Microbiology is the study of microorganisms that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, and viruses. Key developments in the field include the invention of the microscope in the 16th century, which allowed the first observations of bacteria and other microbes. In the 19th century, scientists like Pasteur and Koch provided evidence supporting the germ theory of disease, showing that specific microbes cause specific illnesses. Koch's postulates established a process for proving the causal relationship between a microbe and a disease. Today, microbiology continues to advance through new techniques in genetics, biotechnology, and other areas.

1. Microbiology

2. • Mikrobiologi adalah ilmu yang mempelajari
mikroorganisme
• Mikroorganisme adalah mahluk hidup yang
berukuran sangat kecil yang tidak dapat dilihat
dengan mata telanjang
• Mikroorganisme meliputi :
Bakteri, fungi, protozoa, alga dan virus
• Beberapa mikroorganisme tersebut bersifat patogen
What is Microbiology?

3. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1590 –Zacharias Janssen orang yang perama
kali menemukan mikroskop cahaya

4. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1676 – Anton Von Leeuwenhoek orang yang
pertama kali melakukan observasi dari bakteri

5. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1796 – Edward Jenner adalah orang yang
pertama kali menemukan Vaksin (Vaksin
Cacar/ smallpox)

6. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1857 – Louis Pasteur menyatakan tentang
Teori Penyakit

7. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1867 – Joseph Lister memperkenalkan Antiseptik
untuk pembedahan

8. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1884 – Robert Koch memperkenalkan Hukum
(Postulat) Koch tentang Penghantaran Penyakit

9. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1885 - Louis Pasteur menemukan vaksin untuk
melawan rabies

10. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
• 1929 - Alexander Fleming menemukan antibiotik
pertama yaitu Penicillin

11. • 1938 – First Electron
Microscope
• The electron microscope is
capable of magnifying biological
specimens up to one million
times. These computer
enhanced images of 1.
smallpox, 2. herpes simplex,
and 3. mumps are magnified,
respectively, 150,000, 150,000
and 90,000 times.

12. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
1953 Structure of DNA Revealed
Watson & Crick

13. SEJARAH MIKROBIOLOGI
1954 – Jonas
Salk
menemukan
vaksin Polio

14. Perkembangan Terbaru
• Rekayasa Genetika
• Kloning
• Proyek Rekayasa Genom Manusia
• Bioteknologi
• Siapa yang tahu perkembangan
berikutnya?

15. Ukuran Mikroorganisme
• Virus : 10 – 1000 nanometer *
• Bakteria : 0,1 – 5 mikrometer**
Mata manusia dapat melihat 1 mm (1 x 10-3 m)
* per milyard atau 1 x 10-9 m
** per sejuta atau 1 x 10-6 m

16. PERALATAN MIKROBIOLOGI
• MIKROSKOP CAHAYA
- spesimen hidup
• Mikroskop elektron
- Spesimen tidak hidup
• Inkubator : untuk menjaga mikroorganisme
tetap tumbuh

17. TEKNIK PADA MIKROBIOLOGI
• Pewarnaan : untuk melihat struktur
mikroba
• Kultur mikroba:penumbuhan mikroba pada
media yang sesuai
• Wadah kultur mikroba : cawan petri
• Media kultur :
- makanan untuk mikroba
- contohnya Agar (berasal dari Alga merah)
- Kaldu nutrisi

18. TEKNIK KULTUR
1. INOKULASI
2. ISOLASI
3. IDENTIFIKASI

19. BAKTERI
• Bentuk Dasar
KOKUS BATANG SPIRAL
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus

20. • Pairs: diplococci,
diplobacilli
• Clusters:
staphylococci
• Chains:
streptococci,
streptobacilli
Arrangements

21. The Debate Over Spontaneous
Generation
• The hypothesis that living organisms arise
from nonliving matter is called spontaneous
generation. According to spontaneous
generation, a “vital force’ Forms life.
• The alternative hypothesis, that the living
organisms arise from preexisting life, is called
biogenesis.

22. Francisco Redi
Biogenesis
Theory:
Maggots do not
grow from
meat

23. Francisco Redi

24. BUKTI PRO DAN KONTRA
• 1668: Francisco Redi filled six jars with
decaying meat.
Conditions Results
3 jars covered with fine net No maggots
3 open jars Maggots appeared
From where did the maggots come?
What was the purpose of the sealed jars?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

25. John Needham
Put boiled
nutrient
broth into
covered
flasks.

26. • 1745: John Needham put boiled nutrient broth
into covered flasks.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth heated, then placed in
sealed flask
Microbial growth
From where did the microbes come?
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

27. Louis Pasteur

28. • 1861: Louis Pasteur demonstrated that
microorganisms are present in the air.
Conditions Results
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated,
not sealed
Microbial growth
Nutrient broth placed in flask, heated,
then sealed
No microbial growth
Spontaneous generation or biogenesis?

29. TEORI BIOGENESIS
• Pasteur’s
S-shaped
flask kept
microbes
out but let
air in.

30. VIRUS

31. Microbes & Disease
Microbes both cause and prevent diseases
Microbes produce antibiotics used to treat diseases
The single most important achievement of modern medicine
is the ability to treat or prevent microbial disease
Most of this course will consider the physiology of microbes
and their role in disease
The Germ Theory of Disease = Microbes cause disease!
(yes, it wasn’t so long ago that humans didn’t know this)

32. Normal Flora
These are the ~harmless microorganisms found on your body.
Every part of your body that normally comes in contact with
outside world (deep lungs and stomach are exceptions)

33. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You
History of Microbiology
The Germ Theory of Disease
1876: Robert Koch provided proof that a
bacterium causes anthrax and provided the
experimental steps, Koch’s postulates, used
to prove that a specific microbe causes a
specific disease.
Koch was a physician and Pasteur’s young
rival

34. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You
History of Microbiology
Koch's Postulates
are used to
prove the cause
of an infectious
disease.

35. Chapter 1 The Microbial World and You
History of Microbiology
Koch's Postulates
are a sequence
of experimental
steps to relate a
specific microbe
to a specific
disease.