Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein, B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid deficiency is a common association of nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the most common nutritional disorder.
iron deficiency anaemia is the commonest nutritional anaemia in India as well as other developing countries. till an effective supplementation is implemented right from the age of 4 months the problem can not be solved. there is an urgent need to develop effective strategy to reach every infant in the country and give iron supplementation to every infant irrespective of class, creed, caste and society.
PA is a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that results from an impaired update of vitamin B12 due to lack of Intrinsic factor. It is an autoimmune disease, diagnosed by using family history, physical examination and laboratory diagnosis.
Symptoms associated with a lemon tint of skin, painful tongue, diarrhoea, peripheral neuropathy and myelopathy, splenomegaly, shortness of breath yellowish eyes, dementia, muscle pain and weakness.
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the nutritional deficiency anemia, and the most common microcytic hypochromic anemia. it is also one of the common anemia in Pakistan. Pregnant and lactating are most commonly affected.
iron deficiency anaemia is the commonest nutritional anaemia in India as well as other developing countries. till an effective supplementation is implemented right from the age of 4 months the problem can not be solved. there is an urgent need to develop effective strategy to reach every infant in the country and give iron supplementation to every infant irrespective of class, creed, caste and society.
PA is a type of vitamin B12 deficiency that results from an impaired update of vitamin B12 due to lack of Intrinsic factor. It is an autoimmune disease, diagnosed by using family history, physical examination and laboratory diagnosis.
Symptoms associated with a lemon tint of skin, painful tongue, diarrhoea, peripheral neuropathy and myelopathy, splenomegaly, shortness of breath yellowish eyes, dementia, muscle pain and weakness.
Iron deficiency anemia is one of the nutritional deficiency anemia, and the most common microcytic hypochromic anemia. it is also one of the common anemia in Pakistan. Pregnant and lactating are most commonly affected.
Legal implications are the results or consequences of being involved in something according to the law. A good example is the case of marriage. As a consequence of being married, all property is considered co-owned as long as you acquired after you got married. A legal implication can either be positive or negative.
Food borne diseases is any diseases resulting from the consumption of contaminated food, pathogenic bacteria viruses or parasites that contaminate food, as well as chemical or natural toxins such as poisonous mushrooms.
when a chemical compound breakdown by reacting with water is called hydrolysis.
Hydrolysis occurs when the nucleophile (a nucleus-seeking agent, e.g., water or hydroxyl ion) attacks the carbon of the carbonyl group of the ester or amide. In an aqueous base, hydroxyl ions are better nucleophiles than polar molecules such as water. In acids, the carbonyl group becomes protonated, and this leads to a much easier nucleophilic attack. The products for both hydrolyse are compounds with carboxylic acid groups.
The health benefits of fruit powder drinks are numerous. The simple fact is that most people don't consume enough fruit. That means they are missing out on an array of not just vitamins and minerals, but also antioxidants and important disease fighting compounds. Finding ways to integrate more fruits into your diet is essential. One of the single best approaches are fruit powder drinks. This is, in part, due to their high level of convenience
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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4. Nutritional anemia
Nutritional anemia refers to the low concentration of
hemoglobin due to poor diet.
According to the World Health Organization, a hemoglobin
concentration below 7.5 mmol/L and 8. mmol/L for women and
men, respectively, is considered to be anemic
506
7. Caused
Nutritional anemia is caused by a lack of iron, protein,
B12, and other vitamins and minerals that needed for
the formation of hemoglobin.
Folic acid deficiency is a common association of
nutritional anemia and iron deficiency anemia is the
most common nutritional disorder.
506
9. Different types of nutritional anemia
IRON
DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN
DEFICIENCY
CHRONIC
DISEASE
APLASTIC
ANEMIA
BONE
MARROW
DISEASE
HEMOLYTIC
SICKLE
CELL
ANEMIA
OTHER
ANEMIAS
506
12. Iron-deficiency Anemia
Iron deficiency anemia is a common type of anemia and it has many
causes.
Symptoms are related to the overall decrease in the number of red blood
cells (RBCs) and the level of hemoglobin. If the iron deficiency anemia is
mild to moderate, there may be no signs or symptoms.
500
13. Symptoms
In addition to the most common signs and symptoms, there are some that are
more unique to iron deficiency and may appear as iron stores in the body are
chronically depleted.
Brittle or spoon-shaped nails
Swollen or sore tongue
Cracks or ulcers at the corners of the mouth
Difficulty in swallowing
Craving to eat unusual non-food substances such as ice or dirt (also known as
"pica")
500
14. Laboratory Tests
Initial blood tests typically include a complete blood count (CBC). Results may
show:
• Hemoglobin (Hb)—may be normal early in the disease but will decrease as anemia worsens
• Red blood cell indices—early on, the RBCs may be a normal size and color (normocytic,
normochromic) but as the anemia progresses, the RBCs become smaller (microcytic) and
paler (hypochromic) than normal.
• Average size of RBCs (mean corpuscular volume, MCV)—decreased
• Average amount of hemoglobin in RBCs (mean corpuscular hemoglobin, MCH)—decreased
• Hemoglobin concentration (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, MCHC)—
decreased
• Increased variation in the size of RBCs (red cell distribution width, RDW)
500
15. Vitamin deficiency anemia
Vitamin deficiency anemia is a lack of healthy red blood cells caused when
One have lower than normal amounts of certain vitamins. Vitamins linked
to vitamin deficiency anemia include folate, vitamin B-12 and vitamin C
500
16. Causes
• Vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if One don't eat enough folate,
vitamin B-12 or vitamin C. Or vitamin deficiency anemia can occur if our
body has trouble absorbing or processing these vitamins.
500
17. Signs and symptoms of vitamin deficiency anemi
1. Fatigue
2. Shortness of breath
3. Dizziness
4. Pale or yellowish skin
5. Irregular heartbeats
6. Weight loss
7. Numbness or tingling in Oner
hands and feet
8. Muscle weakness
9. Personality changes
10. Unsteady movements
11. Mental confusion or forgetfulness
500
18. Risk factors
In general, One’s risk of vitamin deficiency is increased if:
• One diet contains little to no natural vitamin food sources,
• One pregnant, and One aren't taking a multivitamin. Folic acid supplements
are especially important during pregnancy.
• One have intestinal problems or other medical conditions that interfere
with absorption of vitamins.
• One abuse alcohol. Alcohol interferes with the absorption of folate and
vitamin C, as well as other vitamins.
• One take certain prescription medications that can block absorption of
vitamins.
500
19. Pretension
• Foods rich in folate include: Dark green leafy vegetables, Nuts, Enriched grain
products, such as bread, cereal, pasta and rice
• Fruits and fruit juices:
• Foods rich in vitamin B-12 include: Eggs, Fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals,
Milk, cheese and yogurt, Red and white meats and shellfish.
• Foods rich in vitamin C include: Broccoli, Citrus fruits and juices, Strawberries, Sweet
peppers, Tomatoes
Most adults need these daily dietary amounts of the following vitamins:
• Vitamin B-12 — 2.4 micrograms (mcg)
• Folate or folic acid — 400 mcg
• Vitamin C — 75 to 90 milligrams
500
20. Anemia Caused by Chronic Diseases
Some chronic (long-term) illnesses can cause anemia. Often, anemia
caused by chronic diseases goes undetected until a routine test such as
a complete blood count (CBC) reveals abnormal results. Several follow-up
tests may be used to determine the underlying cause.
498
21. There are many chronic conditions and diseases that can result in anemia
• Kidney disease—red blood cells are produced by the bone marrow in
response to a hormone called erythropoietin, made primarily by the kidneys.
Chronic kidney disease can cause anemia resulting from too little production
of this hormone; the anemia can be treated by giving erythropoietin
injections.
• Anemia of chronic disease—whenever there are chronic diseases that
stimulate the body's inflammatory response, the ability of the bone marrow
to respond to erythropoietin is decreased, mainly due to impairment in body
iron regulation. For example, rheumatoid arthritis (a severe form
of joint disease caused by the body attacking its own joints, called
an autoimmune disease) can cause anemia by this mechanism. Other
diseases that can produce anemia in the same way include chronic infections
such as HIV or tuberculosis (TB).
498
22. Laboratory Tests
A number of tests may be used as follow up to abnormal results of initial
tests such as a CBC and blood smear to determine the underlying cause of
chronic anemia. Some of these may include:
• Reticulocyte count—will typically be low
• Comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP)—used to detect evidence of
chronic disorders
498
23. Tests for anemia of chronic disease
– Tests for inflammation such as CRP
– Erythropoietin—is typically mildly increased
– Tests for infections such as HIV and TB
– Iron and transferrin (TIBC)—are typically both low
– Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)—is typically normal or low
498
24. Treatment
•
Treatment of anemia due to chronic conditions usually involves
determining and/or resolving the underlying disease. Blood transfusions
may be used to treat the condition in the short term.
498
25. Aplastic Anemia
Aplastic anemia is a rare disease caused by a decrease in the number of all
types of blood cells that bone marrow produces. Normally, the bone
marrow produces a sufficient number of new red blood cells (RBCs), white
blood cells (WBCs), and platelets for normal body function. Each type of
cell enters the blood, circulates, and then dies within a certain time frame.
For example, the normal lifespan of RBCs is about 120 days. If the bone
marrow is not able to produce enough blood cells to replace those that
die, a number of symptoms, including those due to anemia, may result.
498
26. Some signs and symptoms that occur with aplastic anemia include those
due to decreased platelets
• Prolonged bleeding
• Frequent nosebleeds and bleeding gums
• Easy bruising
• Pinpoint red spots on skin
• Blood in the stool
• Heavy menstrual bleeding
498
27. There may also be signs and symptoms due to a low WBC count:
• Increased frequency and severity of infections
• Fever
498
28. Some factors that may be involved with bone marrow
damage and that can lead to aplastic anemia
• Exposure to toxic substances like arsenic, benzene (found in gasoline), or
pesticides
• Cancer therapy (radiation or chemotherapy)
• Autoimmune disorders such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
• Viral infections such as hepatitis, HIV, EBV, or CMV
• Medicines such as chloramphenicol (an antibiotic rarely used in the U.S.)
496
29. Laboratory Tests
The initial test for anemia, the complete blood count (CBC), may reveal
many abnormal results.
• Hemoglobin and/or hematocrit may be low.
• RBC and WBC counts are low.
• Platelet count is low.
• Red blood cell indices are usually normal.
• The differential white blood count shows a decrease in most types of
cells but not lymphocytes.
496
30. Treatment
• A physical examination or complete medical history may reveal possible
causes for aplastic anemia, such as exposure to toxins or certain drugs (e.g.,
chloramphenicol) or prior treatment for cancer. Some cases of aplastic
anemia are temporary while others have lasting damage to the bone marrow.
Therefore, the treatment depends on the cause. Reducing or eliminating
exposure to certain toxins or drugs may help resolve the condition.
Medications may be given to stimulate bone marrow production, to treat
infections, or to suppress the immune system in cases of autoimmune
disorders. Blood transfusions and a bone marrow transplant may be needed
in severe cases.
496
31. Acquired Hemolytic Anemia
Some of the conditions or factors involved in acquired forms of hemolytic
anemia include:
• Autoimmune disorders
• Transfusion reaction
• Infections
• Mother-baby blood group incompatibility
• Medications
• Physical destruction of RBCs
• Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
496
32. Laboratory Tests
•
Hemolytic anemias are often first identified by signs and symptoms, during physical
examination, and by medical history. A medical history can reveal, for example, a recent
transfusion, treatment with penicillin, or cardiac surgery. A CBC and/or blood smear may
show various abnormal results. Depending on those findings, additional follow-up tests may
be performed. Some of these may include:
• Tests for autoantibodies for suspected autoimmune disorders
• Direct antiglobulin test (DAT) in the case of transfusion reaction, mother-baby blood type
incompatibility, or autoimmune hemolytic anemia
• Haptoglobin—usually low
• Reticulocyte count—typically high
• Flow cytometry for suspected PNH
496
33. Treatment
Treatments for hemolytic anemia are as varied as the causes. However, the
goals are the same: to treat the underlying cause of the anemia, to
decrease or stop the destruction of RBCs, and to increase the RBC count
and/or hemoglobin level to alleviate symptoms.
496
Iron deficiency anemia. This is the most common type of anemia worldwide. Iron deficiency anemia is caused by a shortage of iron in Oner body. Oner bone marrow needs iron to make hemoglobin. Without adequate iron, Oner body can't produce enough hemoglobin for red blood cells.
Without iron supplementation, this type of anemia occurs in many pregnant women. It is also caused by blood loss, such as from heavy menstrual bleeding, an ulcer, cancer and regular use of some over-the-counter pain relievers, especially aspirin.
Vitamin deficiency anemia. In addition to iron, Oner body needs folate and vitamin B-12 to produce enough healthy red blood cells. A diet lacking in these and other key nutrients can cause decreased red blood cell production.
Additionally, some people may consume enough B-12, but their bodies aren't able to process the vitamin. This can lead to vitamin deficiency anemia, also known as pernicious anemia.
Anemia of chronic disease. Certain diseases — such as cancer, HIV/AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, kidney disease, Crohn's disease and other chronic inflammatory diseases — can interfere with the production of red blood cells.
Aplastic anemia. This rare, life-threatening anemia occurs when Oner body doesn't produce enough red blood cells. Causes of aplastic anemia include infections, certain medicines, autoimmune diseases and exposure to toxic chemicals.
Anemias associated with bone marrow disease. A variety of diseases, such as leukemia and myelofibrosis, can cause anemia by affecting blood production in Oner bone marrow. The effects of these types of cancer and cancer-like disorders vary from mild to life-threatening.
Hemolytic anemias. This group of anemias develops when red blood cells are destroyed faster than bone marrow can replace them. Certain blood diseases increase red blood cell destruction. One can inherit a hemolytic anemia, or One can develop it later in life.
Sickle cell anemia. This inherited and sometimes serious condition is an inherited hemolytic anemia. It's caused by a defective form of hemoglobin that forces red blood cells to assume an abnormal crescent (sickle) shape. These irregular blood cells die prematurely, resulting in a chronic shortage of red blood cells.
Other anemias. There are several other forms of anemia, such as thalassemia and malarial anemia