What is congenital nephrotic syndrome ,what is the definition of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the inheritance,what are the responsible genes ,what are the types of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the presentation ,diagnosis ,and treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome, primary type and secondary type of congenital nephrotic syndrome
What is congenital nephrotic syndrome ,what is the definition of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the inheritance,what are the responsible genes ,what are the types of congenital nephrotic syndrome,what is the presentation ,diagnosis ,and treatment of congenital nephrotic syndrome, primary type and secondary type of congenital nephrotic syndrome
Evaluation of the patient with hematuria , with recent update in Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Follow-up of asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH) in Adult | american association of urology AUA guideline
What is Urine
Indication of UA
Methods of collection of urine sample
Types of urine sample
Macroscopic examination of urine
Chemical examination of urine
Microscopic examination of urine
Interactive talk on common hematological and oncological emergencies - which if not noticed early can lead to irreversible complications and death .
Intended to be used for educational purposes for the fertile minds in medicine .
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
1. Hematuria in Children Alok Kalia, MD Director, Division of Pediatric Nephrology University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, TX 77555-0373
2. Hematuria in Children Red or brown urine- Is it hematuria? - dipstick examination positive and red blood cells on microscopy: hematuria - dipstick examination positive but no red blood cells on microscopy: hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria - dipstick examination negative: a dye or pigment other than hemoglobin or myoglobin is present
4. Red or Brown urine with negative dipstick Pink, red, brown, or burgundy: - beets - blackberries - nitrofurantoin - rifampin - urates Dark brown or black: - alkaptonuria - homogentisic aciduria - methemoglobinuria - tyrosinosis
5. Hematuria in Children Laboratory tests for hematuria: 1. Dipstick: Uses the peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin to effect a color change. - The test can be false positive if other oxidizing agents are present in the urine, such as bleach (hypochlorite) used for cleaning urinals. - The test can false negative in the presence of reducing agents, such as ascorbic acid, or if the urine is highly concentrated.
6. Hematuria in Children Laboratory tests for hematuria: 2. Urine microscopy: Red blood cells (RBCs)/high power field (HPF). a) centrifuge 10 ml of urine for 5 minutes b) decant the supernatant c) re-suspend the sediment in 0.5 ml of urine d) place on a slide with a cover slip e) count the number of RBCs in 20 fields and report the average Positive test: 5 or more RBCs/HPF
7. Hematuria in Children Laboratory tests for hematuria: 3. Urine microscopy: Red blood cells per cu. mm (microliter) - place uncentrifuged urine in a counting chamber (the same one as is used for WBC and RBC count) - read and report results as RBCs/microliter Positive test: > 5 RBCs/cu mm
8. Hematuria in Children Clinical presentations of hematuria: - microhematuria, incidentally discovered - microhematuria, with symptoms - microhematuria, with intermittent gross hematuria - intermittent or continuous gross hematuria -hematuria with proteinuria
9. Hematuria in Children Prevalence of asymptomatic microhematuria Dodge et. al, Galveston: - 12,000 schoolchildren in 1st, 2nd, or 3rd grade - tested once every year for 5 years (5 or more RBCs/HPF) - 6070 children tested all 5 years - 50% of children who had hematuria one one specimen did not have hematuria on the 2nd or 3rd specimen The prevalence of hematuria, if defined as the presence of blood on at least 2/3 specimens, was 1% in girls and 0.5% in boys
10. Hematuria in Children Prevalence of asymptomatic microhematuria Vehaskari et. al, Finland: - 8954 children, 8-15 years old - 4 specimens from each child (6 or more RBCs/cu. mm.) - 305 had blood (without protein) - of these, 222 had blood only in one collection - 83 had blood on more than one collection - of these 8 had a known etiology - of the remaining 72, only 43 had blood 1 month later and only 27 at 4- months. The prevalence of hematuria, if defined as the presence of blood on at least 2/4 specimens, was 1.1%
11. Hematuria in Children Sites of origin of hematuria: - Glomerular - Renal, but not glomerular - Non-renal
12. Hematuria in Children Renal Non-Renal Color of the urine: Brown Red RBC casts: Present Absent Protein: May be+ No RBC shape: Distorted Normal None of these features are present all the time
13. Hematuria in Children Causes of glomerular hematuria: - Post-infectious nephritis - IgA nephropathy - Henoch-Schonlein purpura - Hereditary nephritis - Benign familial hematuria - Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis - Lupus nephritis - Others...
19. Hematuria in Children Clinical approach to hematuria: Could this be something serious, and should start doing some tests or send the child to a specialist, or should I wait and see what happens?
20. Hematuria in Children Some questions to ask in the history… - duration and pattern of hematuria - family history (hematuria, renal failure, deafness, urolithiasis) - pharyngitis, upper respiratory infection - dysuria or other symptoms of urinary infection - rash (Henoch-Schonlein purpura) - abdominal pain (infection, stone, Henoch-Schonlein purpura) - drugs (methicillin, anticoagulants etc.) - others...
21. Hematuria in Children Some clues to look for in the physical examination… - hypertension, edema, pallor - rash, impetigo - ecchymoses, petechiae, hemangiomas - abdominal mass (tumors) - abdominal or flank tenderness (infection) - evidence of abdominal trauma - external genitalia for trauma or bleeding - rectal examination for prostatitis - growth pattern - hearing test
22. Hematuria in Children Review urinalysis carefully or do fresh urinalysis to look for: - shape of RBCs - presence of RBC casts - presence of protein - presence of white blood cells - presence of crystals - repeat urinalysis to see if hematuria persists
23. Hematuria in Children If hematuria is persistent: - Obtain serum creatinine level - Perform urine culture if indicated - Perform urine calcium/creatinine ratio if indicated - Obtain other specific tests if indicated by the history or physical examination (ASO titer, serum complement levels, anti-nuclear antibody, etc.)
24. Hematuria in Children At this stage, one will be able to decide if the child has: a) a specific diagnosis such as post-streptococcal nephritis, hereditary nephritis, urinary tract infection, hypercalciuria, etc. Appropriate investigations can be ordered and management strategies pursued. Continued...
25. Hematuria in Children Or, the child has: b) no specific diagnosis, but the presence of indicators such as gross hematuria, hypertension, edema, significant proteinuria, or growth failure indicate the need for further investigation. Renal function should be assessed, imaging studies undertaken, and other specific tests performed until a diagnosis is made. Continued...
26. Hematuria in Children Or: c) neither “a” nor “b” is applicable. This is known as isolated or asymptomatic hematuria. No further investigation is necessary, but the child should be monitored carefully for any change in the clinical condition Continued...
27. Hematuria in Children If a child has isolated hematuria, one of three outcomes will be seen during follow-up: 1. Hematuria will disappear. If the disappearance is permanent, no further action is necessary. Or 2. New symptoms will emerge, indicating the need for further investigation. Or 3. Hematuria will persist. The child need to be followed regularly with clinical examination, urinalysis, and serum creatinine. Ultimately, a renal biopsy might be necessary.