Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) or Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
Antimicrobial sensitivity testing (AST) or Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing.
Contents:
1. Need of AST
2. Bacterial Resistance
3. Preperation of test: selection of antibiotic and bacteria
4. Types of tests
5. Process of tests
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Microbiology of E coli giving basic of Escherichia coli, its morphology, cultural and biochemical characteristics, Antigenic character, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and control
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
A culture test is performed to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. It is done by using a culture media for their growth
antibiotic susceptibility testing
disk diffusion method
Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method
Stokes method
diluted method
agar dilution
test tube dilution
epsilometer test (E test)
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
No doubt that antibiotics are the life saver for us but taking them without prescription of doctor or not completing its course can turn them against us ,more precisely it makes the bacteria more powerful and hard to cure. They are not affected with antibiotic anymore this is known as Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotic assay, sensitivity and chemotherapy [autosaved]AdepejuOlowookere
an introduction to antimicrobial sensitivity testing for undergraduate students. this is to only expose readers to definitions and basic concepts of antimicrobial chemotherapy
Antibacterial agents are a group of materials that selectively destroy bacter...Smitha Vijayan
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth.
Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against.
For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi.
Antivirals: used against virus
Pharmacist pay scales in 7th cpc proposed by ihpa Dr B Naga Raju
Y.Goverdhan, Sr Pharmacist,SWRailway/Ministry of Railways/ Govt of India presented Pharmacist's demands on behalf of Indian Hospital Pharmacists Association as General Secretary/ Mysore Branch/ Karnataka
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
3. Usually almost all the bacteria in infectious
disease are drug resistant.
Hence sensitivity test is performed to select
the correct antimicrobial drug of choice.
It may also help to identify the pathogen.
INTRODUCTION
4. LIMITATIONS
o It helps us to measure only the antimicrobial
activity against a bacteria under laboratory
conditions and not in the patients.
o The patients clinical condition, type and site
of infection, drug hypersensitivity, ADME,
characters of the patients are not taken in to
consideration in sensitivity testing
techniques.
5. Sensitivity testing can be performed by
Diffusion technique and
Dilution technique
6. 1. Agar diffusion sensitivity test
A disc of blotting paper is impregnated with
a known volume and appropriate
concentration of antimicrobial placed on a
plate of sensitivity agar inoculated with test
organism.
The antimicrobial diffuses from the disc in to
the medium. After 24 hours, the culture is
examined for areas of growth around the
disc.
7. Growth for sensitive strains are inhibited for a
distance while for resistant strains it grows up
to the edge of the disc.
The zone of inhibition caused by the
antimicrobial is compared with the control.
8. The volume, moisture content, PH,
constituent of agar medium, concentration,
storage and application of dose influence the
diffusion technique.
Agar diffusion sensitivity tests are carried out
either by Kirby-Bawer (KB) method, ICS
method or by Stocks method.
9. Modified KB method is recommended by the
National Committee for clinical Laboratory
Standards (NCCLS) and the WHO.
10. 2. DILUTION SENSITIVITY TESTS.
Dilution sensitivity tests usually measures
the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)
or minimum bactericidal concentration
(MBC) required to kill the bacteria.
Here dilutions of antimicrobials are added to
the broth or agar.
A standardised inoculum of test organism is
added.
11. After overnight the lowest antimicrobial
required to prevent visible growth is taken in
to consideration.
Dilution technique needs
Careful standardization
Broth and agar medium
Antimicrobial solution
Incubation time and
Dilution time
12. General requirements for sensitivity testing.
1. Sensitivity testing agar.
Suitable media include Mueller Hinton agar,
Iso sensitest agar and Gibco sensitivity
testing agar no.2.
14. 2.ANTIMICROBIAL DISC
This disc should be refrigerated at a
temperature instructed by the manufacturer.
This should not be used after expiry date.
The working stock disc should be warmed to
room temperature, avoid keeping in direct
sunlight.
15. ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
Antimicrobial resistance can arise in bacteria
in several ways.
Microbes acquire resistance after a change in
their DNA.
Such changes may occur by
genetic mutation ie by alteration in the structure
of their own DNA.
• genetic exchange ie by acquisition of extra-
chromosomal DNA from other bacteria.
16. Genetic exchange is the most common cause
of serious clinical drug resistance because it
can produce resistance to multiple drugs.
In genetic exchange , the resistance genes are
transferred from one bacterial species to
another by means of discrete, movable, extra
chromosomal DNA elements called
TRANSPOSONS.
17. Transfer of transposons between bacteria can
occur by
• Conjugation ie direct physical mating between
bacteria.
• Transduction ie through the agency of
bacteriophages.
• Transposition ie by means of plasmids which are
transferable, extra chromosomal DNA molecule.
18. DRUG RESISTANCE
It refers to unresponsiveness of a micro-
organism to an antimicrobial agent.
They are of 3 types:
i. Natural resistance
ii.Acquired resistance
iii.Cross resistance.
19. NATURAL RESISTANCE
Some microbes have always been resistant to
certain AMA.
They lack the metabolic process or the target
site which is affected by the particular drug.
eg. gram negative bacilli are normally
unaffected by Pencillin G
M.tuberculosis is insensitive to tetracyclines
20. ACQUIRED RESISTANCE
It is the development of resistance by an
organism (which was sensitive before) due to
the use of an AMA over a period of time.
21. CROSS RESISTANCE
Cross-resistance is the tolerance to a usually
toxic substance as a result of exposure to a
similarly acting substance.
It is a phenomenon affecting e.g. pesticides
and antibiotics as an example