is designed to work at 74.24 GHz. The
patches from one input source and to create a realistic
structure for measurement to excite the order, an inset-fed
patch and microstrip feeding network have been used as
shown in Fig. 9, respectively. The proposed antenna has
been designed and simulated in ADS (Advance Design
System) Momentum, which is a 3D electromagnetic solver
and it can compute S-parameters for general planar circuits
which includes microstrip, slot line, strip line, coplanar
waveguides and many other topologies. The simulated S-
parameters are shown from 68 to 80 GHz in Fig. 10. The
array has physically bent 90°, as shown in Fig. 10. A high
performance FR4 circuit board with loss tangent 0.015
and return loss is − 21.567 dB and the overall size of the
antenna array is 8 × 8 × 0.125 mm3
are simulated for the
design of microstrip patch antenna.
Figure 11 shows the Radiation Pattern of the design. The
various parameters can be calculated from these 3-Dimen-
sional radiation patterns and are shown in Fig. 12.
Figure 12 shows the window for frequency 74.24 GHz,
Radiation pattern, Gain, Directivity, power power radiated
and other antenna parameters. Since it provides maximum
gain, it can be inferred that the design of the antenna is cor-
rect. Patch antenna has to provide a realization approach of
Hermite-Gaussian beams as in Fig. 13. The antenna consists
of eight square patches with double inset-fed. The height of
each patch is 1.025 mm and width of the patch is 1.58 mm.
It is designed to work at 77.32 GHz.
The microstrip patch antenna array has to physically bend
90°, as shown in Fig. 14. A high performance substrate FR4
has a circuit board with loss tangent 0.015 and return loss is
−12 to −15 dB at frequency 77.32 GHz are simulated for the
design of microstrip patch antenna as in Fig. 15.
Figure 16 shows the window for frequency 77.32 GHz,
Radiation pattern (as in Fig. 15) values to gain, directivity
and power radiated.
Fig. 9 HG11 antenna array with single inset-fed patch antenna
and four patch antenna with single inset-fed
Fig. 10 Simulated reflection coefficient of ­
HG11 Z
Fig. 11 Radiation pattern of the microstrip patch antenna
Fig. 12 Parameters of the designed antenna in ADS

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In the existing system, design of microstrip patch antenna
with four patches and single inset feeding technique was
used. It provides the return loss as −21.567 dB and overall
size of the antenna array is 8 × 8 × 0.125 mm3
at the fre-
quency of 74.24 GHz. Proposed system gives the return
loss as −12 to −15 dB. In this proposed work, reduction in
the return loss has been achieved and other parameters like
gain and directivity can be slightly increased. This proposed
microstrip patch antenna can be used for radar communica-
tion and other high frequency wireless applications [24]. The
validation has been carried out with the existing system as it
is tabulated in Table 1 [25].
5
Conclusion and Future Scope
Microstrip patch antenna is simple to design and implement,
due to its sensitivity at high gain. A microstrip patch antenna
has been designed at a frequency of 77.32 GHz. Achieved
return loss is low which infers that the design is very effi-
cient, it has good impedance matching and negligible power
loss. The microstrip patch antenna array can generate the
­HG11 mode radio beam at E-band. Microstrip patch anten-
nas have become a rapidly growing area of research and
its potential applications are limitless, because of their
Fig. 13 HG11 antenna array of eight patch antenna with double inset-
fed
Fig. 14 Simulated reflec-
tion coefficient of ­
HG11 patch
antenna
Fig. 15 Radiation pattern of the microstrip patch antenna
Fig. 16 Window showing parameters of the designed antenna in ADS

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light weight, compact size, and ease of manufacturing. The
antenna is thin and compact with the use of low dielectric
constant substrate material. In this paper, proposed sys-
tem reduces the return loss of microstrip patch antenna as
−12 to −15 dB whereas in the existing system it has been
quoted as − 21.567 dB. However, this antenna design can
be very helpful in many wireless applications, especially
high frequency applications. The demand for narrowband
antenna is increasing day by day. Projected antenna has com-
pact dimensions with good return loss and radiation pattern
performances which can be used in many communication
devices, especially for Radar application. Further increase
in the frequency range of this proposed microstrip patch
antenna may extend its application to 5G wireless systems.
Because the increase in the use of mobile devices and other
portable electronics may lead to strong traffic congestion
in the available wireless radio bands and it is important to
develop new methods to increase channel capacity for appli-
cations including 5G wireless systems [26].
Acknowledgements Authors of this paper would like to express his
sincere thanks to the Department of Electronics and Communication
Engi-neering, M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering (Autono-mous),
Karur, Tamilnadu, India, since it provided all the necessary facilities
for the successful completion of this antenna design and testing.
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Table 1 Validation for proposed system
Antenna Parameters Existing system Proposed system
Return loss −21.567 dB −12 to −15 dB
Bandwidth 0.364 GHz 0.106 GHz
VSWR 1.2054 1.148
Gain 8.78941 dB 10.8145 dB
Directivity 9.97891 dB 10.8145 dB

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Dr. S. Palanivel Rajan He has
completed his Ph.D. in the fac-
ulty of Information and Commu-
nication Engineering from Anna
University Chennai. M.E. degree
in the stream of Communication
Systems from Thiagarajar Col-
lege of Engineering, Madurai,
Tamilnadu. B.E. degree in Elec-
tronics and Communication
Engineering from Raja College
of Engineering and Technology,
Madurai, Tamilnadu. He is pres-
ently working as Associate Pro-
fessor in the Department of Elec-
tronics and Communication
Engineering at M. Kumarasamy College of Engineering, Karur, Tamil-
nadu. He has contributed more than 50 technical papers in various
Journals and conferences. He is a life member of ISTE, IE(I), IACSIT,
ITE, IAAA, IAENG, TSI, IAMI and Associate Member of IETE. His
area of interest includes Antennas, Biomedical Communication, Tel-
emedicine, Telemetry, Wireless Communication and Networks.
Dr. C.Vivek He has completed his
Ph.D. in VLSI Design in the year
2015. He completed Bachelor of
Engineering in Electronics and
Communication Engineering
from Madurai Kamaraj Univer-
sity in the year 2003. He com-
pleted Master of Technology in
VLSI design from SRM Univer-
sity in the year 2005. He has
more than 13 years of experience
in Industry and teaching. He is a
life member of ISTE. He is Cur-
rently working as Associate pro-
fessor in M. Kumarasamy Col-
lege of Engineering, Karur,
Tamilnadu, India. His area of interest includes VLSI Design and Image
processing.