Basic blocks to understand RFFE Architecture. how Analog front end and Digital front is different. Basic components like Filter, Mixer, Power Amplifier, circulator, Duplexer, LNA and demodulator working is explained. It can held to design your own front end as RF link budget has been explained in well manner. what to do to avoid saturation of PA?
Basic blocks to understand RFFE Architecture. how Analog front end and Digital front is different. Basic components like Filter, Mixer, Power Amplifier, circulator, Duplexer, LNA and demodulator working is explained. It can held to design your own front end as RF link budget has been explained in well manner. what to do to avoid saturation of PA?
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
What is PLL and elements of PLL??
What is Analog PLL??
What is Digital PLL??
What are the components of Digital PLL??
Applications of PLL
PLL as 565 IC pin diagram
PLL as Frequency Synthesizer (Frequency Translator)
PLL as Frequency Division
PLL as Frequency Multiplication
PLL as FM Demodulator
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
What is PLL and elements of PLL??
What is Analog PLL??
What is Digital PLL??
What are the components of Digital PLL??
Applications of PLL
PLL as 565 IC pin diagram
PLL as Frequency Synthesizer (Frequency Translator)
PLL as Frequency Division
PLL as Frequency Multiplication
PLL as FM Demodulator
Converters are an important part of power electronics. This slide shows the construction of flyback converters which are useful in renewable energy generation.
Spur Reduction Of MB-OFDM UWB System using CMOS Frequency SynthesizerIDES Editor
As Technology progress deeper into submicron
CMOS, traditional analog circuits face problems that are
not to be solved purely by analog innovations. Instead,
new architectures are being proposed which take advantages
of the relatively cheaper of the digital circuits to augment or
improve the diminishing performance of the analog
circuitry. The conventional approach performs the design of
14 bands CMOS frequency synthesizers with spur reduction
for MB-OFMD for analog circuits which have high
distortions and noise. My proposed work is to replace the
analog input PLL into All Digital PLL with spur reduction.
Then the frequency mixing architecture alleviates
harmonics mixing and pulling to diminish spur
generation. The simulation is performed using Model SIM
and the implementation using Microwind to diminish spur
reduction.
This section discusses the most
important PLL conept, block diagram , fucntions and gives guidelines for the design of these circuits. It discuss the Monolithic PLL IC, centre frequency.
it covers topics Introduction
Classification of Logic Families
Important point
Level of Integration
Specification of Digital ICs
TTL Circuit
TTL NAND Gates
MOS/CMOS Circuits
CMOS NAND Gate
ECL Circuit
Comparison
Numbers of Digital ICs
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and RelatedPei-Che Chang
Distributed Architecture of Subspace Clustering and Related
Sparse Subspace Clustering
Low-Rank Representation
Least Squares Regression
Multiview Subspace Clustering
Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (PMF)
Bayesian Probabilistic Matrix Factorization (BPMF) using
Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC)
BPMF using MCMC – Overall Model
BPMF using MCMC – Gibbs Sampling
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. 2
Outline
• Simple PLL
• VCO, PD
• PLL transfer function
• Phase Margin
• Type-I PLL
• Type-II PLL
• PFD
• Charge Pump
• CP PLL transfer function
• CP PLL stability
• Open loop bandwidth
• Design strategy
• Higher order PLL transfer function
• Higher order PLL design rule of thumb
3. 3
Local Oscillator
• Local oscillator (LO) is an electronic oscillator used with a mixer to change the
frequency of a signal.
• LO is used to up convert signal (BB or IF to RF) and down convert it (RF to IF or BB).
LO Problems
• Output signal frequency is affected by noise, temperature and process variations.
• Therefore we need a system to stabilize LO’s frequency.
• Typical LO has phase noise and with using PLL we can decrease the phase noise.
Why We Need PLL
4. 4
What is PLL
• A phase-locked loop or PLL is a control system that generates an output signal whose phase is
related to the phase of an input signal.
• Keeping the input and output phase in lock means keeping the input and output frequencies
the same. (If phase difference varies with time, the frequencies of two signals are not equal).
• Consequently, in addition to synchronizing signals, a PLL can track an input frequency, or it can
generate a frequency that is a multiple of the input frequency.
6. 6
Simple PLL
• In its simplest form, a PLL is a negative feedback loop consisting of a VCO and a
“phase detector” (PD).
• PD converts phase difference to voltage which changes the frequency and
phase of VCO and pushes it to follow the ideal reference.
7. 7
Simple PLL Problem
• If the control voltage (Vctrl) has ripple it modulates the VCO and produces side bands.
• Assuming only the first harmonic of Vctrl.
15. 15
Bode plots of type-I PLL showing the effect of higher KVCO
Phase Margin (2)
16. 16
Phase Margin (3)
KVCO PM
Summary:
• Increasing KVCO or KPD will cause stability problems.
• Decreasing ߱LPF for having less ripple will cause stability problems.
• Damping factor expression confirms these.
18. 18
Practical PLL
• We have an ideal reference crystal oscillator (low phase noise compared to VCO) which operates
at low frequency.
• Then with using a frequency divider we translate VCO output to lower frequencies.
߱ݐݑ = ܯ × ߱݅݊
CMOS VCTCXO
1 GHz
22. 22
• Solving problem of limited acquisition range.
• Phase detectors produce little information if they sense unequal frequencies at their inputs.
• Solution? the acquisition range can be widened if a frequency detector (FD) is added to the loop.
• Thus, it is desirable to seek a circuit that operates as an FD if its input frequencies are not equal
and as a PD if they are. Such a circuit is called a “phase/frequency detector” (PFD).
Type-II PLL
38. 38
Open Loop Bandwidth
Wu provides us with valuable information about PLL system:
• System stability.
• How is the system response for slow and fast phase variations ?
• How much phase noise could be suppressed by PLL ?
• Wu will be used for PLL system design.
42. 42
Some Example and Design Rule (1)
BW
Step1. fix ߞ reach desirable stability
Step2. ߱݊
So M , BW
M , loop gain
43. 43
Change BW still maintain stability (same PM) that we want !
Some Example and Design Rule (2)
44. 44
Close Loop Transfer Function (1)
Goal: find 3dB BW
Why do we need to calculate close loop transfer function ?
• We can find the poles and 3dB bandwidth of system.
• ߱3dB will be used for phase noise calculation.
• With tuning ߱3dB we can adjust the bandwidth (spur cancellation).
49. 49
High Order PLL
• Why do we need high order PLL ?
• Do to same non-ideal effects in PLL circuit analysis, Vcontrol will have some ripple
and this ripple causes side bands (spur) at the output of VCO.
• In order to suppress Vcontrol ripple and therefore suppress spurs we need to have
higher order filters.