The aim of this work is the achievement, and the validation of a small microstrip patch antenna array using a circular shaped dumbbell defected ground structure. This work has been dividing into two stages: The first step is to miniaturize a microstrip patch antenna resonating at 5.8GHz, which operate in the Industrial Scientific Medical band (ISM) and the second is to use a circular defected ground structure to shift the resonance frequency of the antenna array from 5.8GHz to 2.45GHz. At last, a miniaturization up to 74.47%, relative to the original microstrip antenna array has accomplished. The antenna structure has designed, optimized and miniaturized using CST MW Studio. The obtained results have compared with Ansoft’s HFSS electromagnetic solver. The antenna array has fabricated on FR-4 substrate, and its reflection coefficient is measured.
Novel High-Gain Narrowband Waveguide-Fed Filtenna using Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
Filtenna is an antenna with filtering feature. There are many ways to design a filtenna. In this paper, a high-gain narrowband waveguide-fed aperture filtenna has been proposed and designed. A patterned plane, which is designed using genetic algorithm has been used at the open end of the waveguide fed, mounted on a conducting ground plane. To design the patterned pattern, magnetic field integral equation of the structure has been derived, so it has been solved using method of moments. The proposed filtenna has been simulated with HFSS that confirms the results obtained by method of moments. Finally, an unprinted dielectric as a superstrate has been used to enhance the gain of the filtenna. The filtenna bandwidth is 1.76% (160 MHz) which has the gain of 15.91 dB at the central frequency
of 9.45 GHz.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
A compact printed wideband antenna with circular polarization is designed and the antenna parameters are analyzed in this work. Finite Element method based HFSS tool is used to design and simulate the antenna model. A basic structure of rectangular monopole is converted into a trapezoidal shape with tapered step ground. Different iterations of radiating element as well as defected ground structures are examined in this work to analyze the circular polarization characteristics of the antenna. A peak realized gain of 4.3dB and peak directivity of 3.8dB is attained from the current designed models. The design models are optimized and prototyped on FR4 substrate for measurement validation. By incorporating Split ring resonator (SRR) notch band characteristics are attained in the proposed wideband antenna.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
Design of Tripl-Band CPW FED Circular Fractal Antenna ijcisjournal
A novel miniaturized circular fractal antenna is designed by inscribing circular slot on rectangular ground
plane and successively forming circular rings connected by semi-circles for circular-fractal patch. Novel
modified Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) is used as feed for fractal circular patch. The analysis of parametric
variations is performed by consecutive fractal iterations, varying the radius of inscribed circle of ground
plane, slots and different ground plane configurations. To further enhance gain and radiation pattern a
dual inverted L slots is included in ground plane. From the results it is evident that, the proposed fractal
antenna possesses triple bands at 1.8GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz. These bands are used in Digital
Communication Systems (DCS) (1.8GHz), IEEE 802.16d fixed WiMAX (3.5GHz) and IEEE 802.11a WLAN
(5.5GHz) applications.
Novel High-Gain Narrowband Waveguide-Fed Filtenna using Genetic Algorithm Yayah Zakaria
Filtenna is an antenna with filtering feature. There are many ways to design a filtenna. In this paper, a high-gain narrowband waveguide-fed aperture filtenna has been proposed and designed. A patterned plane, which is designed using genetic algorithm has been used at the open end of the waveguide fed, mounted on a conducting ground plane. To design the patterned pattern, magnetic field integral equation of the structure has been derived, so it has been solved using method of moments. The proposed filtenna has been simulated with HFSS that confirms the results obtained by method of moments. Finally, an unprinted dielectric as a superstrate has been used to enhance the gain of the filtenna. The filtenna bandwidth is 1.76% (160 MHz) which has the gain of 15.91 dB at the central frequency
of 9.45 GHz.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF 2D-EBG UNDER MONOPOLE ANTENNAjantjournal
The artificial properties in two dimensional electromagnetic structures (2D-EBGs), such as PMC and Band Reject Region are investigated for a proposed structure of square shaped mushroom. The radiation characteristics of monopole antenna over this 2D-EBG is tested by considering two cases. During first case monopole antenna is made to operate within band rejection region. Second case monopole antenna made operate outside the band rejection range. The obtained results during first case is showing enhancement in operating band width and smoother radiation pattern. In second case the effect is null and
2D-EBG resembles like conventional plane reflector. The simulated results are presented.
A compact printed wideband antenna with circular polarization is designed and the antenna parameters are analyzed in this work. Finite Element method based HFSS tool is used to design and simulate the antenna model. A basic structure of rectangular monopole is converted into a trapezoidal shape with tapered step ground. Different iterations of radiating element as well as defected ground structures are examined in this work to analyze the circular polarization characteristics of the antenna. A peak realized gain of 4.3dB and peak directivity of 3.8dB is attained from the current designed models. The design models are optimized and prototyped on FR4 substrate for measurement validation. By incorporating Split ring resonator (SRR) notch band characteristics are attained in the proposed wideband antenna.
Gain enhancement of microstrip patch antenna using artificial magnetic conductorjournalBEEI
The paper presents an artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure to enhance the gain of the double microstrip patch antenna. By placing this kind of metamaterial in between the two Rogers RT5880 substrates, the antenna achieved lots of improvement especially in terms of size miniaturization, bandwidth, return loss, gain and efficiency. The antenna is intended to operate at 16 GHz where the prospect fifth generation (5G) spectrum might be located. Integration of AMC structure into the proposed antenna helps to improve nearly 16.3% of gain and almost 23.6% of size reduction.
Compact Rectangular Slot Microstrip Antenna with Band-Notched Characteristics...jmicro
n this paper, we present an offset microstrip-fed ultraw
ideband antenna with band notch
characteristics.The antenna structure consists of rectangular r
adiating patch and ground plane with
rectangular shaped slot, which increases impedance bandwidth upto 1
17.73%(2.9-11.2GHz).A new
modified U slot is etched in the radiating patch to create band-
notched properties in the WiMAX (3.3-
3.7GHz) and C-band satellite communication (3.7-4.15GHz).Further
more, parametric studies have been
conducted using EM simulation software CADFEKO suite(7.0) and
optimized with stable radiation pattern
which satisfied UWB requirement for VSWR<2.A prototype of ante
nna is fabricated on 1.6mm thick FR-4
substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4 and loss tangent of 0.02
.The designed antenna exhibits
bidirectional and omni directional radiation patterns along E and
H-plane with stable gain and efficiency
over entire operating band except notch frequency band. Simulated res
ults are in good agreement with the
measured results of the proposed antenna which makes it a good
candidate for UWB application.
Design of Tripl-Band CPW FED Circular Fractal Antenna ijcisjournal
A novel miniaturized circular fractal antenna is designed by inscribing circular slot on rectangular ground
plane and successively forming circular rings connected by semi-circles for circular-fractal patch. Novel
modified Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) is used as feed for fractal circular patch. The analysis of parametric
variations is performed by consecutive fractal iterations, varying the radius of inscribed circle of ground
plane, slots and different ground plane configurations. To further enhance gain and radiation pattern a
dual inverted L slots is included in ground plane. From the results it is evident that, the proposed fractal
antenna possesses triple bands at 1.8GHz, 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz. These bands are used in Digital
Communication Systems (DCS) (1.8GHz), IEEE 802.16d fixed WiMAX (3.5GHz) and IEEE 802.11a WLAN
(5.5GHz) applications.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP SHORT BACKFIRE ANTENNA WITH ...IAEME Publication
A circularly polarized microstrip short back fire antenna (CPMSBA) with two ringcorrugated rim using aperture coupling feed method is proposed in this paper. Theantenna is designed to operate in KU-band. The simulation results verify the circular
polarization. The axial ratio bandwidth bwAR is 3.74%, gain is 10.43 dBi andradiation efficiency is 89.7%. The antenna has a compact structure and high electricaland mechanical characteristics.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
A 2.45 GHz microstrip antenna with harmonics suppression capability by using ...journalBEEI
In this work, a microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed and defected ground structure (DGS) is designed at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna is designed on a FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant, εr of 4.5, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019 and thickness, h of 1.6 mm. The technique of DGS is used to avoid the use of additional circuits in the antenna to suppress the harmonics. By introducing a single and additional slots DGS at both ends on the antenna ground plane, the proposed microstrip patch antenna is able to suppress the higher order harmonics. The reflection coefficient, S11 is -38.75 dB at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna have suppressed the higher order harmonics effectively from -38.04 dB to -2.61 dB at 4.54 GHz and from -13.08 dB to -1.38 dB at 5.76 GHz. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated for the verification of the design. The simulated and measured results are found to be in a good agreement.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
A Miniature BroadBand Microstrip Antenna for LTE, Wi-Fi and WiMAX Applications IJECEIAES
A Compact microstrip antenna with rectangular slotted radiating element has been developed. Four slots have been introduced on the radiating element with the use of a partial ground plane and a wideband response has been obtained. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1.7 GHz with a percentage bandwidth of 71%. A low-cost dielectric (FR4_EPOXY) has been considered in the development of the proposed antenna. The obtained frequency band is from 1.9 GHz to 3.6 GHz. To investigate the robustness of our modelled antenna the simulation process has been carried out using two different solvers (Finite Element Method and Finite Integration Technique). In addition, the designed antenna was realized and these results were compared with those of the simulation. The proposed antenna is suitable for many LTE bands {1, 3, 7… 38, 40} broadly deployed in European, South American, Asian, and African countries, Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), and WiMAX technology (3.5 GHz).
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Size Reduction and Gain Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna using Partially D...IJECEIAES
Microwave engineers have been known to designedly created defects in the shape of carved out patterns on the ground plane of microstrip circuits and transmission lines for a long time, although their implementations to the antennas are comparatively new. The term Defected Ground Structure (DGS), precisely means a single or finite number of defects. At the beginning, DGS was employed underneath printed feed lines to suppress higher harmonics. Then DGS was directly integrated with antennas to improve the radiation characteristics, gain and to suppress mutual coupling between adjacent elements. Since then, the DGS techniques have been explored extensively and have led to many possible applications in the communication industry. The objective of this paper is to design and investigate microstrip patch antenna that operates at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g/n, ,Zigbee, Wireless HART, Bluetooth and several proprietary technologies that operate in the 2.4 GHz band. The design of the proposed antenna involves using partially Defected Ground Structure and circular/cross slots and compare it to the traditional microstrip patch antenna. The results show improvement in both the gain of 3.45 dB and the S11 response of -22.3 dB along with reduction in the overall dimensions of the antenna. As a conclusion, the performance of the antenna has been improved through the incorporation with the DGS and slots structures regarding the S11 response and the gain. The proposed antenna become more compact. Finally, the radiation pattern of proposed antenna has remained directional in spite of adding slots on the ground plane.
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ɸ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 ≤(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna for CDMA Systems CommunicationIOSR Journals
This paper proposes a newly designed microstrip patch antennas (MSA) for wireless application
(CDMA Systems). The designed single antenna E-shaped patch antenna. Two parallel slots are in corporated
into the patch of a microstrip antenna to expand it bandwidth, and designed antenna operates in the frequency
range of 1.85 to 1.99 GHz. The antenna is designed using air as a dielectric substrate between the ground plane
and substrate patch antenna. IE3D is a full-wave electromagnetic simulator based on the method of moments
(MoM) technique. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current distributions
as well as the radiation patterns. The results obtained for each patch were 2D and 3D view of patch, Directivity,
Gain, beam width and other such parameters, true and mapped 3D radiation pattern, and 2D polar radiation
pattern. The antenna successfully achieves the exhibit a broad impedance bandwidth of 27 % (at VSWR < 2)
with respect to the center frequency of 1.9 GHz is designed, fabricated, and finally measured on Spectrum
analyzer. The radiation pattern and directivity are also presented.. Gain maximum achievable is 3 dBi and good
return loss (S11 parameters) of -30 dB is achieved along with broadside radiation pattern.
CIRCULARLY POLARIZED APERTURE COUPLED MICROSTRIP SHORT BACKFIRE ANTENNA WITH ...IAEME Publication
A circularly polarized microstrip short back fire antenna (CPMSBA) with two ringcorrugated rim using aperture coupling feed method is proposed in this paper. Theantenna is designed to operate in KU-band. The simulation results verify the circular
polarization. The axial ratio bandwidth bwAR is 3.74%, gain is 10.43 dBi andradiation efficiency is 89.7%. The antenna has a compact structure and high electricaland mechanical characteristics.
Miniaturized Microstrip Patch Antenna Array at 3.8 GHz for WiMax Applicationiosrjce
The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz
suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the
resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the
antenna’s current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna
array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip
antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate.
This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement
with simulated results.
A 2.45 GHz microstrip antenna with harmonics suppression capability by using ...journalBEEI
In this work, a microstrip patch antenna with an inset feed and defected ground structure (DGS) is designed at the resonant frequency of 2.45 GHz. The antenna is designed on a FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant, εr of 4.5, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.019 and thickness, h of 1.6 mm. The technique of DGS is used to avoid the use of additional circuits in the antenna to suppress the harmonics. By introducing a single and additional slots DGS at both ends on the antenna ground plane, the proposed microstrip patch antenna is able to suppress the higher order harmonics. The reflection coefficient, S11 is -38.75 dB at 2.45 GHz. The proposed antenna have suppressed the higher order harmonics effectively from -38.04 dB to -2.61 dB at 4.54 GHz and from -13.08 dB to -1.38 dB at 5.76 GHz. The prototype of the antenna is fabricated for the verification of the design. The simulated and measured results are found to be in a good agreement.
Bandwidth and gain enhancement of a circular microstrip antenna using a DNG s...journalBEEI
This paper present the design of a circular patch microstrip antenna with enhancement in terms of bandwidth and gain using a dielectric double negative (DNG) split ring metamaterial radome. This radome is positioned on top of the CP antenna operating from 5.2 GHz to 6.4 GHz. The metamaterial radome comprises of two alternate split rings of negative permittivity, permeability and refractive index. The circular microstrip antenna bandwidth of 430 MHz has been realized by the presence of DNG metamaterial radome compared to 220 MHz without the radome. The gain has been increased as well from 1.84 dBi to 3.87 dBi.
A Miniature BroadBand Microstrip Antenna for LTE, Wi-Fi and WiMAX Applications IJECEIAES
A Compact microstrip antenna with rectangular slotted radiating element has been developed. Four slots have been introduced on the radiating element with the use of a partial ground plane and a wideband response has been obtained. The bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 1.7 GHz with a percentage bandwidth of 71%. A low-cost dielectric (FR4_EPOXY) has been considered in the development of the proposed antenna. The obtained frequency band is from 1.9 GHz to 3.6 GHz. To investigate the robustness of our modelled antenna the simulation process has been carried out using two different solvers (Finite Element Method and Finite Integration Technique). In addition, the designed antenna was realized and these results were compared with those of the simulation. The proposed antenna is suitable for many LTE bands {1, 3, 7… 38, 40} broadly deployed in European, South American, Asian, and African countries, Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz), and WiMAX technology (3.5 GHz).
Design of wide band slotted microstrip patch antenna with defective ground st...IJECEIAES
This paper proposes a microstrip patch antenna (MSPA) in the Ku band for satellite applications. The antenna is small in size with dimensions of about 40 mm×48 mm×1.59 mm and is fed with a coaxial cable of 50 Ω impedance. The proposed antenna has a wide bandwidth of 3.03 GHz ranging from 12.8 GHz to 15.8 GHz. To realize the characteristics of wideband the techniques of defective ground structure (DGS) and etching slots on the radiating element are adopted. The antenna is modeled on the FR4 substrate. A basic circular patch is selected for the design of a dual-frequency operation and in the next step DGS is introduced into the basic antenna and enhanced bandwidth is achieved at both the frequencies. To attain wider bandwidth two slots are etched on the radiating element of which one is a square ring slot and the second one is a circular ring slot. The novelty of the proposed antenna is a miniaturized design and unique response within the Ku band region which is applicable for wireless UWB applications with VSWR <2 and an average gain of 3.6 dB.
PLANAR ACS FED DUAL BAND ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS jantjournal
A novel Asymmetric Coplanar Strip (ACS) fed antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) suitable for dual application is presented. The Method of Moments (MoM) based mentor graphics IE3D electromagnetic solver has been used for this design. Dual band operation has been obtained by modifying the ground plane of the proposed design with spur-slots. It has been fabricated and tested with the overall size of 21x15x1.6 mm3 The measured results indicate that the proposed antenna yields <-10dB impedance bandwidth of 13.13% and 9.86% which meets the requirement of 3.5GHz and 5.5GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) and World Wide Interoperability
Microwave Access (WiMAX) applications. The approximate lumped equivalent circuit extraction for the proposed DGS fed dual band antenna has been discussed in detail. Because of its stable radiation patterns with low cross polarization,miniature size, high average antenna gain of 2.5dBi and good electromagnetic characteristics, the proposed antenna is a promising candidate for dual mode wireless communication devices.
Size Reduction and Gain Enhancement of a Microstrip Antenna using Partially D...IJECEIAES
Microwave engineers have been known to designedly created defects in the shape of carved out patterns on the ground plane of microstrip circuits and transmission lines for a long time, although their implementations to the antennas are comparatively new. The term Defected Ground Structure (DGS), precisely means a single or finite number of defects. At the beginning, DGS was employed underneath printed feed lines to suppress higher harmonics. Then DGS was directly integrated with antennas to improve the radiation characteristics, gain and to suppress mutual coupling between adjacent elements. Since then, the DGS techniques have been explored extensively and have led to many possible applications in the communication industry. The objective of this paper is to design and investigate microstrip patch antenna that operates at 2.4 GHz for Wireless Local Area Network WLAN IEEE 802.11b/g/n, ,Zigbee, Wireless HART, Bluetooth and several proprietary technologies that operate in the 2.4 GHz band. The design of the proposed antenna involves using partially Defected Ground Structure and circular/cross slots and compare it to the traditional microstrip patch antenna. The results show improvement in both the gain of 3.45 dB and the S11 response of -22.3 dB along with reduction in the overall dimensions of the antenna. As a conclusion, the performance of the antenna has been improved through the incorporation with the DGS and slots structures regarding the S11 response and the gain. The proposed antenna become more compact. Finally, the radiation pattern of proposed antenna has remained directional in spite of adding slots on the ground plane.
Microstrip patch antenna with metamaterial using superstrate technique for wi...journalBEEI
This work builds a metamaterial (MTM) superstrate loaded on a patch of microstrip antenna for wireless communications. The MTM superstrate is made up of four G-shaped resonators on FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and has a total area of (8×16) mm2, and is higher than the patch. The MTM superstrate increases antenna gain while also raising the input reflection coefficient. When it is 9 mm above the patch, the gain increased from 3.28 dB to 6.02 dB, and when it is 7 mm above the patch, the input reflection coefficient was enhanced from -31.217 dB to -45.8 dB. When the MTM superstrate loaded antenna was compared to the traditional unloaded antenna, it was discovered that metamaterials have a lot of potential for improving antenna performance.
New Miniature Planar Microstrip Antenna Using DGS for ISM ApplicationsTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
The aim of this paper is to use defected ground structures (DGS) in order to miniaturize a
microstrip patch antenna. The DGS structure is integrated in the ground plane to improve the performance
of the planar antenna, and shifted the resonance frequency from 5.8 GHz to 2.5 GHz, with a
miniaturization up to 83%. The antenna is designed, optimized, and miniaturized by using the CST MWstudio,
mounted on an FR-4 substrate having a dielectric constant 4.4, a loss tangent tan (ɸ)=0.025,
thickness of 1.6 mm with the whole area of 34X34 mm2.The proposed antenna is suitable for ISM
(Industrial, Scientific and Medical) applications at 2.5 GHz with S11 ≤(-10) dB. The antenna is fed by
50ohm input impedance and it has good performances in terms of matching input impedance and radiation
pattern. The proposed antenna was fabricated and tested.Simulation and measurement results are in good
agreement.
Design & Simulation of 8-Shape Slotted Microstrip Patch Antenna
This paper presents an 8-shape slotted microstrip patch antenna. The antenna is fed by microstrip
transmission line. The proposed antenna is simulated with the help of commercially available GEMS software
based on the parallel FDTD algorithm. The antenna is designed by FR4 substrate and ground plane with an area
50mm×40mm×1.60 mm. The designed antenna generates three resonant modes at 2.12 GHz, 6.98 GHz and 13.84
GHz respectively. The bandwidths of the antenna (-10 dB) of the three frequencies are 25.75%, 6.13% and
20.63% respectively. The return loss (S ) characteristics for the three bands are -41.95 dB, -22.68 dB and -23.15
11
dB respectively. The 3D radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are provided in the paper.
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
In this paper, a novel multi-frequency microstrip antenna with complementary ring slot resonator (CRSR) structure that satisfies Bluetooth, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and wireless local area network (WLAN) applications is proposed. The conventional antenna consists of a circular microstrip patch at a resonance frequency band of 2.5 GHz. By loading two CRSR at the radiating element, three operating frequency bands 2.5 GHz, 3.6 GHz, and 5.2 GHz are achieved. The operational bands covered by the antenna are Bluetooth 2.5 GHz, WiMAX 3.6 GHz, and WLAN 5.2 GHz. The insertion of CRSR to patch antenna has made it possible to compact and simple design, and miniaturized antenna for cognitive radio. Moreover, the directivity of the proposed antenna is adequate with acceptable radiation properties and perfectly matches with the simulated and measured results.
Comparative Analysis for Different Stack Shaped Microstrip Patch Antennaijsrd.com
A compact stack antenna consisting of square patch, loop couplers and inset feed line is reviewed in this work. This proposed design represents a stacked patch antenna having an arrangement of two substrates separated by an air gape and a coupling is provided using square loop structure. The structure is reviewed in two different directions firstly the feed arrangement is varied and secondly a variation in coupler structure is done to make the antenna work at multiple frequencies in UWB range. The simulation results of this work with different resonator structure and feed structures are presented and comparative analysis of these different arrangements is presented in this paper. Simulation results obtained from the proposed antenna for return loss, polar radiation and pattern voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) shows its suitability for ultra wide band application.
Microstrip Rectangular Monopole Antennas with Defected Ground for UWB Applica...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the design of new compact antennas for ultra wide band applications. Each antenna consists of a rectangular patch fed by 50Ω microstrip transmission line and the ground element is a defected ground structure (DGS). The aim of this study is to improve the bandwidth of these antennas by using DGS and the modification geometry of rectangular structure, which gives new compact antennas for UWB applications. The input impedance bandwidth of the antennas with S11<-10dB is more than 10GHz, from 3GHz to more than 14 GHz. The proposed antennas are investigated and optimized by using CST microwave studio, they are validated by using another electromagnetic solver Ansoft HFSS. The measured parameters present good agreement with simulation. The final antenna structures offer excellent performances for UWB system.
Bandwidth enhancement and miniaturization of circular-shaped microstrip anten...IJECEIAES
In this paper, circular-shaped microstrip antenna was simulated, fabricated, and measured accordingly. As the novelty, to enhance bandwidth and reduce antenna size, beleved half-cut microstrip structure is proposed. Further, this proposed antenna structure will be applied to multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna 2´2. Therefore, this research was investigated conventional circular shape antenna (CCSA), circular shaped beleved antenna (CSBA), and MIMO circular shaped beleved antenna (MIMO-CBSA) as Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3, respectively. An FR4 substrate with er= 4.4, thickness h=1.6 mm, and tan d=0.0265 was used. The simulation has been conducted using Advanced Design System (ADS). The antenna CCSA/CSBA/ MIMO-CBSA achieve 1.831GHz/2.265 GHz/2.256 GHz, -15.13dB/-17.37dB/-17.25 dB, 1.42/1.31/1.33, and 1.474/2.332/2.322 for center frequency, reflection coefficient, VSWR, and bandwidth, respectively. This antenna has a size 63x90 mm and 51.5x90 mm for CCSA (Model 1) and CSBA (Model 2), respectively. After the structure of MIMO 2´2 was applied, the size of antenna MIMO-CBSA (Model 3) became 180 mm x 180 mm with a mutual coupling (S21)=-26.18 dB and mutual coupling (S31)=-26.41 dB. The result showed that proposed antenna CSBA (Model 2) has wider-bandwidth of 58,2% and smaller-size of 18.2%. Furthermore, after CSBA (Model 2) structure was applied to MIMO 2´2 (Model 3) and the MIMO antenna obtain good mutual coupling (<-15dB). Moreover, the measured results are good agreement with the simulated results. In conclusion, all of these advantages make it particularly valuable in multistandard antenna applications design such as GSM950, WCDMA1800, LTE2300, and WLAN2400.
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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When the defected structure has introduced in a microstrip antenna, the defect geometry etched in the ground
plane disturbs its current distribution and increases the effective inductance and capacitance of the microstrip
line [16].
The proposed microstrip antenna array has miniaturized using a circular shaped dumbbell (CDGS)
which had etched in the ground plane of each radiating element. The resonance frequency of the conventional
structure of antenna array -without CDGS- has shifted from 5.8GHz to 2.45GHz after introducing the CDGS.
The structure has a very compact geometry compared with a conventional microstrip antenna array
resonating at 2.45GHz.
2. MICROSTRIP PATCH ANTENNA DESIGN
The geometric dimensions of a uniform patch antenna, also known as microstrip antenna they
calculated from the formulas given in [21]. For reducing the size of the conventional antenna, many shaped
slots are introduced in the patch are demonstrated in the Figure 1. Consequently, the new antenna has a very
compact geometry. In this design, the substrate FR-4 had used due to its low cost and easy fabrication. The
substrate height is 1.6mm, the dielectric constant is 4.4, and the loss tangent is 0.025. After many series of
optimization by using CST-MW solver, the final dimensions of the proposed antenna are giving in the
Table 1. The simulated results indicate that the antenna has a good performance in term of matching input
impedance -17.06dB, gain 3.999dB, and the width frequency band is around 149.5MHz at 5.8GHz.
(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Schematic diagram of microstrip antenna, (b) Simulated return loss of the microstrip patch
antenna resonating at 5.8GHz
Table 1. Dimensions of the Proposed Microstrip Patch Antenna
Parameters Value [mm] Parameters Value [mm]
Lp 10.4 Lf2 5.0
Lp1 4.6 Wf1 0.475
Lp2 1.6 Wf2 3
Lp3 4.2 Wp 10
Lf1 3.9 - -
3. PRINTED FOUR-ELEMENTS ANTENNA ARRAY
Taking into account the antenna designed and described in the first section, we have designed an
antenna array in order to increase the gain. The proposed antenna array had designed by using low cost FR-4
substrate (170x60mm2
). The whole area of the radiating array is 147.64x41.99mm2
. The dimensions are
L1=10.89mm, L2 =14.85mm, L3=5.85mm, w1=0.7mm, w2=2.1mm, w3=3.0mm, w4=0.7mm, w5=1mm,
w6=3mm, w7= 0.475mm and d3=73.82mm. The structure of this antenna array as shown in Figure 2, It
includes four patches with distances d1=45.88mm in one direction, adds to that the distance between the
antennas edges has been selected to be d2=35.88mm (0.694λ5.8GHz), where λ5.8GHz is the free space wave
length. The radiating elements are excited through simple corporate feed arrangement. This feed arrangement
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consists of matching transformer, quarter wave transformer (λ/4) T power divider for better impedance
matching between feed and radiating elements. The dimensions of the proposed antenna array had optimized
by using CST Microwave Studio electromagnetic solver. The antenna array has a resonant frequency of
5.8GHz, which covers ISM band applications, as shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2. Top-view of the designed antenna array
Figure 3. The simulated reflection coefficient versus frequency of the printed antenna array
4. CIRCULAR SHAPED DUMBBELL (CDGS)
The circular shaped dumbbell defected ground structure (CDGS) are composed of four circles
defected areas: three circles linked to each other arranged on one side, and the singular circle in the other side
of connecting slot etched between them, WDGS1xLDGS2 gaps and a narrow connecting slot wide etched
areas in backside metallic ground plane as shown in Figure 4(a). The dimensions of the proposed circular
defected ground structure are: LDGS1=16.6mm, LDGS2=15.5mm, LDGS3=17.5mm, WDGS1=1.1mm,
WDGS2=15.2mm, RDGS1=1.73mm, RDGS2=1.7mm, RDGS3=2.1mm and RDGS4= 1.73mm. The resonant
frequency will have shifted by varying the dimensions of the circular shaped dumbbell. In general, the
equivalent circuit of the CDGS consists of an inductance (L) and a capacitance (C) in parallel as seen in
Figure 4(b) [22]. In addition, the values of these elements can be calculated by the formulas (1)-(3):
LC
0
0 k1
0
1
X
c ( )
(1)
L 0 1X =ω'z g
(2)
c,3dB
LC LX X
' 1
| |
(3)
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where ω’(=1), g1(=2) and Z0(=50Ω) are normalized 3-dB cutoff frequency, element value of one-pole
Butterworth prototype LPF, and port impedance, respectively, and: -1/2
0 k1 k1ω =(L C ) .
Figure 4. (a) CDGS unit: Circular shaped dumbbell unit, (b) Equivalent circuit of the microstrip line with unit
CDGS, (c) Butterworth prototype of one-pole LPF [18]
5. MICROSTRIP ANTENNA ARRAY WITH CDGS
The ground plan of the antenna array has defected by using a circular shaped dumbbell presented in
Figure 4(a) to shift the resonance frequency from 5.8GHz to 2.45GHz without changing the geometric
dimensions of the original structure of antenna array. As can be seen, the resonant frequency has been
significantly influenced by the CDGS. Namely, it brought to about 2.45GHz. To validate this antenna
structure we have used two electromagnetic solvers CST-MWS and HFSS, which permit to have a good
agreement between both simulation results. It had observed that the resonant frequency had shifted from
5.8GHz to 2.45GHz, with a return loss of -19.98dB at 2.45GHz and impedance bandwidth of 149.3MHz
(2380.8MHz-2530.1MHz) which covers the operating frequency of the Industrial Scientific Medical (ISM)
band. Moreover, the simulated gain at 2.45GHz is 7.60dB. We can conclude that the use of defected ground
structure permits to reduce the surface occupied by the original antenna. Finally, a size comparison between
our microstrip antenna array and the conventional one resonating at 2.45GHz, show that the size of the
conventional antenna array is almost three times larger than that of the microstrip antenna array with CDGS
cells. As shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6.
Figure 7 shows the simulated gain versus frequency of the proposed antenna array. As observed, we
have a maximum of gain around 7.24dB at 2.45GHz and a decreasing of gain outside the bandwidth
(2380.8MHz-2530.1MHz). For the behavior of the antenna array in term of radiation, we can analyze the
radiation pattern of the array as depicted in Figure 8. We have seen that the antenna array is bidirectional. For
current density, Figure 9 shows that the density of the current was more concentrated along the T-junctions
power dividers to feed the fourth antennas as well as along the CDGS on the ground plane.
Figure 5. Printed antenna array with circular defected ground structure (CDGS) (a) view from the ground
plane side, (b) side view
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Figure 6. CST and HFSS reflection coefficient comparison of the designed antenna array with CDGS
Figure 7. Gain Vs frequency of the proposed antenna array with CDGS
Figure 8. Radiation pattern of the proposed antenna array at 2.45GHz: (a) Three dimensional, (b) Phi=90°,
(c) Phi=0°
Figure 9. The current density of the antenna array with CDGS at 2.45GHz, (a) front view, (b) back view
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6. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After consideration of all simulated results, we had chosen to realize the prototype of the proposed
antenna array structure by using the LPKF machine, in order to check the performance of the simulation
results of the reflection coefficient. The circuit had printed on the FR-4 substrate. Figure 10 shows the picture
of the novel fabricated structure of the antenna array with the circular shaped dumbbell defected ground
structure. The antenna array is compact, miniature, low cost and it has a total area of 170x60mm2
. After
testing the achieved antenna array, we have conducted a comparison between simulation by CST-MWS and
measurement results as shown in Figure 11.
Figure 10. Fabricated antenna array with CDGS, (a) front view, (b) back view
Figure 11. Comparison between the simulated and the measured results of the proposed antenna array
Table 2. A Synthesis of the different Results Obtained by Simulation and Measurement
Parameters Frequency [GHz] Return loss [dB] Bandwidth [MHz]
Simulated Results by CST-mws 2.45 -19.97 2380.8-2530.1
Simulated Results by HFSS 2.47 -21.71 2365.0-2605.0
Measured Results 2.52 -21.23 2440.0-2640.0
7. CONCLUSION
In this study, a novel design of antenna array with a circular shaped dumbbell had developed and
validated. This antenna array had designed and optimized by using CST-MWS and HFSS electromagnetic
solvers. The structure with and without defected ground structure are presented and detailed. The achieved
and tested printed antenna array with CDGS presents a good agreement between simulation and measurement
results. These results validate the antenna array structure at 2.45GHz, which operate in the Industrial
Scientific Medical band (ISM).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Mr. Mohamed Latrach Professor in ESEO, engineering institute in Angers, France, for
allowing us to use all the equipments and solvers available in his laboratory.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Ahmed Ghaloua was born in Kasbat Tadla, Morocco, In July 1990. He received the master degree in
electronics and telecommunications from Faculty of Sciences, University of Abdelmalek Essaidi
Tetouan, Morocco. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in physics and engineering
sciences at Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Settat, Morocco. His research interests include the
analysis and design of antenna arrays using Metamaterials structures.
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Jamal Zbitou was born in Fes, Morocco, in June 1976. He received the Ph.D. degree in electronics
from Polytech of Nantes, the University of Nantes, Nantes, France, in 2005. He is currently an
associate Professor of Electronics in FST, University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco and the head of
Computing Networks and telecommunication in LMEET Laboratory in FSTS. He is involved in the
design of hybrid, monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Larbi El Abdellaoui was born in Tiflet, Morocco, in 1961. He received the Ph.D. degree in
electronics from the University of Metz, in 1994, France. He is currently an associate Professor of
Electronics in Faculty of sciences and techniques, University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is
involved in the design of hybrid, monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Mohamed Latrach (IEEE member) received the Ph.D. degree in electronics from the University of
Limoges, Limoges, France, in 1990. He is currently Professor of microwave engineering with the
Ecole Supérieure d’Electronique de l’Ouest (ESEO), Angers, France, where he is head of the Radio-
Frequency & Microwave research group. His research interests include: design of hybrid & monolithic
active and passive microwave circuits, metamaterials, LH materials, antennas, rectennas and their
applications in wireless communications, and wireless power transmission (WPT).
Ahmed Errkik was born in July 1960 in Morocco. He received the Ph.D. degree in physics from the
University of Technology Compie`gne (UTC), Compie`gne, France. He is currently an associate
Professor of physics in FST University Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is involved in the design of
hybrid, monolithic active and passive microwave electronic circuits.
Abdelali Tajmouati was born in, Morocco, in 1962. He received the Ph.D. degree in science
engineering from the University of Perpignan, France, in 1992. He is currently an associate Professor
of Electronics, thermal transfer and thermodynamic in Faculty of sciences and techniques University
Hassan 1st, Settat, Morocco. He is involved in the design of hybrid, monolithic active and passive
microwave electronic circuits.