A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Measuring the size and shape of the Earth using the latest Surveying techniques. Includes a discussion on reference systems, projections, datums and coordinate transformations.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Topics:
1. Mapping Concepts
2. Analysis with paper based Maps
3. Limitations of Paper based Maps
4. Computer Aided Cartography History and Development
5. GIS Definition
6. Advantage of Digital Maps
A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Measuring the size and shape of the Earth using the latest Surveying techniques. Includes a discussion on reference systems, projections, datums and coordinate transformations.
Understanding Coordinate Systems and Projections for ArcGISJohn Schaeffer
Everything you need to know to work with coordinate systems and projecting data in ArcGIS. The presentation starts by explaining the terminology, and then discusses the details you need to know to actually work successfully with coordinate systems, use the proper projections, and geographic transformations. This is a very practical look at a complex subject.
This presentation is about the raster and vector data in GIS which is important and costly as well, through the presentation we will learn about both type of data.
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Topics:
1. Mapping Concepts
2. Analysis with paper based Maps
3. Limitations of Paper based Maps
4. Computer Aided Cartography History and Development
5. GIS Definition
6. Advantage of Digital Maps
Advance Microbiology slides which discuss about molecular genetics. This slides can also be use for those who are taking Masters of Education Major in Science
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. What is a map?
• A generalized view of an area, usually
some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen
from above at a greatly reduced size
• Any geographical image of the
environment
• A two-dimensional representation of the
spatial distribution of selected phenomena
3. Why make a map?
• To represent a larger area than we can
see
• To show a phenomenon or process we
can’t see with our eyes
• To present information concisely
• To show spatial relationships
8. What should we think about
when we read maps? What do
cartographers think about?
• How will the flat map represent a curved
surface? (projection)
• Maps are selective views of reality
(simplification)
• Size of the map relative to reality (scale)
• What’s on the map (symbolization)
• What size of unit will be measured by the map
(aggregation)
• What type of map is being used? (reference or
thematic)
9. “Map Projection”
• The Earth is a sphere – it is accurately represented in
the form of a globe.
• Globe is a limited tool
• Projection – the scientific method of transferring
locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map
10. Create your own projection
· Think of the beach ball as Earth.
· Identify and mark (with your sharpie) on the grapefruit the locations of the
North Pole and South Pole.
· Then locate the spot that is halfway between the two poles and use a marker
to draw a line around the Earth at that point, which geographers refer to
as the equator.
· Draw a few lines of longitude on the map, including a “prime meridian”
· Then draw shapes to represent the continents on Earth.
· Use the scissors to cut the beach ball – attempt to make the new map as flat
as possible
- Next, try to create from the sphere (grapefruit) a map that is flat and
readable.
Reflection Question:
Are you able to create an accurate 2-D map from the grapefruit peel? Explain
the activity and what is different from the grapefruit map to the flat map?
11. Distortion
• Earth on a flat piece of paper creates distortions. Four
types of distortions can result:
– The shape of an area can be distorted, so that it
appears more elongated or squat than in reality
– The distance between two points may become
increased or decreased
– The relative size of different areas may be altered, so
that one area may appear larger than another on a
map but is in reality smaller
– The direction from one place to another can be
distorted
12. Medieval European T-O Map. In medieval Europe one of the
most common forms of rendering the earth was the mappae
mundi of which more than a thousand have survived. The T-O
map is one kind of mappae mundi. The T-O image reproduced
here comes from the encyclopedia of knowledge produced by
Isidore, Bishop of Seville, in 630 A.D., and was printed in
Augsburg in 1472.
13. The Maya Cosmos. Adopted with modifications from Linda Schele and
David Freidel, A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya
(N.Y.: William Morrow, 1990), p. 67, fig. 2:1. Drawing by Linda Schele,
courtesy Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc.
(permissions Nov. 7, 2002).
14. An ancient map that strongly suggests Chinese sailors were first to round the world.
18. The Robinson Projection
• Tries to correct for the Mercator
Projection’s distortions by curving distorted
areas inwards.
• Attempts to balance all distortions by
making errors in all four ways:
– Shape
– Size
– Distance
– Direction
23. A modern modification of the Mercator projection is Miller's
cylindrical projection that decreases the amount of distortion in
the high latitudes while setting the earth's surface on a rectangular
grid.
24. Miller World Map Centered Along 90th West Meridian . It projects an
American perspective on the world.
27. Seventeenth Century Atlantic
Basin. Lines indicate direction of
movement of goods from Europe
and Africa to the Americas and
from the Americas to Asia. Europe
was the source of financial and
commercial activity, while Africa
was primarily important for the
slave trade—so that the main
cultural impacts were those of
Europe upon Africa, and Africa
upon America. This was the
transoceanic arena in which an
Atlantic World emerged in the Age
of Empire, and the geographical
stage for cross-cultural
encounters, Spanish treasure
fleets, a transatlantic slave trade,
and the movement of European
peoples.
Adopted with permission from D.W. Meining, The
Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on
500 Years of History. Volume 1, Atlantic America,
1492–1800 (Yale University Press, 1986), p. 56
28.
29. North America appears to be more involved in the Pacific Basin than South
America (its eastward location pulling it toward the Atlantic). Finally, this
map reveals a major truth about the earth, and that is that the earth is
mostly water not land, the Pacific Ocean amounting to 64,000,000 square
miles (over twice the size of the Atlantic Ocean).
30. Miller World Map Centered on 180 Meridian: The Pacific Perspective.
South is at top of map. After 1850, a Pacific perspective must be added. With
the United States acquiring Alaska, the Aleutian Islands, and Hawaii (and taking
possession of the Philippines), followed by Pearl Harbor and the Pacific theater
of World War II, the strategic importance of the Pacific for the United States
becomes obvious. With China emerging as a major power, the twenty-first
century may become the Pacific century.
31. The Peters Projection Map from
Two Perspectives: In 1974, as
an effort to reduce the political bias
of conventional maps, Arno Peters
created the 'Peters Projection' of
the world so that one square inch
anywhere on the map represents
an equal number of square miles
of the earth's surface.
37. The Myth of Continents
• The traditional notion of continents can be abandoned
(or at least modified). The idea of a North American
continent, separate from South America, encourages
false dichotomies that do not reflect actual biological,
geological, and cultural realities, and that overlooks
many themes that parallel the history of both regions
(from cowboy culture to urbanization).
• By substituting a world regionalism scheme for the
continental one, today's students will be using a regional
classification that better fits the realities of ethnicity,
culture, and history. This, then, would be the beginning
of an attempt to look at the New Old World in a new way.
It seems more likely
that the world and all its continents were discovered by a Chinese admiral named Zheng He, whose fleets
roamed the oceans between 1405 and 1435. His exploits, which are well documented in Chinese historical
records, were written about in a book which appeared in China around 1418 called "The Marvellous Visions
of the Star Raft". One of Zheng He's fleet's adventures, blown off course to the east to the New World,
provides a fascinating thread in Neil Stephenson's fabulous fiction, Cryptonomicon. It is a copy, made in
1763, of a map, dated 1418, which contains notes that substantially match the descriptions in the book .
Each fleet would have at least one "Treasure ship", used by the commander of the fleet and his deputies
(nine-masted, about 120 meters (400 ft) long and 50 m (160 ft) wide).
The greatest "inventor" of sixteenth century Europe was map maker Gerhardus Mercator whose 1569 summary map, publicized by the learned Richard Hakluyt in his Principal Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English Nation (London: 1589), liberated cartography from dependence on Ptolemy, and included a projection that allowed navigators to understand the coasts of the New World.
These maps silently promoted a Eurocentric view that privileged the Western image. Generations of European and American students have been indoctrinated with the glories of nationalism and colonialism through this map.
This projection was presented by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963, and is also called the Orthophanic projection, which means right appearing.
Scale is true along the 38º parallels and is constant along any parallel or between any pair of parallels equidistant from the Equator. It is not free of distortion at any point, but distortion is very low within about 45º of the center and along the Equator.
This projection is not equal-area, conformal, or equidistant; however, it is considered to look right for world maps, and hence is widely used by Rand McNally, the National Geographic Society, and others. This feature is achieved through the use of tabular coordinates rather than mathematical formulae for the graticules.
If the map is cut to place the center along the Prime Meridian, the result is a Eurocentric map useful for many purposes but not the only way to view the world.
Note how the three major countries of North America, the United States, Canada, and Mexico, face both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, while in South America only Colombia has a two-ocean perspective. Obviously, the two oceans have affected the history of North America more than South America, where Chile and Peru are Pacific-oriented countries while Brazil is an Atlantic-oriented nation. The Arctic circle is mostly filled with land, with only a sea gap between Scandinavia and Iceland. Certainly Norsemen and Vikings would note this feature. When viewing this map it is easy to see that the location of South America is to the east of North America.
it becomes obvious that Brazil has no frontage on the Pacific Ocean, is bordered in the west by the Andes, and is strictly an Atlantic Basin country. The equator intersects Brazil at the Amazon and Africa between Nigeria and Angola, with Brazil being closer in nautical miles to Europe and Africa than most of North America. With seventy percent of Brazil's 172.8 million people clustered near the Atlantic coast, it is no wonder that it has been more influenced by Europe (e.g., the national language is Portuguese) and Africa (a multiracial population in which African influences dominate music and religion) than North America. Again, the bulk of African slaves imported into the New World in the eighteenth century went to Brazil, a feature of the relative closeness of the equatorial region of Brazil to a similar climatic zone in Angola and West Africa.
The current sevenfold categorization of the earth into the continents (that is, continuous, discrete masses of land) of Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Oceania (Australia and New Zealand), and Antarctica, is a recent convention beginning with the threefold system of the Ancient Greeks and modified over time into today's system. The problem with this kind of classification is that most people consider "continents" to be "real" geographical realities "discovered" through scientific inquiry, instead of what they are—the product of creative imagination and metageography.
Continents not only supposedly reflect physical reality, but natural and human features as well . In the field of geology, tectonic plates do not respect the geographer's continental system, with Europe and Asia sharing the same plate for more than thirty-five million years, and India being tectonically linked, not to Asia, but to distant Australia!
While it is ridiculous to conceive of Europe as a continent and India a subcontinent, the continental status of Europe (which shares a land mass with Asia), serves to reassure Europeans that their sense of western superiority and false dichotomies (Europe equals West; Asia equals East) will go unchallenged.