This Ppt contain microbiology history

1. Microbiology
Lecture 1

2. Introduction
• Study of microorganisms that are too small to visualize with unaided eye
• Used in making of bread, cheese, antibiotics, vaccines, vitamins, enzymes
etc
• Cycles of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in terrestrial and aquatic systems
• But has also been hurting humans over a millennia
• Modern biotechnology rest of microbial foundations

3. History and Discovery
• Observed even before visualization in about 98-55 B.C.
• Microscopic visualization around 1625-1630,
• on bees and weevils by Francesco stelluti using Galileo’s microscope
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)
Galileo’s Microscope
Leeuwenhoek’s
Microscope

4. Spontaneous Generation Conflict
• Aristotle believed in spontaneous generation of living things
• Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
• Three Jars with meat experiment
• Conflict in the 1800s
• Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

5. Role of Microorganisms in Disease
• Took some time to recognize microbial involvement in disease
• Why?
• Previously thought diseases were due to supernatural forces
• Support for “Germ Theory” of disease began in early 19th century
• Agostino Bassi --- Silkworm disease was due to fungus in 1835
• M. J. Berkeley --- Great “Potato Blight” of Ireland was due to fungus in 1845
• Joseph Lister --- Prevention of wound infection with phenol (published in 1867)
• Robert Koch --- Relationship between Bacillus Anthracis and Anthrax in 1876

6. Koch’s Postulates
• German Physician
• Bacillus Anthracis causes Anthrax

7. Early Development of Microbial Techniques
• During Koch’s study, isolation of suspected bacteria became vital
• Initially bacteria was grown on a cut boiled potato
• Used solidified regular media by adding gelatin (melted above 28°C)
• Fannie Eilshemius suggested using agar (100 °C) instead of gelatin
• Richard Petri developed petri dish
• 1882 Koch isolated bacillus causing tuberculosis
• 1884 Charles Chamberland made bacterial filter
• Which helped in discovery of viruses
• Tobbaco mosaic virus was first virus discovered
Fannie Eilshemius (1850–1934) and
Walther Hesse (1846–1911).
Potato as bacterial growth medium
Petri dish
Chamberland filter

8. Microbial Immunological Studies
• To understand how do animals resist diseases?
• Pasteur and Roux
• Chicken Cholera; long incubated cultures show attenuation of bacteria
• Edward Jenner
• Cowpox against smallpox
• Pasteur and Chamberland
• Attenuated anthrax vaccine (chemical/heat treatment)
• Pasteur (as honor Pasteur institute created in Paris, France)
• Rabies Vaccine; pathogen attenuated by growing in abnormal host, such as rabbit
• Joseph Meister, 9-year-old boy bitten by rabid dog, inoculated 13 times in 10 days
• Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato
• Diptheria bacillus toxin incubated in rabbit to create antitoxin (via antibody generation)

9. Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology
• Although, yeast were known to convert sugar into alcohol in 1837
but chemist thought otherwise
• M. Bigo, an industrialist for ethanol production in France
• Pasteur helped his industry in 1856 by discovering presence of lactic acid
making bacteria instead of yeast
• Sergei N. Winogradsky (1856–1953)
• Russian microbiologist; great contribution to soil microbiology
• Discovered soil bacteria energize by oxidizing iron, sulfur and ammonia
• Soil bacteria can incorporate CO2 in organic matter (process?)
• Discovered anaerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria
• Martinus W. Beijerinck (1851–1931)
• General microbiologist
• Discover Azotobacter (aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria) and Rhizobium (nitrogen
fixing bacteria in root nodule)

10. Members of Microbial World
• Microscopic size of microorganisms is an important
characteristic, but it is insufficient to define them
• Bread mold can be visualized by naked eye
• These macroscopic microorganisms are often colonial, small aggregation
of cells
• Some microbes are multicellular but lack distinct tissues like animals or
plants
• Then there are viruses (acellular)
• Diversity has always been a challenge
• Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells
• 5 kingdom classification
• 3 domain classification
• Three base characteristics studies in detail
• Structure
• Biochemical and physiological characteristics
• Sequences of nucleic acids and proteins

11. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cell

12. 5 Kingdom Classification

13. 3 Kingdom Classification (based on rRNA sequences)

14. Scope and Future of Microbiology
• The whole ecosystem depends on microbes in one way or another
• Microbiology contributes majorly to other fields, such as
• Molecular biology, Genomics, Recombinant DNA/RNA Tech, Food and
Agriculture, Medicine
• Medical microbiology
• Virology
• Immunology
• Public health microbiology
• Microbial ecology
• Agriculture microbiology
• Food microbiology
• Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics

16. Thank you