Chapter 10
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Singapore gained independence from Malaysia in 1965 and faced significant challenges as a new nation with limited resources, including lack of land, natural resources, and a growing population. It had to overcome economic uncertainties from separation from Malaysia and its market, create jobs and improve living conditions for its growing population, replace Britain's military expenditure as they withdrew, and ensure political and social stability to enable economic development.
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Chapter 7 land supply answer sheet
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Chapter 8 acids and alkalis
This document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines acids as substances that dissociate H+ ions in water, giving examples like citric acid in citrus fruits and formic acid in ants and bees. Acids have properties like being corrosive and turning litmus paper red. Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Alkalis are defined as bases that are soluble in water, with examples like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Alkalis turn litmus paper blue and have a soapy feel. Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic or alkaline, changing color depending on the pH. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity
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The document discusses the high rate of population growth in some countries and its consequences. It states that high population growth is caused by low death rates and high birth rates. This results in higher demand for resources like food, water, housing, education, and jobs. It also leads to environmental problems as more waste is produced. Some measures to control population growth mentioned are educating people about family planning through agencies and posters, providing monetary incentives for smaller families and penalties for larger families like in China's one-child policy.
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Density decreases when volume increases while mass stays the same. Temperature variations in fluids cause density differences that create convection currents, with cold air sinking and hot air rising, as seen in refrigerators where coils on top allow this. Radiation transfers heat without a medium, with good absorbers also being good emitters while poor absorbers are good reflectors, and greater temperature differences result in more heat radiated per second, as reduced in vacuum flasks where lids prevent convection but also reduce conduction.
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This document discusses different methods of heat transfer. It explains that heat flows from warmer to cooler regions. Conduction involves heat transfer through a medium without the medium moving. Good conductors like metals allow heat to move quickly, while insulators block heat transfer. Convection involves heat transfer through the movement of fluids like liquids and gases. Hot fluids rise and cooler fluids sink, circulating heat through the medium. Conductors and insulators have many applications based on their abilities to transfer or block heat.
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The document discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It describes how solar furnaces use large concave reflectors to focus sunlight to very high temperatures. Biomass energy can come from fast-growing plants like jojoba and jatropha that produce oil and can be used as fuel. The document also lists other renewable sources of energy including waves, tides, water, sun, biomass, and geothermal, as well as non-renewable sources like fossil fuels and uranium.
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This chapter discusses different types of settlements. It defines a settlement as a place where people live and carry out activities. Settlements can be rural or urban, and are classified based on population size, main functions, available amenities, and way of life. Rural settlements typically have smaller populations engaged in activities like farming and fishing, with few amenities. Urban settlements have larger populations involved in manufacturing and business, with more amenities supported by strong infrastructure. Settlements are also classified by their patterns, such as dispersed, linear, or nucleated, which depend on factors like the landscape and transportation routes.
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Land is an important resource for meeting basic human needs like food and shelter. However, the amount of land is limited in each country despite increasing demand, creating a land constraint issue. When available land cannot meet rising demand, land prices increase as some users are willing to pay higher prices for the scarce resource, exacerbating conflicts between different groups over land usage.
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This document discusses acids and alkalis. It defines acids as substances that dissociate H+ ions in water, giving examples like citric acid in citrus fruits and formic acid in ants and bees. Acids have properties like being corrosive and turning litmus paper red. Common acids include hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Alkalis are defined as bases that are soluble in water, with examples like sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide. Alkalis turn litmus paper blue and have a soapy feel. Indicators are used to determine if a solution is acidic or alkaline, changing color depending on the pH. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity
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The document discusses the high rate of population growth in some countries and its consequences. It states that high population growth is caused by low death rates and high birth rates. This results in higher demand for resources like food, water, housing, education, and jobs. It also leads to environmental problems as more waste is produced. Some measures to control population growth mentioned are educating people about family planning through agencies and posters, providing monetary incentives for smaller families and penalties for larger families like in China's one-child policy.
Chapter 2
Raffles founded Singapore in 1819 after obtaining permission from Temenggong Abdul Rahman, the senior minister of Johor-Riau, and installing Tengku Hussein as the new sultan. Raffles established a British trading settlement on the island with a treaty signed by Tengku Hussein. However, this caused conflict as the Dutch saw Singapore as part of the Malay Peninsula under their control, while Raffles considered Singapore his personal colony. The East India Company was also angry at Raffles for establishing the settlement without permission.
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The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of each type of pollution. Air pollution is caused by both natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as human sources such as industries, vehicles, and construction activities. Water pollution occurs when sewage and industrial waste are improperly disposed of in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Land pollution results from improper disposal of waste and excessive use of chemicals on farms.
Chapter 7 land supply test
The document discusses land supply and constraint due to rising demand for land. It examines various ways to increase land supply, such as landfill, emboldening, and reclaiming derelict land. Other options covered include high density building, mixed land use, irrigation, terracing, and soil-less farming. The document also addresses the importance of land conservation and provides examples of reclaimed areas in Singapore.
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The document discusses how solids, liquids, and gases expand when heated and contract when cooled. It specifically mentions how expansion can cause problems for roads, bridges, and other structures if not properly accounted for through the use of expansion gaps. It then discusses how the principle of unequal expansion in bimetallic strips is used in applications like thermostats, thermometers, and fire alarms to regulate temperature and detect fires.
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The document discusses water resources and constraints. It notes that while water covers most of the Earth's surface, only 1% is readily available freshwater. There are limited global freshwater supplies and uneven distribution between regions. Rising population growth and increasing development are driving higher water demand, straining scarce resources further. Countries face water constraints and are responding by increasing supplies through various methods like expanding catchment areas, desalination, water recycling, and international agreements. Conservation efforts are also key to sustainably manage limited water supplies.
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The document summarizes how the local people responded to British rule after World War 2 in Singapore. It discusses the difficult post-war living conditions like poverty, overcrowding and disease that led to widespread strikes in 1947. The Malayan Communist Party took advantage of these conditions to stir anti-British sentiments. The riots in the early 1950s, including the Maria Hertogh riots in 1950 and the anti-National Service riots in 1954, further expressed the growing anti-British feelings among the local population as they faced economic hardship and felt discriminated against under colonial rule. Reforms like the 1948 elections were a first step towards self-governance but did not satisfy the demands of the people.
Population grade 8
Here are the steps to calculate population density for each parish:
1. Divide the population by the area in square kilometers
2. Round the result to 1 decimal place
PARISHES POPULATION AREA(Km2) POPULATION DENSITY
KINGSTON 96,052 22 4,366.0
St. ANDREW 555,828 431 1,289.2
St. CATHERINE 482,308 1,192 404.2
CLARENDON 237,024 1,196 198.1
MANCHESTER 185,801 830 224.0
St. E
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Land is a scarce resource due to rising population and demand. Countries face land constraints as land supply is fixed while demand increases for housing, agriculture, industry, and transportation. To address this, countries take several responses including increasing land supply through land reclamation, landfill projects, and maximizing existing land use through mixed development projects, high-density buildings, irrigation, and terracing of agricultural land.
Chapter 6
1. In December 1941, Japanese forces invaded Malaya and captured Singapore in less than 70 days, dealing a major blow to British power in the region.
2. The British had underestimated Japanese capabilities and overestimated Singapore's defenses, failing to prevent the rapid Japanese advance down the Malayan peninsula.
3. On February 15, 1942, British Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival surrendered Singapore to the Japanese, marking the worst defeat in British military history. The Japanese then occupied Singapore for over 3 years.
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Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning forest areas for temporary agriculture, leading to deforestation, erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity as forests are destroyed. However, it also benefits the environment by recycling nutrients into used land, improving sustainability, and providing organic pest management. The challenges are balancing these adverse impacts with the environmental benefits of the practice.
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Ionic bonding
Neon is a noble gas that is used to produce bright signs. Noble gases like neon have a stable electronic configuration with either two electrons (duplet) or eight electrons (octet), making them unreactive. Atoms seek to gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration and form ions, becoming electrically neutral.
Ionic bonding & covalent bonding
The document discusses two types of bonding: covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to form molecules. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal where the metal transfers electrons to the non-metal to form oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice structure. This ionic lattice structure results in high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions.
Chapter 5
Atoms are made up of smaller subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons. [1] Protons and neutrons are packed together in the nucleus, while electrons move around the nucleus. [2] The number of protons defines the element and is called the atomic number. [3] Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, making them isotopes that have similar chemical properties but different masses.
Chapter 3
This document discusses the separation of pure substances from mixtures through various techniques. It begins by defining pure substances and mixtures, and explains why it is important to determine purity, especially for medicines, foods, and beverages. Several methods are then described to separate mixtures into their pure components, including filtration, evaporation and crystallization, chromatography, and exploiting differences in physical properties like solubility, density, and magnetism. Chromatography is discussed in depth as a method to separate colored dyes and amino acids. The key points are that purity can be determined by measuring fixed melting/boiling points, and various laboratory techniques exist to separate components of mixtures into pure forms.
Chapter 2
The document discusses several methods for measuring important quantities in scientific experiments including time, temperature, mass, volume, and gas volume. It describes the standard International System of Units (SI units) and common lab tools used to measure each quantity, including stopwatches for time, mercury thermometers and temperature sensors for temperature, beam balances and electronic balances for mass, measuring cylinders and burettes for volume, and gas syringes for measuring gas volumes. Accuracy levels and appropriate tools depend on the specific measurement needs in each experiment.
Chapter 7
This document discusses covalent bonding and the properties of covalent substances. It explains that non-metals share valence electrons to form covalent bonds between atoms, creating molecules. Molecules can be made of identical atoms or different atom types. Covalent substances exist as either simple molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, or giant molecular structures with strong intramolecular bonds. Properties like volatility, solubility, and conductivity depend on molecular structure. Examples like diamond and graphite are given to illustrate giant molecular and layered structures. The document also briefly introduces metallic bonding between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test )
Everything is made up of matter, which can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. The kinetic particle theory explains the behavior of these different states in terms of the motion and arrangement of their tiny particles. Changes in temperature and pressure can cause matter to change states through processes like evaporation, condensation, and sublimation as particles gain or lose kinetic energy. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out and fill available space, moving from areas of higher to lower concentration, with rate of diffusion increasing at higher temperatures as particles move faster.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test ) part 2
Evaporation occurs when liquid particles near the surface gain enough energy to escape into a gas, while boiling only occurs at or above the boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation is a slower process that only occurs at the surface, while boiling happens rapidly throughout the entire liquid. Condensation is the reverse process where a gas turns back into a liquid upon cooling. Sublimation bypasses the liquid state as some solids turn directly into gases upon heating. Diffusion is the process where gas or liquid particles spread out and mix due to their movement from areas of higher to lower concentration. Heavier particles diffuse slower than lighter ones, and increasing temperature also increases the rate of diffusion.
Acids n bases
The document describes different types of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of common acids include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. Examples of bases are metal oxides and metal hydroxides. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases, including metal-acid reactions, and the uses of some common acids and bases.
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Chapter 2
Raffles founded Singapore in 1819 after obtaining permission from Temenggong Abdul Rahman, the senior minister of Johor-Riau, and installing Tengku Hussein as the new sultan. Raffles established a British trading settlement on the island with a treaty signed by Tengku Hussein. However, this caused conflict as the Dutch saw Singapore as part of the Malay Peninsula under their control, while Raffles considered Singapore his personal colony. The East India Company was also angry at Raffles for establishing the settlement without permission.
Chap 15
The document discusses key concepts about biotic environments and ecosystems. It covers the relationships between organisms like predator-prey and parasitism. An ecosystem consists of communities of interacting living and non-living elements. Energy transfers through ecosystems from producers to various consumer trophic levels and decomposers. Nutrient cycles like carbon and nitrogen are essential to replenish nutrients in an ecosystem. Human activities like pollution, deforestation and overuse can upset the balance of ecosystems, so conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and natural resources.
Chapter 9
The document discusses different types of pollution including air, water, and land pollution. It provides details on the causes and effects of each type of pollution. Air pollution is caused by both natural sources like volcanic eruptions and forest fires, as well as human sources such as industries, vehicles, and construction activities. Water pollution occurs when sewage and industrial waste are improperly disposed of in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Land pollution results from improper disposal of waste and excessive use of chemicals on farms.
Chapter 7 land supply test
The document discusses land supply and constraint due to rising demand for land. It examines various ways to increase land supply, such as landfill, emboldening, and reclaiming derelict land. Other options covered include high density building, mixed land use, irrigation, terracing, and soil-less farming. The document also addresses the importance of land conservation and provides examples of reclaimed areas in Singapore.
Chapter 12
The document discusses how solids, liquids, and gases expand when heated and contract when cooled. It specifically mentions how expansion can cause problems for roads, bridges, and other structures if not properly accounted for through the use of expansion gaps. It then discusses how the principle of unequal expansion in bimetallic strips is used in applications like thermostats, thermometers, and fire alarms to regulate temperature and detect fires.
Chapter 8 water resources
The document discusses water resources and constraints. It notes that while water covers most of the Earth's surface, only 1% is readily available freshwater. There are limited global freshwater supplies and uneven distribution between regions. Rising population growth and increasing development are driving higher water demand, straining scarce resources further. Countries face water constraints and are responding by increasing supplies through various methods like expanding catchment areas, desalination, water recycling, and international agreements. Conservation efforts are also key to sustainably manage limited water supplies.
Chapter 7
The document summarizes how the local people responded to British rule after World War 2 in Singapore. It discusses the difficult post-war living conditions like poverty, overcrowding and disease that led to widespread strikes in 1947. The Malayan Communist Party took advantage of these conditions to stir anti-British sentiments. The riots in the early 1950s, including the Maria Hertogh riots in 1950 and the anti-National Service riots in 1954, further expressed the growing anti-British feelings among the local population as they faced economic hardship and felt discriminated against under colonial rule. Reforms like the 1948 elections were a first step towards self-governance but did not satisfy the demands of the people.
Population grade 8
Here are the steps to calculate population density for each parish:
1. Divide the population by the area in square kilometers
2. Round the result to 1 decimal place
PARISHES POPULATION AREA(Km2) POPULATION DENSITY
KINGSTON 96,052 22 4,366.0
St. ANDREW 555,828 431 1,289.2
St. CATHERINE 482,308 1,192 404.2
CLARENDON 237,024 1,196 198.1
MANCHESTER 185,801 830 224.0
St. E
Chapter 7 land supply
Land is a scarce resource due to rising population and demand. Countries face land constraints as land supply is fixed while demand increases for housing, agriculture, industry, and transportation. To address this, countries take several responses including increasing land supply through land reclamation, landfill projects, and maximizing existing land use through mixed development projects, high-density buildings, irrigation, and terracing of agricultural land.
Chapter 6
1. In December 1941, Japanese forces invaded Malaya and captured Singapore in less than 70 days, dealing a major blow to British power in the region.
2. The British had underestimated Japanese capabilities and overestimated Singapore's defenses, failing to prevent the rapid Japanese advance down the Malayan peninsula.
3. On February 15, 1942, British Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival surrendered Singapore to the Japanese, marking the worst defeat in British military history. The Japanese then occupied Singapore for over 3 years.
Shifting cultivation
Shifting cultivation involves clearing and burning forest areas for temporary agriculture, leading to deforestation, erosion, desertification, and loss of biodiversity as forests are destroyed. However, it also benefits the environment by recycling nutrients into used land, improving sustainability, and providing organic pest management. The challenges are balancing these adverse impacts with the environmental benefits of the practice.
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Ionic charges table
This document lists common cations and anions found in ionic compounds, including ammonium, hydrogen, silver, copper I and II, zinc, lead II, iron II and III, chromium, hydroxide, nitrate, nitrite, carbonate, oxide, sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, phosphate, hydrogen carbonate, and hydrogen sulfate ions.
Ionic bonding
Neon is a noble gas that is used to produce bright signs. Noble gases like neon have a stable electronic configuration with either two electrons (duplet) or eight electrons (octet), making them unreactive. Atoms seek to gain or lose electrons to achieve a noble gas configuration and form ions, becoming electrically neutral.
Ionic bonding & covalent bonding
The document discusses two types of bonding: covalent and ionic. Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms to form molecules. Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and non-metal where the metal transfers electrons to the non-metal to form oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice structure. This ionic lattice structure results in high melting and boiling points due to the strong electrostatic forces between the ions.
Chapter 5
Atoms are made up of smaller subatomic particles including protons, neutrons, and electrons. [1] Protons and neutrons are packed together in the nucleus, while electrons move around the nucleus. [2] The number of protons defines the element and is called the atomic number. [3] Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons, making them isotopes that have similar chemical properties but different masses.
Chapter 3
This document discusses the separation of pure substances from mixtures through various techniques. It begins by defining pure substances and mixtures, and explains why it is important to determine purity, especially for medicines, foods, and beverages. Several methods are then described to separate mixtures into their pure components, including filtration, evaporation and crystallization, chromatography, and exploiting differences in physical properties like solubility, density, and magnetism. Chromatography is discussed in depth as a method to separate colored dyes and amino acids. The key points are that purity can be determined by measuring fixed melting/boiling points, and various laboratory techniques exist to separate components of mixtures into pure forms.
Chapter 2
The document discusses several methods for measuring important quantities in scientific experiments including time, temperature, mass, volume, and gas volume. It describes the standard International System of Units (SI units) and common lab tools used to measure each quantity, including stopwatches for time, mercury thermometers and temperature sensors for temperature, beam balances and electronic balances for mass, measuring cylinders and burettes for volume, and gas syringes for measuring gas volumes. Accuracy levels and appropriate tools depend on the specific measurement needs in each experiment.
Chapter 7
This document discusses covalent bonding and the properties of covalent substances. It explains that non-metals share valence electrons to form covalent bonds between atoms, creating molecules. Molecules can be made of identical atoms or different atom types. Covalent substances exist as either simple molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, or giant molecular structures with strong intramolecular bonds. Properties like volatility, solubility, and conductivity depend on molecular structure. Examples like diamond and graphite are given to illustrate giant molecular and layered structures. The document also briefly introduces metallic bonding between positive metal ions and delocalized electrons.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test )
Everything is made up of matter, which can exist in solid, liquid, or gas states. The kinetic particle theory explains the behavior of these different states in terms of the motion and arrangement of their tiny particles. Changes in temperature and pressure can cause matter to change states through processes like evaporation, condensation, and sublimation as particles gain or lose kinetic energy. Diffusion is the process by which particles spread out and fill available space, moving from areas of higher to lower concentration, with rate of diffusion increasing at higher temperatures as particles move faster.
Chapter 1 kinetic particle theory notes ( class test ) part 2
Evaporation occurs when liquid particles near the surface gain enough energy to escape into a gas, while boiling only occurs at or above the boiling point of the liquid. Evaporation is a slower process that only occurs at the surface, while boiling happens rapidly throughout the entire liquid. Condensation is the reverse process where a gas turns back into a liquid upon cooling. Sublimation bypasses the liquid state as some solids turn directly into gases upon heating. Diffusion is the process where gas or liquid particles spread out and mix due to their movement from areas of higher to lower concentration. Heavier particles diffuse slower than lighter ones, and increasing temperature also increases the rate of diffusion.
Acids n bases
The document describes different types of acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-). Examples of common acids include sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid. Examples of bases are metal oxides and metal hydroxides. The document also discusses the reactions of acids and bases, including metal-acid reactions, and the uses of some common acids and bases.
Principles of governance
The document outlines five principles of governance in Singapore:
1. Leadership is key - Leaders are carefully selected based on their talent, ability, and character to make sound policies and maintain stability.
2. Anticipate change and stay relevant - The government prepares for future challenges like ensuring water security through NEWater and growing tourism through integrated resorts.
3. Reward work and work for reward - People are motivated to contribute through merit-based rewards and sharing economic surplus.
4. A stake for everyone, opportunities for all - More opportunities are created for public participation in decision-making like on building casinos.
5. Principles help policy decisions balance needs of people and nation over time
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Chapter 10
- 1. Chapter 10 - Singapore became sovereign and independent nation after separation from Malaysia in 1965. - As new nation, SG is vulnerable and had to overcome many challenges to succeed. - Challenges to Singaporeās survival ļ Limited Land space ļ Lacking natural resources ļ Growing population ļ Fall in trade ļ Weak industry base - Key challenge : ļ economic uncertainties by SGās separation from Malaysia ā cut off Malaysia as potential hinterland market ļ Growing population in 1960s , government need create jobs, improve peopleās living conditions , provide education for the young. ļ British withdrawing military forces from SG by end of 1971 and British military expenditure amount up to 12.7% of SGās Gross National Product. Economy affected and also Singapore now have to build up own defense to protect nation from internal and external threats. ļ Without securing political and social stability, not possible for better economic development.