This document discusses various techniques used to test antimicrobial activity, including disk diffusion, Etest, dilution plating, and determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The disk diffusion technique involves placing disks containing antibiotics on an agar plate inoculated with bacteria, and measuring the zone of inhibition. The Etest uses strips with an exponential gradient of drugs to determine the MIC. Dilution plating reduces bacterial concentration to obtain isolated colonies. MIC testing finds the lowest drug concentration that prevents bacterial growth. These methods help determine antibiotic effectiveness and resistance.
A culture test is performed to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. It is done by using a culture media for their growth
A culture test is performed to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. It is done by using a culture media for their growth
definitions and description of the main procedures used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; to support teaching general medicine students in their second year of study
definitions and description of the main procedures used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; to support teaching general medicine students in their second year of study
5 июня 2009 г. Группа ММВБ и РОСНАНО подписали Соглашение по созданию на базе действующего Сектора Инновационных и растущих компаний (ИРК) нового биржевого сектора - Рынка инноваций и инвестиций (РИИ).
Основная задача – привлечение инвестиций в компании высоких технологий и компаний малой- и средней капитализации.
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
Susceptibility testing is used to determine which antimicrobials will inhibit the growth of the bacteria or fungi causing a specific infection. The results from this test will help a healthcare practitioner determine which drugs are likely to be most effective in treating a person's infection.
It is a method of multiplying microbial organisms in a predetermined culture media with favourable conditions and test perform to check the sensitivity of organism towards the drugs.
PURPOSE OF CULTURE TEST
To guide the clinician in selecting the best drug for an individual patient.
To control the use of inappropriate drug in clinical practice.
To accumulate epidemiological information on the resistance of microorganism of public health importance within the community.
To overcome the resistance to antibiotics.
Sensitivity to the drug determined from the inhibition of bacterial growth around the disc.
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
minimum inhibitory concentration
The agar dilution method involves the incorporation of varying desired concentrations of the antimicrobial agent into an agar medium (molten agar medium).
serial two-fold dilutions
inoculation of a defined microbial inoculum onto the agar plate surface.
The MIC value is determined.
Antibiotic sensitivity tests are very useful for clinician in diagnostic bacteriology.
To provide a reliable prediction of whether an infection caused by a bacterial isolate will respond therapeutically to a particular antibiotic treatment.
It acts as a indicator for the spread of resistance to a antibiotic.
Antimicrobial sensitivity test are two types:- diffusion tests and dilution tests.
Stokes disc diffusion tests and Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method are examples of diffusion tests.
Dilution tests include broth dilution method and agar dilution method.
Epsilometer or E-test combines the principle of dilution methods with that of diffusion methods.
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) inhibits the bacterial growth while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) kills the bacterium.
DIFFUSION TEST
PRINCIPLE:-
To allow the antimicrobial agent to diffuse through a solid medium so that the concentration is highest near the site of application of antimicrobial agent and decreases with distance.
DILUTION TEST:-
PRINCIPLE:-
Dilution tests are performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antimicrobial agent.
DISC-DIFFUSION METHOD
It is the most simple and easy method, hence most commonly used.
PRINCIPLE:-
This method involves the addition of known amount of an drug to a antibiotic discs measuring 6 mm in diameter.
The test bacterium is inoçulated on the medium and these antibiotic discs are applied.
Sensitivity to the drug determined from the inhibition of bacterial growth around the disc.
USES:-
Disc diffusion tests are most widely used to determine the susceptibility of isolates of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics that are likely to be used in the treatment.
EPSILOMETER
MIC value is determined at the intersection of the strip and the zone of inhibition ellipse.
ADVANTAGE –
Easy to perform
Combination of antibiotics can be tested.
Does not require expertise.
Does not require special technologies.
antibiotic susceptibility testing
disk diffusion method
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method
Stokes method
diluted method
agar dilution
test tube dilution
epsilometer test (E test)
Sensitivity testing usually occurs in a medical laboratory, and uses culture methods that expose bacteria to antibiotics, or genetic methods that test to see if bacteria have genes that confer resistance.
Antibiotic assay, sensitivity and chemotherapy [autosaved]AdepejuOlowookere
an introduction to antimicrobial sensitivity testing for undergraduate students. this is to only expose readers to definitions and basic concepts of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
1. MICROBIOLOGY
ANTIMICROBIAL TECHNIQUE
MEMBERS :
IMRAN KHAN SULAIMAN
CHE ABDUL HALIM
MUHD HUZAIFAH
NURUL ATIQA IBRAHIM
NADHIRAHTUL HUSNA
NOR ZAFIFAH
ROSE AMALINA
2. What is antimicrobial ?
• kills or inhibits the growth
of microorganism such
as bacteria
, fungi, or protozoa
3. kill microbes
(microbiocidal)
prevent growth of
microbes (microbiostatic).
5. Why antimicrobial technique is needed ?
• Bacteria have the ability to
develop resistance following
repeated or subclinical
(insufficient) doses
• so more advanced
antibiotics and synthetic
antimicrobials are
continually required to
overcome them.
6.
7. Technique in testing for Antibiotic
sensitivity
• The method includes several steps including :
• obtaining a bacterial sample
• identifying the type of bacteria in the bacterial
sample
• selecting a set of antibiotics based on the
identity of the bacteria in the bacterial sample
• obtaining a control sample from the bacterial
sample
9. Antimicrobial agent
placed on the
surface of an agar
plate
It containing
disease agent shows medium that has been
Disk inoculated with the
how effective the disease agent being
antimicrobial agent diffusion tested, which will grow
is. and fill the disk.
size of the area Antimicrobial agent
killing some of the diffuse into medium
cleared disease agent
around where the
anitmicrobial agent
was innoculated
10. For example . . .
• Small wafers containing
antibiotics are placed
onto a plate which
bacteria are growing.
• If the bacteria are
sensitive to the
antibiotic, a clear
ring, or zone of
inhibition, is seen
around the wafer
indicating poor growth
Antibiotic sensitivity testing
11. Zone sizes differ on sensitivity pattern
• It has been determined
that zones of inhibition
of a certain diameter
(varies for antibiotic
and to a lesser
extent, bacterial
species) correlate with
sensitivity or resistance
to the antibiotic tested
13. Epsilometer test
• to determine whether or not a specific strain
of bacterium or fungus is susceptible to the
action of a specific antibiotic.
• commonly used in the setting of
medicine, where a particular organism has
been found to infect a patient, and the
doctor treating the patient is seeking
guidance on what concentration of antibiotic
is suitable.
14. rectangular strip
that has been
impregnated with
the drug
Etest utilise by then
A lawn of bacteria
an exponential
is spread and
gradient of the
grown on an agar
drug to be tested
Epsilometer plate
test
and
producing
Etest strip is laid
into the agar
on top
Drug diffuse out
15. As a result . . .
• an exponential scale
printed on the strip .
• After 24 hours of
incubation, an elliptical
zone of inhibition is
produced
• the point at which the
ellipse meets the strip
gives a reading for
the minimun inhibitory
concentration (MIC) of
the drug.
16. Dilution plating technique
• to reduce the concentration of
microscopic organisms or cells in a
sample
• A series of cultures is tested with
various concentration pf an antibiotic
to determine minimum inhibiting
concentration of antibiotic
17. spread bacteria over a
wide area
The numbers of bacteria
count the number of
colonies that grow on
colonies that grow
each plate are counted
bacterial cell in the
original sample should
produce a single colony
18. Stokes’ Method
• In original Stokes’ method
the inoculum of the control
strain is evenly spread over
the upper and lower thirds
of a plate
• the test strain over the
central third,uninoculated
(gaps 2 – 3 mm wide are left
to test from the control
areas.
19. For example . .
• In the Stokes controlled
sensitivity test, a control
organism is inoculated on part of
a plate
• the test organism is plated on
the remainder.
• Disks are placed at the interface
and the zones of inhibition are
compared.
• The use of a sensitive control
shows that the antibiotic is active
• if the test organism grows up to
the disk it may safely be assumed
that the test organism is resistant
to that drug.
20. Testing Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration
• In alternative measure of susceptibility is to
determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
(MIC) and the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
(MBC) of a drug.
• Both are mixed with serially diluted antibiotic
solutions and a standard inoculum is applied.
• After incubation, the MIC is the first broth in which
growth of the organism has been
21. What is Minimum
Inhibitory concentration
• Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in is
the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial
that will inhibit the visible growth of a micro
organism after overnight incubation.
• Minimum inhibitory concentrations are
important in diagnostic laboratories to
confirm resistance of micro organisms to an
antimicrobial agent and also to monitor the
activity of new antimicrobial agents.
22. The Antibiotics are diluted to various dilution
to test the minimum inhibitory concentration