The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
Antibiotic resistance,introduction, cause, mechanism and solution of Antibiot...Dr. Sharad Chand
A illustrative representation of the antibiotic resistance, its introduction, cause, mechanism, examples and possible solutions of the antibiotic resistance. with pictorial illustrations for better understanding.
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
Mechanism Antibiotic Resistance
Intrinsic (Natural)
Acquired
Chromosomal
Extra chromosomal
Intrinsic Resistance
Lack target : No cell wall; innately resistant to penicillin
2. Drug inactivation: Cephalosporinase in Klebsiella
3. Innate efflux pumps:
It is an active transport mechanism. It requires ATP.
Eg. E. coli, P. aeruginosa
Altered target sites
PBP alteration
Ribosomal target alteration
Decreased affinity by target modification
Beta-lactamase
Beta-lactamases are enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephamycins, and carbapenems
Major resistant Pathogen
1. PRSP- Penicillin resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae2. MRSA/ORSA- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Super bug)3. VRE -Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci4. Carbapenem resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa5. Carbapenem resistant Carbapenem resistant 6. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria
A presentation on Paul Ehrlich developed modern chemotherapy. This was my ppt for the module pharmaceutics 6. It i based on Anti microbial chemo; hope it help others doing relating things.
Antibiotic resistance,introduction, cause, mechanism and solution of Antibiot...Dr. Sharad Chand
A illustrative representation of the antibiotic resistance, its introduction, cause, mechanism, examples and possible solutions of the antibiotic resistance. with pictorial illustrations for better understanding.
Antibiotic sensitivity test PPT by Dr.C.P.PRINCEDR.PRINCE C P
Antibiotic sensitivity test: in vitro testing of bacterial cultures with antibiotics to determine susceptibility of bacteria to antibiotic therapy.
A laboratory test which determines how effective antibiotic therapy is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of drugs for the treatment of infections.
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens their sensitivity will guide the physician in choosing empirical treatment in serious patients before the individual’s laboratory results are analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
Helps the local pattern of antibiotic prescribing.
PPT Prepared by
Dr.Prince.C.P
Department of Microbiology
Mother Theresa PG&RIHS
Pondicherry
A culture test is performed to find germs (such as bacteria or a fungus) that can cause an infection. It is done by using a culture media for their growth
No doubt that antibiotics are the life saver for us but taking them without prescription of doctor or not completing its course can turn them against us ,more precisely it makes the bacteria more powerful and hard to cure. They are not affected with antibiotic anymore this is known as Antibiotic Resistance
CAUSES OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN SUSCEPTIBILTY TESTING.pptxLarry B. Abang
If antibiotics loose their effectiveness, the ability to treat many diseases will be lost. It is therefore only necessary that they be used appropriate in the right conditions. Microbiologists must ensure to adhere to Standard Operating Procedures in Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing.
Effective Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing; A path to solving AMR menace ...Hamidah Adekilekun
Antibiotic resistant is slowly reaching for the top as a public health threat. It is therefore important to keep educating and enlightening the public about this menace and solutions to defeat it
This is a series of lectures on microbiology useful for undergraduate medical and paramedical students.. This lecture is a comprehensive coverage of all parasites, protozoa and helminths...
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students.. this lecture is on hospital acquired infection
this is a series of lectures on microbiology, useful for undergraduate and post graduate medical and paramedical students..first lecture on bacteriology..on staphylococci
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. Definition - Antibiotic
Anti – against
Bio – life
Originally extracted from compounds produced by
living organisms – aminoglycosides
Semi synthetic – cephalosporins, carbapenems
Synthetic – sulphonamides, quinolones,
oxazolidinediones
6.
1. Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. Inhibition of protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol,
macrolides
3. Alteration of cell membranes
Penicillin, vancomycin, bacitracin
Polymyxin B, Bacitracin
4. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
DNA – quinolones, Metronidazole
RNA – Rifampicin, Bacitracin
5. Antimetabolite activity
Sulfonamides
7. Antimicrobial Resistance
How bacteria survive doses of antibiotics that
would otherwise have been lethal
Problem – treated with a higher dose, or newer
antibiotic
Side effects, Newer may not be available
10. Causes of Resistance
Overuse/misuse of antibiotics
Example is sore throat – Viral , still antibiotics are
prescribed
Failure to take entire course
Failure to take at correct intervals – two times a day
instead of three times
13. Uses of Antibiotic Sensitivity
Testing
Antibiotic sensitivity test: A laboratory test
which determines how effective antibiotic therapy
is against a bacterial infections.
Antibiotic sensitivity testing will control the use of
Antibiotics in clinical practice
Testing will assist the clinicians in the choice of
drugs for the treatment of infections.
14. Components of Antibiotic
Sensitivity Testing
1.The identification of relevant pathogens in
exudates and body fluids collected from patients
2. Sensitivity tests done to determine the degree of
sensitivity or resistance of pathogens isolated from
patient to an appropriate range of antimicrobial
drugs
17. Uses of Antibiotic Sensitivity
Testing
Helps to guide the Physician in choosing
Antibiotics
The accumulated results on different pathogens
their sensitivity will guide the physician in
choosing empirical treatment in serious patients
before the individual’s laboratory results are
analyzed in the Microbiology laboratory.
Reveals the changing trends in the local isolates.
18. Why Need continues for testing for
Antibiotic Sensitivity
Bacteria have the ability to
develop resistance following
repeated or subclinical
(insufficient) doses, so more
advanced antibiotics and
synthetic antimicrobials are
continually required to
overcome them.
19. Testing for Antibiotic sensitivity
The method includes several steps including
obtaining a bacterial sample;
identifying the type of bacteria in the bacterial
sample; selecting a set of antibiotics based on the
identity of the bacteria in the bacterial sample;
obtaining a control sample from the bacterial
sample;
20. What is Resistance in Antibiotic
Sensitivity Testing
Resistance implies that the infection is not
treatable with the tested Antibiotic because its
MIC exceeds achievable safe tissue or urine
levels.
21. Kirby-Bauer methods
A commonly used method in basic
laboratories
Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing (KB testing or
disk diffusion antibiotic sensitivity testing) is a
test which uses antibiotic-impregnated wafers to
test whether particular bacteria are susceptible to
specific antibiotics
22. How to perform Kirby- Bauer
testing
The basics are easy: The bacterium is swabbed on
the agar and the antibiotic discs are placed on top.
The antibiotic diffuses from the disc into the agar
in decreasing amounts the further it is away from
the disc. If the organism is killed or inhibited by
the concentration of the antibiotic, there will be
NO growth in the immediate area around the disc:
This is called the zone of inhibition .
24. Bacteria are inoculated as
lawn culture
Method of inoculationGood results are
obtained by placing a
standard loopful of
inoculum suspension on
the plate and then
spreading it with a dry
sterile swab.
25. The area of Inhibition is measured
with a Scale
Record
the
results for
everyone on
your table in the
table below.
28. The zone of inhibition guides
the right choice of Antibiotic
29. The strips with multiple
Antibiotics can be tested in one go
30. Other methods of Antibiotic
susceptibility testing
Other methods to test antimicrobial susceptibility
include the Stokes method, E-test (also based on
antibiotic diffusion). Agar and Broth dilution
methods for Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
determination.
31. Testing Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration
In alternative measure of susceptibility is to
determine the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) and the Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of a drug. A
series of broths are mixed with serially diluted
antibiotic solutions and a standard inoculum is
applied. After incubation, the MIC is the first
broth in which growth of the organism has been
32. What is Minimum Inhibitory
concentration
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), in
microbiology, is the lowest concentration of an
antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of
a micro organism after overnight incubation.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations are important
in diagnostic laboratories to confirm resistance of
micro organisms to an antimicrobial agent and
also to monitor the activity of new antimicrobial
agents.[
33. The Antibiotics are diluted to various
dilution to test the minimum
inhibitory concentration
34. What is E Test
Etest is an antimicrobial gradient technique in
which 15 reference MIC dilutions of an antibiotic
have been repackaged with innovative dry
chemistry technology onto a plastic strip. The
predefined gradient provides precise and accurate
assessment of antimicrobial activity against both
fastidious and non-fastidious microorganisms.
Dr.T.V.Rao MD
35. The s t ri ps are
im
pregnat ed w t h vari ous
i
c onc ent rat i on of
Ant i bi ot i c s
37. Limitation of Disk Diffusion
Methods
Disk diffusion methods are
not suitable for slow
growing bacterial pathogens
The great limitation being
for testing on
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis which needs
varied, technically
demanding methods
39. There is a growing need for
Automation in Antibiotic sensitivity
testing
40. Limitation of Antibiotic Sensitivity
usage
Both Microbiologists and Clinician should however
bear in mind that the response therapy in vivo may
not always reflect the results of testing the
sensitivity of patient's pathogen in vitro.