The document discusses beamforming antennas and their applications. It begins by outlining beamforming concepts and configurations like phased arrays and adaptive arrays. It then discusses applications of beamforming antennas in areas like radar, sonar, communications and imaging. Specific examples covered include phased array radar, neuronal spike sorting, and smart antenna systems for wireless networks. Vector antennas and their advantages over phased arrays are also summarized. Finally, the document discusses potential uses and challenges of beamforming antennas for wireless ad hoc networks.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
By completing this presentation will be have a clear idea about Antenna's working principles, Antenna's Types & Antenna's Parameters. At the end to this document you'll have a brief idea about Antenna's Tilt vs Distance Calculation & Cluster wise optimum Antenna Selection procedure. Impact of antenna PIM & VSWR have been described elaborately in this document as well.
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
Millimeter waves is considered as a key enabling technology for the future wireless networks, 5G network.
To that end, these simple slides go further in the motivation, characteristics, applications, and many others related to the mmWaves.
enjoy .. :)
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
Millimeter Wave mobile communications for 5g cellularraghubraghu
The next generation of wireless mobile communication is here know as 5G cellular which will revolutionize the way which see at wireless communication today !!!
Millimeter waves is considered as a key enabling technology for the future wireless networks, 5G network.
To that end, these simple slides go further in the motivation, characteristics, applications, and many others related to the mmWaves.
enjoy .. :)
MicroStrip Antenna
Introduction .
Micro-Strip Antennas Types .
Micro-Strip Antennas Shapes .
Types of Substrates (Dielectric Media) .
Comparison of various types of flat profile printed antennas .
Advantages & DisAdvantages of MSAs .
Applications of MSAs .
Radiation patterns of MSAs .
How to Optimizing the Substrate Properties for Increased Bandwidth ?
Comparing the different feed techniques .
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction in NC-OFDM based Cognitive Radio.CSCJournals
This paper presents a novel technique for reducing the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in non-contiguous bands spectrum of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based Cognitive Radio (CR). The proposed system exposed to carry the past channel information and the spectrum sensing to utilize the radio spectrum as well as achieving an appropriate PAPR reduction and maintaining end-to-end throughput performance by using a set of approaches in the current CR environment. The simulation results for PAPR reduction has shown that higher constellation modulation schemes are better compared to lower constellation modulation schemes.
DUAL PORT COGNITIVE RADIO ANTENNA USING TUNABLE BAND PASS FILTERjmicro
In this paper a dual port microstrip antenna with tunable band pass filter is proposed for cognitive radio applications. In single port reconfigurable antennas for cognitive radio, sensing and communication is done simultaneously. This can lead to failure of real time communication, also it may induce interference to primary user, dual antenna system solves this problem. The proposed antenna consist of one UWB microstrip antenna for sensing the holes in spectrum and other is communication antenna. Communication antenna is made tunable by using varacter diode in ‘G’ shaped DMS(defected microstrip structure) filter integrated in feedline.The sensing antenna is having UWB bandwidth from 3.4 GHz to 13.2 GHz and efficiency of more than 80%. The narrowband antenna has dual and triple operating frequencies which is tunable in the range of 4-5 GHz, 6-10 GHz and 10-11 GHz according to the biasing of varacterdiode. This antenna as efficiency more than 70%.
A reconfigurable dual port antenna system for underlay/interweave cognitive ...IJECEIAES
An antenna system that is reconfigurable in frequency is presented in this paper as a novel dual port design that serves both undelay and interweave cognitive radio. This 25×40×0.8 mm3 system is composed of two wide slot antennas: the first is designed as an ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna with controllable band rejection capabilities, while the second antenna is reconfigurable for communication purposes. Three slots are etched into the patch of the UWB antenna to obtain band notching in wireless local area network/Xband/International Telecommunication Union bands (WLAN/Xband/ITU) bands which can be controlled by a positive-intrinsicnegative (PIN) diode across each slot. The configuration states of these three diodes are all useable that produces seven band rejection modes plus the UWB operation mode. The second antenna is configured by five PIN diodes to operate either in Cband, WLAN or Xband regions which results in three interweave modes when setting the first antenna for UWB sensing. The design is simulated by computer simulation technology (CST) v.10. S21 results shows good isolation while input reflection coefficient and realized gain results prove system’s scanning, filtering and communication capabilities. This system is new that it gathers the undelay/interweave operation in a single design and when considering its large number of operation modes it looks adequate for many cognitive radio applications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
In a dense wireless network where sensor nodes run on batteries it is essential for the continued running of the network, to be able to accurately locate and identify nodes that need battery replacement. Accurate localization of nodes is also necessary for the correlation of sensed data with position in the environment covered by the network. In this paper a new approach to node localization which is fine grained, rangebased, anchor free and GPS free, is presented which is cheap in hardware components and cheap in software computation. It concerns the localization of cluster nodes relative to the cluster head and is suitable for cases of stationary or slow moving nodes. The method is demonstrated for a simple one-level wireless network.
2. Outline
Phased Array Antennas
Vector Antennas
Beamforming antennas for WLAN
Conclusion
Introduction
Beamforming and its applications
Beamforming antennas vs. omnidirectional antennas
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Beamforming
Basic configurations: fixed array and adaptive array
smart antenna systems:switched array and adaptive array
DOA and polarization
super CART
3-loop and 2-loop vector antenna array
Direction of arrival (DOA) estimation
Vector antenna vs. phased array antenna
Infrastructure mode
An indoor WLAN design
Ad hoc mode
Ad hoc WLAN for rural
area
3. Applications Description
RADAR Phased array RADAR; air traffic control; synthetic
aperture RADAR
SONAR Source location and classification
Communications Smart antenna systems; Directional transmission and
reception; sector broadcast in satellite communications
Imaging Ultrasonic; optical; tomographic
Geophysical Exploration Earth crust mapping; oil exploration
Astrophysical Exploration High resolution imaging of universe
Biomedical Neuronal spike discrimination; fetal heart monitoring;
tissue hyperthermia; hearing aids
Source: B.D.Van Veen and K.M. Buckley, University of Michigan, “Beamforming: A
Versatile approach to spatial filtering”,1988
Applications of beamforming technology
5. Phased array spike sorting
0.139
0.544−
Ey 1n t( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.056
0.205−
Ey 2n t( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.042
0.187−
Ey 3n t( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
Sorted
Spike of
individual
neurons.
12341
6
567891
4
1
5
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
0
0.139
0.534−
Rn 3 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.183
0.539−
Rn 5 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.147
0.534−
Rn 7 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.147
0.534−
Rn 9 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.183
0.539−
Rn 11 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.139
0.534−
Rn 13 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.14
0.534−
Rn 1 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
0.148
0.534−
Rn 15 t,( )
1.2 10
4
×0 t
Neuronal
spikes
recorded by
electrode
array
Phasedarrayspikesortingsystem
Center for Computational Biology, MSU
6. Patterns, beamwidth & Gain
Isotropic dipole
topview(horizontal)sideview(vertical)
half-wave dipole beamformer
21/φ
Half-power
beam width
Half-power
beam width
Half-power
beam width
Main lobe
side lobes
nulls
21/θ78°
7. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
1) Beamformers have much higher Gain than omnidirectional antennas:
Increase coverage and reduce number of antennas!
Gain:
2
1
N
G
GN
=
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
6
4
2
0
6
9.961 10
7−
×
Field 6 0, φ,( )
Field 2 0, φ,( )
Field 1 0, φ,( )
φ
8. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
2) Beamformers can reject interference while omnidirectional
antennas can’t: Improve SNR and system capacity!
3) Beamformers directionally send down link information to the
users while omnidirectional antennas can’t: save energy!
user
interference
user
interferencenull
9. Beamformers vs. omnidirectional antennas
user user
null
multipath
4) Beamformers provide N-fold diversity Gain of omnidirectional antennas:
increase system capacity(SDMA)
5) Beamformers suppress delay spread:improve signal quality
13. phased array (fixed/adaptive) configuration-frequency domain
Basic phased array configurations
………
sN(k)
s2(k)
s1(k)
.
.
.
-
+
I
F
F
T
MSE
F
F
T
w*N
w*2
w*1
∑
)(ky
)(tdF
F
T
F
F
T
F
F
T
broadband
.
.
.
16. user 1
Interference 1
top view(horizontal)
user 2
Smart antenna systems
Interference 2
Adaptive array
17. Smart antenna system
www.vivato.net
12°
100°
In door range
(Mixed Office)
11 Mbps: up to 300m
5.5 Mbps: up to 400m
2 Mbps: up to 500m
1 Mbps: up to 600m
Out door range
(outdoor to indoor)
11 Mbps: up to 1.00km
5.5 Mbps: up to 1.25km
2 Mbps: up to 2.00km
1 Mbps: up to 2.50km
Out door range
(outdoor to outdoor)
11 Mbps: up to 4.20km
5.5 Mbps: up to 5.10km
2 Mbps: up to 6.00km
1 Mbps: up to 7.20km
Active user per switch 100
Example: Vivato 2.4 GHz indoor & outdoor Wi-Fi Switches
(EIRP=44dBm;Gain=25 dBi;3-beam)
22. Vector antennas vs. spatial array antennas
Vector antennas measure: φ,θ,γ,η, and power simultaneously,
no phase shift device, or synchronization is needed.
Phased array antennas with omnidirectional element measure:
φ,θ, and power
29. Packet switching: 3 beam system
top view(horizontal)
i
ii
P
PP
d 11 −+ −
=
P. Sanchis, et al. 02
iP
1−iP
1+iP
φΔ
φΔ
( )
( )
>⋅−−
<⋅+
−<⋅+−
=
1221
12
1221
dφdφ
dφdφ
dφdφ
φ
i
i
i
DOA
),/Δ(/
),/Δ(
),/Δ(/
ˆ
max
max
max
30. An indoor WLAN design
A 4-story office building (including basement), high 30 m, wide 60m and long 100m. We
plan to install a Vivato switched array on the 3rd floor.
L=100m
h=30m
w=60m
Switched array
3
2
1
Basement
31. An indoor WLAN design
Data rate 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps, 11Mbps
AP’s EIEP 44dBm
AP’s antenna Gain GA 25 dBi
PC antenna Gain GP 0 dBi
Shadowing 8dB
AP’s antenna receiving sensitivity Smin -95dBm ,-92dBm, ,-89dBm, -86dBm
AP’s Noise floor -178dBm/Hz
Body/orientation loss 2dB
Soft partition attenuate factor (p= number) p×1.39 dB
Concrete-wall attenuate factor(q= number) q×2.38 dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number) 14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Frequency 2.4GHz
Reference pathloss PL0 (LOS/NLS, r=1m) 45.9dB/ 50.3dB
Pathloss exponent γ (LOS/NLS, r=1m) 2.1/3.0
Pathloss standard deviation σ (LOS/NLS) 2.3dB/4.1dB
Average floor attenuation(floor number) 14.0dB(1),19.0dB(2),23.0dB(3),26.0dB(4)
Data of AP’s antenna is from www.vivato.net
32. An indoor WLAN design
Mean pathloss with smin:
PGSEIRPL +−= min
osdflsmwallowable LLLLLLPL −−−−−=
Path loss model: )log()(
0
0 10
r
r
γPLrPL +=
alPLrPL =)(
The coverage ranges are:r=36m,29m,23m and 18m for date rate at 1Mbps, 2Mbps,
5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively
Allowable pathloss:
Case 1: user is on the 3rd
floor: 3 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
The coverage ranges are: r=176m,140m,111m and 88m for date rate at 1Mbps,
2Mbps, 5.5Mbps and 11Mbps respectively .
Case 2: user is in the basement : 3 floors; 2 concrete walls, 3 soft partitions
33. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
P.Gupta and P.R. Kumar,00
throughputobtainedbyeachnode
nnlog
W
~
Beam-
forming
antennas
?
new
routing
protocol
new
channel
access
scheme
34. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
interference
target
Phased patch
antenna
D.Lu and D.Rutledge,Caltech,02
Z0=50Ω
Z0=50Ω,L≈λ/2 Z0=25Ω,L≈λ/2
Series resonant patch array
Phased patch array
35. Beamforming antennas in ad hoc networks
Medium Access Control Protocol(CSMA/CA)
CSMA/CA:carrier sense multiple access/collision avoidance
( for omnidirectional antennas)
(Scheduled/On-demand)Packet routing
Neighbor discovery
No standard MAC protocols for directional antenna
Ad hoc networks may achieve better performance in some cases
using beamforming antennas.
No obvious improvement for throughput using beamforming antennas
Neighbor discovery become more complex using beamforming antennas.
Beamforming antennas can significantly increasing node and
network lifetime in ad hoc networks.
36. 1) traditional exposed node
problem for omnidirectional
antennas
Channel access
Source:Y Ko et al., 00
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
DATA
ACK
RTS
CTS
DATA
DATA
DATA
ACK
A B C D E
RTS
CTS CTS
DATA
DATA
ACK
RTS
CTS CTS
DATA
DATA
ACK
1) No coverage change. May save power.
2) B may not know the location of C.
The nodes
are
prohibit to
transmit or
receive
signals
The node
is free to
transmit or
receive
signals
The node is
blocked to
communica
te with C
2) Omnidirectional and
directional antennas solve
the exposed node problem
37. Channel access
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
CTS
DATA
RTS
collision
deafcollision
A B C D E
RTS
CTS
DATA
DATA
RTS
3) beamforming antennas create new problems
40. Conclusion
Beamforming antenna systems improve wireless
network performance
-increase system capacity
-improve signal quality
-suppress interference and noise
-save power
Beamforming antennas improve infrastructure
networks performance. They may improve ad hoc
networks performance. New MAC protocol
standards are needed.
Vector antennas may replace spatial arrays to
further improve beamforming performance
Editor's Notes
Comparison of optimal direction estimation performance of EMVS with UCSA for 2 closely spaced sources.Red: EMVS performance for polarization differences of pi/2 (solid), pi/4 (dashed), and pi/12 (dash-dotted).Blue: UCSA performance for center frequencies of 1.5GHz (solid), 1.25GHz (dashed), 1GHz (dash-dotted).Note that the UCSA is designed for a maximum frequency of 1.5GHz.