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Microbiology
- 3. MICROBIOLOGY “QUEEN OF THE SCIENCE” Without microbes life won't be fulfilled
- 4. What is Microbiology? • Micro means Small • Biology is the study of life • Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms • Organisms to small to be seen with the naked eye • This includes viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa, Bacteria
- 5. Disciplines of Microbiology • Bacteriology: Study of prokaryotes • Mycology: Study of fungi • Phycology: Study of algae • Protozoology: The study of protozoa • Virology: The study of viruses • Immunology: The study of the immune system
- 6. Importance of Microbes • The study of microbiology is relevant to our everyday life in many different ways. 1.Microbes are the oldest forms of life 2.Microbes are ubiquitous (found nearly everyway) 3.They perform essential reactions in the environment 4.Microbes can be used to prepare food 5.Production of drug and vaccines 6.They sometimes cause infectious diseases
- 9. Normal Flora of Microbes in our body Our body is full of bacteria: 2-5 pounds of your body weight is made up of live bacteria Importance of the normal Flora The normal flora may Antagotonize other bacteria Through the production of Substances which kill or inhibit non-indigenous species
- 10. Pioneers of Microbiology • Robert Hooke, UK (1665) • Proposed the Cell Theory • Observed cork with crude microscope • All living things are composed of cells • Spontaneous generation • Some forms of life could arise spontaneously from non-living matter
- 11. Bluish color mold growing on the surface of leather discovered by Robert Hooke
- 12. Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) used a primitive microscope to observe stagnant water, hay infusions, and scrapings from the teeth. Pioneers of Microbiology Father of ancient microbiology
- 13. FATHER OF ANCIENT MICROBIOLOGY - Antony van leeuwenhoek -[1632-1723]
- 14. Photomicrograph of a human blood smear taken through va Leeuwenhoek’s microscope
- 15. Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729 – 1799) Conducted experiments to disprove abiogenesis. (life arises naturally from non-living matter) History of Microbiology
- 16. • Edward Jenner (1749- 1823) History of Microbiology First experimented with cowpox as a way to prevent smallpox cowpox Small pox prevent
- 17. Pioneers in Microbiology • Joseph Lister (1827–1912) was the first to recognize the role of airborne microorganisms in postsurgical infections. Carbolic acid (Phenol) solution sprayer Antiseptic surgery
- 18. Robert Koch (1843–1910) developed a two-part • Specific germ can cause a specific disease and introduced scientific approach in Microbiology a technique for isolating pure colonies of bacteria. Koch postulates-Anthrax Bacillus- Spleenic Fever in Sheep Pioneers in Microbiology
- 19. (1852–1921) Petri plates, dishes used to isolate bacterial colonies, were named after him. discovered B.anthracis,Mycobacterium tuberculosis,Vibrio cholera Modified Ehrlich-Ziehl-Neelson acid staining Con.s….
- 20. Pioneers of Microbiology Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), Chemist • Fermentation (1857) • Pasteurization: heat liquid enough to kill spoilage bacteria (1864) • Vaccine development – rabies • Proposed the germ theory of disease • Proposed aseptic techniques (prevent contamination by unwanted microbes) • Director of Pasteur Institute, Paris (1894) Pasteur Institute was built in France by the French government in 1888 to honor Louis Pasteur.
- 21. GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY [1857-1914] 1857-Pasteur-Fermentation 1861-Pasteur-Disproved Spontaneous generation 1864-Pasteur-Pasteurization 1867-Lister-Aseptic surgery 1876-Koch-Germ theory of Disease 1881-Koch-Pure culture
- 22. Biohazard
- 23. Glass Ware
- 24. Petri Dish • It was discovered by Richard Petri – student of Robert Koch • It is made up of glass and is used to grow the microbial culture.
- 25. BIOSAFETY CABINET Laminar air flow chamber
- 26. Equipments for sterilization Hot air oven Autoclave Dry Heat Moist Heat
- 27. Equipments for Incubation Bacteriological incubator Maintains constant temperature 37˚C
- 28. Culture Media: Physical State Liquid media Semi-solid media Solid media
- 29. Liquid Media Liquid media are water-based solutions that are generally termed broths, milks and infusions.
- 30. Semi-solid Media Semi-solid media contain a low percentage (<1%) of agar, which can be used for motility testing.
- 31. Solid Media Solid media contain a high percent (1-5%) of agar, which enables the formation of discrete colonies.
- 32. Selective media • EMB Agar (E.coli) • Mannittol Salt Agar (MSA) (Staphylococcus aureus)
- 33. Differential media (MacConkey agar) Enriched media (Blood agar)
- 34. Five Basic Techniques • 1. Inoculate • 2. Incubate • 3. Isolation • 4. Inspection • 5. Identification
- 35. Inoculation loop The loop should be held comfortably much as you hold a pencil
- 36. Flaming the Loop Flaming the loop helps to prevent contamination of the bacteria. When flaming the loop, make sure that all Of the wire as been heated to redness.
- 37. Plating Techniques Spread plate Pour plate Streak plate Simple streak T-streak Quadrant streak
- 39. Types of streaking T streak Zig zag streak Four way streak
- 41. Agar slant
- 42. Agar deep
- 47. Staining Techniques Staining Living microorganisms can be directly examined with the light microscope and stained to increase visibility. Types of staining Simple staining Differential staining Gram staining Acid-fast staining
- 48. Shapes and Arrangements of Bacteria
- 52. Bacterial Cell Wall Morphology
- 53. Gram Positive Cocci Gram negative Rods Fixation Crystal violet Iodine Decolourisation Saffranin
- 57. Biochemical characters • IMVic test • Oxidase test • Catalase test • Carbohydrate breakdown • Acid formation from sugars • Gas formation from glucose • Reduction of nitrate to nitrite • Arginin dihydrolase test
- 61. Microbiology is the base Biotechnology BiochemistryMolecular Biology Genetic Engineering Protein Engineering Microbiolology – Queen of Science Health Diagnostic Pharmaceutical Industry Fermentation Industry Food Industry Chemical Industry Energy & Environtment Embryologist
- 62. Human Use of Microorganisms-food industry Humans have been using microorganisms for thousands of years cheese, yogurt, bread, half-sour pickles Baker’s and brewer’s yeast, Alcohol in wine and beer, Moldy bread on wounds
- 63. Microbes & Industry Biotech: Recombinant products (e.g., human insulin, vaccines)
- 64. STEM CELL
- 65. During the fermentation process, microbial growth and metabolism result in the production of: 1. enzymes –capable of breaking down carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. 2. vitamins 3. antimicrobial compounds 4. texture-forming agents 5. amino acids 6. glutamic acid 7. organic acids 8. flavor compounds 9. Probiotic foods Commercially important products
- 66. Transgenic animals - Dolly The first cloned animal
- 71. Watermelon grapes Orange kiwi
- 72. Microbes can be used to clean up oil spills such as this one in Alaska Courtesy of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council/NOAA Environment: Bioremediation Microbes- A Weapon to Tackle Oil Spills