Medicine 5th year, 7th lecture/part two (Dr. Sabir)
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This document discusses megaloblastic anemias, which are a group of anemias caused by a defect in DNA synthesis leading to large, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts). It specifically focuses on vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency anemias. It covers the causes, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of these types of megaloblastic anemias.
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Megaloblastic anemia
The document discusses megaloblastic anemia, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and results in large, immature red blood cells. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves blood tests and medical history. Treatment involves lifelong vitamin B12 injections or high dose oral supplementation to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Prognosis is good with proper treatment but nerve damage may be permanent if untreated for too long.
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is caused by impaired DNA synthesis leading to ineffective red blood cell production. It results from vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies. Vitamin B12 is only produced by microorganisms and is obtained through animal products in the diet, while folate is found in many plant foods. Both are required as cofactors in important metabolic reactions. Deficiencies can be due to inadequate intake, impaired absorption, or genetic disorders affecting metabolism. Symptoms include megaloblastic changes in blood cells and pancytopenia.
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Malabsorption in children
MALABSORPTION IN CHILDREN SIMPLIFIED
REFERENCES :
NELSON 20th edition
RIYAZ ahmed - pediatric gastroentrerology
Vitamin b 12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially in older persons. There are several risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency including prolonged metformin use. While major organizations do not recommend routine screening, high-risk patients such as those with malabsorptive disorders may warrant screening through CBC, serum B12, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine levels. Treatment involves intramuscular B12 injections or high dose oral B12 supplementation.
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemias are a group of disorders characterized by large, immature red blood cells in the bone marrow. They are caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency which prevents DNA synthesis. Common causes include pernicious anemia, malabsorption, medication use, and dietary deficiencies. Patients present with anemia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurological findings. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low B12/folate and high MCV with hypersegmented neutrophils and megaloblasts on smear. Treatment is with lifelong B12 injections or high dose oral supplementation for B12 deficiency and oral folate for folate deficiency.
Anemia in children
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
Nutritional anemia
Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein, B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid deficiency is a common association of nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder.
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Megaloblastic anemia
The document discusses megaloblastic anemia, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. It is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and results in large, immature red blood cells. Common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath, and neurological issues. Diagnosis involves blood tests and medical history. Treatment involves lifelong vitamin B12 injections or high dose oral supplementation to manage symptoms and prevent complications. Prognosis is good with proper treatment but nerve damage may be permanent if untreated for too long.
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is caused by impaired DNA synthesis leading to ineffective red blood cell production. It results from vitamin B12 or folate deficiencies. Vitamin B12 is only produced by microorganisms and is obtained through animal products in the diet, while folate is found in many plant foods. Both are required as cofactors in important metabolic reactions. Deficiencies can be due to inadequate intake, impaired absorption, or genetic disorders affecting metabolism. Symptoms include megaloblastic changes in blood cells and pancytopenia.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by hemolytic anemia, low platelet count, and kidney failure. It predominantly affects children and can be caused by infections from E. coli or pneumococcal bacteria or complement factor abnormalities. The typical pathophysiology involves Shiga toxin or other bacterial toxins damaging endothelial cells and platelets. Treatment involves supportive care, antibiotics for infections, plasma therapy for complement abnormalities, and long-term prognosis depends on severity and treatment.
Malabsorption in children
MALABSORPTION IN CHILDREN SIMPLIFIED
REFERENCES :
NELSON 20th edition
RIYAZ ahmed - pediatric gastroentrerology
Vitamin b 12 deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency is a common cause of megaloblastic anemia and neuropsychiatric symptoms, especially in older persons. There are several risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency including prolonged metformin use. While major organizations do not recommend routine screening, high-risk patients such as those with malabsorptive disorders may warrant screening through CBC, serum B12, methylmalonic acid, and homocysteine levels. Treatment involves intramuscular B12 injections or high dose oral B12 supplementation.
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemias are a group of disorders characterized by large, immature red blood cells in the bone marrow. They are caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency which prevents DNA synthesis. Common causes include pernicious anemia, malabsorption, medication use, and dietary deficiencies. Patients present with anemia, gastrointestinal symptoms, and neurological findings. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low B12/folate and high MCV with hypersegmented neutrophils and megaloblasts on smear. Treatment is with lifelong B12 injections or high dose oral supplementation for B12 deficiency and oral folate for folate deficiency.
Anemia in children
simlpe approach to anemia in children , how to diagnose anemia in kids ,types of anemias ,causes of anemia , iron deficeincy anemia, hemolytic anemias , laboratory tests in anemia ,
Nutritional anemia
Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein, B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid deficiency is a common association of nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder.
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause macrocytic anemia and neuropsychiatric disorders. While diagnosis is typically based on low serum B12 levels, about half of subclinical cases have normal levels. More sensitive tests measure methylmalonic acid and homocysteine levels. Oral B12 supplementation is a safe and effective treatment for B12 deficiency, even without intrinsic factor or in diseases affecting absorption in the ileum. Follow-up testing two to three months after treatment can check for correction of mild deficiency.
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is a type of macrocytic anemia caused by a failure of DNA synthesis, resulting in asynchronous maturation of red blood cell nuclei and cytoplasm. The most common causes of megaloblastic anemia are vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies. Treatment involves treating the underlying deficiency, with vitamin B12 therapy for B12 deficiency and oral folic acid supplementation for folic acid deficiency. Response to treatment is monitored through improvement of hematological markers and symptoms over 1-8 weeks.
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This document discusses sideroblastic anemia, a type of anemia where the bone marrow produces abnormal red blood cells called ringed sideroblasts that cannot incorporate iron efficiently. Ringed sideroblasts have iron granules accumulated in mitochondria around the nucleus. Sideroblastic anemia can be hereditary or acquired through toxins, drugs, nutritional deficiencies, or other conditions. Symptoms include paleness, dizziness, fatigue, and organ enlargement. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing low hemoglobin and iron studies. Bone marrow biopsies reveal excess ringed sideroblasts. Treatment depends on the severity and cause but may include blood transfusions, iron chelation therapy, vitamins, or
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Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days may be a
sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea—diarrhea that lasts at least 4
weeks—may be a symptom of a chronic disease. Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be
continual or they may come and go.
Diarrhea of any duration may cause
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in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chloride—to function properly. Loose
stools contain more fluid and electrolytes and weigh more than solid stools.
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Megaloblastic anaemia
This document defines megaloblastic anemia, its causes from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, and symptoms. Vitamin B12 deficiency can result from pernicious anemia where antibodies block absorption in the stomach and small intestine. It may also be caused by other conditions affecting absorption like gastric surgery or diseases. Left untreated, B12 deficiency can cause neurological issues like numbness, weakness, and problems with memory and walking. Treatment involves replacing the deficient vitamins through supplements.
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1. Hematuria, or blood in the urine, can have many causes including infections, diseases of the kidney or urinary tract, and systemic diseases.
2. Evaluation of hematuria involves urinalysis to identify the source and presence of red blood cells, as well as examining the patient's history and symptoms.
3. For isolated hematuria without an identifiable cause, patients should be monitored over time as the hematuria may resolve, new symptoms may emerge warranting further testing, or the hematuria may persist long-term requiring ongoing follow-up.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a disease characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. It is most commonly caused by infections from Shiga toxin-producing bacteria like E. coli O157:H7. The Shiga toxin damages endothelial cells and causes blood clots to form in the kidneys. Treatment involves fluid replacement, dialysis, and plasma exchange to support kidney function and replace lost blood cells. While HUS prognosis is generally good, some children may have long term kidney damage or rarely die from severe complications.
Haemolytic uremic syndrome
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) is a clinical syndrome characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, acute kidney injury, and thrombocytopenia. It is caused by Shiga toxin-producing bacteria like E. coli O157:H7 or by complement dysregulation. Treatment involves supportive care and addressing the underlying cause, such as antibiotics for bacterial infections or plasma therapy for complement abnormalities. With proper management, the prognosis is generally good, though permanent kidney damage can occur without timely treatment.
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Diarrhea is loose, watery stools. Having
diarrhea means passing loose stools three or more times a day. Acute diarrhea
is a common problem that usually lasts 1 or 2 days and goes away on its own.
Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days may be a
sign of a more serious problem. Chronic diarrhea—diarrhea that lasts at least 4
weeks—may be a symptom of a chronic disease. Chronic diarrhea symptoms may be
continual or they may come and go.
Diarrhea of any duration may cause
dehydration, which means the body lacks enough fluid and electrolytes—chemicals
in salts, including sodium, potassium, and chloride—to function properly. Loose
stools contain more fluid and electrolytes and weigh more than solid stools.
People of all ages can get diarrhea. In the
United States, adults average one bout of acute diarrhea each year, and young
children have an average of two episodes of acute diarrhea each year.
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Diabetes insipidus either from:
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This document defines megaloblastic anemia, its causes from vitamin B12 or folate deficiency, and symptoms. Vitamin B12 deficiency can result from pernicious anemia where antibodies block absorption in the stomach and small intestine. It may also be caused by other conditions affecting absorption like gastric surgery or diseases. Left untreated, B12 deficiency can cause neurological issues like numbness, weakness, and problems with memory and walking. Treatment involves replacing the deficient vitamins through supplements.
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This document provides an overview of hematological disorders, focusing on anemias and their causes. It discusses the main types of anemia (microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic), and lists common causes for each type. For example, it notes that microcytic anemias can be caused by iron deficiency, thalassemia, or sideroblastic anemia. It also summarizes key lab findings that help differentiate between different anemias, such as iron studies in iron deficiency anemia versus anemia of chronic disease.
Megaloblastic anemia in childhood
This document discusses megaloblastic anemia caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. It provides details on the absorption and roles of vitamin B12 and folate, causes of deficiency including inadequate intake and impaired absorption, clinical manifestations such as anemia and neurological symptoms, diagnostic tests including blood tests and Schilling test, and treatment involving parenteral vitamin B12 supplementation or oral folic acid.
Anaemia classification final last new
This document provides a classification of different types of anemia based on cause, red blood cell morphology, and other factors. It begins by defining anemia and listing normal hemoglobin levels. Anemia is then classified based on whether it is caused by blood loss, inadequate red blood cell production, or excessive red blood cell destruction. Red blood cell morphology is also used to classify anemia as normocytic, macrocytic, or microcytic. Each type is described in terms of average cell size and common causes. Normocytic anemia can present with normal or elevated reticulocyte counts. Microcytic anemia is often associated with iron deficiency or thalassemia. Macrocytic anemia includes me
Megaloblastic anemia
Megaloblastic anaemia is a red blood cell disorder due to the inhibition of DNA synthesis during erythropioesis.
Mitotically, the inhibition of the DNA synthesis impaires the progression of the cell cycle development from G2 to (M) stage.
Anaemia
Anemia is a major health problem in India, especially among women. Some key points about anemia from the document include:
- Anemia is defined as a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin in the blood. It can be caused by blood loss, impaired red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction.
- The main types of anemia are microcytic (small RBCs), macrocytic (large RBCs), and normocytic (normal sized RBCs). Common causes include iron deficiency, vitamin B12/folate deficiency, and aplastic anemia.
- Symptoms vary depending on the type and severity of anemia but can include pal
Anaemia
Anaemia is a condition characterized by a reduced concentration of haemoglobin in the blood. Some key points:
- There are many potential causes of anaemia including blood loss, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, kidney or liver disease, bone marrow disorders, and genetic conditions.
- Diagnosis involves a complete blood count and other tests to determine the size, shape, and number of red blood cells and check for deficiencies of iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid.
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplements, vitamin supplements, medications, blood transfusions, or treating any underlying diseases causing the anaemia.
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Macrocytic anemia.pdf
This document discusses megaloblastic anemia, its causes, symptoms, and diagnostic tests. It begins by defining megaloblastic anemia as a group of disorders caused by deficiencies in vitamin B12 or folic acid. These deficiencies result in impaired DNA synthesis and defective cell maturation. Key symptoms include anemia, diarrhea/constipation, and glossitis. Diagnostic tests involve measuring serum levels of B12, folate, and homocysteine. Pernicious anemia, a type of megaloblastic anemia, is also discussed and is characterized by autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells and the absence of intrinsic factor.
ACUTE LIVER FAILURE - APPROACH AND MANAGEMENT
Acute liver failure is a clinical syndrome resulting from massive necrosis or impairment of hepatocytes, leaving insufficient liver function. It impairs synthetic, excretory, and detoxifying liver functions. Pediatric acute liver failure is defined by evidence of liver dysfunction within 8 weeks, uncorrectable coagulopathy, and no evidence of chronic liver disease. Causes include viral infections, drugs, and metabolic disorders. Management involves transport to a specialized center, intensive care, supportive care, measures for raised intracranial pressure, coagulopathy, sepsis, and potential liver transplantation.
3. MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA- BDS.ppt
Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and results in impaired DNA synthesis. It is characterized by large immature red blood cells called megaloblasts in the bone marrow and blood. Common causes include inadequate diet, malabsorption, medications, or conditions that increase vitamin needs. Clinical features include anemia symptoms as well as neurological issues in B12 deficiency. Diagnosis involves blood tests showing high MCV and megaloblasts on smear. Treatment is vitamin B12 or folic acid supplementation.
Document from lama
The document discusses several medical topics including:
1. The causes of hyperthyroidism including toxic diffuse goiter, multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma.
2. The types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
3. The main functions of the liver including nutrient storage, toxin removal, and bile production.
4. The major and minor criteria for diagnosing acute rheumatic fever including migratory polyarthritis and recent streptococcal infection.
5. The classification of anemias into normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic megaloblastic types with examples of each.
Document from lama
The document discusses several medical topics including:
1. The causes of hyperthyroidism including toxic diffuse goiter, multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma.
2. The types of diabetes including type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
3. The main functions of the liver including nutrient storage, toxin removal, and bile production.
4. The major and minor criteria for diagnosing acute rheumatic fever including migratory polyarthritis and recent streptococcal infection.
5. The classification of anemias into normocytic normochromic, microcytic hypochromic, and macrocytic megaloblastic types with examples of each.
Anemia(med)
The document discusses different types of anemia, including classifications based on etiology, morphology, kinetics, and physiology. It covers causes of anemia such as impaired red blood cell production, excessive destruction of RBCs, and blood loss. Specific types addressed in detail include iron deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemias, and thalassemia. Evaluation and diagnostic approaches for common anemias seen in Thailand are also summarized.
Rbc Patho B 2
This document discusses various types of anemia caused by decreased red blood cell production, including megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and aplastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and results in large immature red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common nutritional disorder worldwide, is usually caused by inadequate dietary iron intake and results in microcytic hypochromic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure disorder causing pancytopenia that can be due to radiation, chemicals, viruses, or an immune reaction.
Rbc Patho B 2
This document discusses various types of anemia caused by decreased red blood cell production, including megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia, and aplastic anemia. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency and results in large immature red blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia, the most common nutritional disorder worldwide, is usually caused by inadequate dietary iron intake and results in microcytic hypochromic anemia. Aplastic anemia is a bone marrow failure disorder causing pancytopenia that can be due to radiation, chemicals, viruses, or an immune reaction.
Iron Def Anemia 2014 081114.ppt
This document discusses different types of anemia, their causes, features, and pathophysiology. It covers anemias resulting from blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and increased red blood cell destruction. Specific types addressed include iron deficiency anemia, megaloblastic anemias, aplastic anemia, hemolytic anemias like sickle cell disease and thalassemias, and anemia of chronic disease. For each type, the document discusses defining laboratory findings, underlying mechanisms, and clinical manifestations. It provides detailed information on pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of different anemias.
Megaloblastic anaemia
This document discusses drugs used to treat megaloblastic anemia, including vitamin B12, folic acid, and erythropoietin. Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiencies can lead to megaloblastic anemia due to defective DNA synthesis. Therapeutic doses of vitamin B12 and folic acid are used orally or via injection to replenish stores. Erythropoietin is a growth factor that stimulates erythropoiesis and is used to treat anemia resulting from conditions like chronic renal failure.
Rbc Patho B
Anemia is defined as a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low red blood cell count or hemoglobin content. Causes include blood loss, increased red blood cell destruction (hemolytic anemia), and impaired red blood cell production. Hemolytic anemias are characterized by a shortened red blood cell lifespan, increased bone marrow production of red blood cells, and accumulation of hemoglobin breakdown products. Hereditary spherocytosis is caused by a red blood cell membrane defect, while glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency results in hemolytic anemia upon exposure to oxidative stresses. Sickle cell anemia is a hemoglobinopathy where hemoglobin S polymers distort red blood cells into a sickle shape, causing he
Rbc Patho B
Anemia is defined as a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity of blood due to low red blood cell count or hemoglobin content. Hemolytic anemias are caused by accelerated red blood cell destruction. Sickle cell disease is a hereditary hemoglobinopathy caused by a mutation in the beta globin gene. Homozygotes have severe chronic hemolytic anemia due to sickling of red blood cells under conditions of low oxygen. Clinical manifestations include anemia, bone changes, leg ulcers, infections from functional asplenia. Complications include vaso-occlusive crises, acute chest syndrome, and aplastic crises.
Anemia ppt
Anemia is caused by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin. It can be caused by insufficient iron, vitamin B12, or folate intake; blood loss; or impaired red blood cell production. Dietary management of anemia focuses on improving intake of iron, vitamin B12, and folate through foods or supplements. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include iron supplementation, changes to diet, and treating the primary condition causing the anemia.
Nephrotic syndrome final
The document discusses nephrotic syndrome, which is defined as heavy proteinuria, low serum protein and albumin levels, and edema. The most common type in children is minimal change nephrotic syndrome, which accounts for 83% of primary nephrotic syndrome cases. Treatment involves hospitalization, bed rest, dietary modifications like salt restriction, and steroid therapy like prednisone over 8-12 weeks. Complications can arise from the disease itself or side effects of treatment.
anemia by dr betelehem tefera
This document provides an overview of anemia. It begins by defining anemia and describing the classification, approach, investigations, and common causes of anemia including iron deficiency, anemia of chronic illness, and megaloblastic anemias. It discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, classification, symptoms, signs, and treatment approaches for different types of anemia. Specific details are provided on iron deficiency anemia stages, anemia of chronic illness diagnosis and treatment, vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies, and pernicious anemia.
Anemia Ped 5th yr1 (2).pdf
The document discusses the evaluation and diagnosis of pediatric blood disorders. It notes that the history, physical exam, and initial laboratory tests provide clues to diagnose blood diseases. Diagnosis requires knowledge of normal hematological values that vary by age. The initial workup involves tests like hemoglobin, red blood cell indices, blood smear exam. Further tests are used depending on the results to diagnose causes like anemia, hemolytic disorders, and hemoglobinopathies. Specific disorders discussed in more detail include iron deficiency anemia, thalassemias, sickle cell disease, and their typical laboratory findings and treatment approaches.
medically compromised - Anemia
This document discusses different types of anemia. It provides information on normal hemoglobin levels and defines terms like mean corpuscular volume and hematocrit. It then describes common causes of anemia like iron deficiency, B12/folate deficiency, and chronic blood loss. The document classifies anemias based on red blood cell size and discusses features of microcytic, normocytic, and macrocytic anemia. It outlines evaluation, treatment options, and dental considerations for different anemias.
Anemia in children.pptx
1. The document discusses various types of anemia including iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency, and folate deficiency. It describes the stages of erythropoiesis, types of hemoglobin, definitions, classifications, etiologies, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment approaches for different anemias.
2. Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common and results from inadequate dietary iron intake or absorption. It presents with pallor and can cause developmental delays if untreated. Treatment involves oral iron supplementation.
3. Vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia and neurological symptoms. Causes include dietary inadequacy or malab
Proteinuriadr.mohmed yasssen
This document provides guidance on evaluating and approaching a patient presenting with proteinuria. It discusses normal and abnormal levels of protein in the urine and different types of proteinuria including glomerular, tubular, and overflow. For evaluation, it recommends determining the amount and type of protein, and assessing other relevant clinical and lab findings. Extensive workup is suggested for proteinuria accompanied by renal impairment, nonspecific symptoms, or in elderly patients to identify underlying causes like glomerular disease, tubular disorders, paraproteinemias, or malignancy that may require a renal biopsy for diagnosis.
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ANAEMIA.pptx slideshare it explains the pathophysiology of anaemia till the t...
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