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4 3-regional & national geography

This document provides an introduction to the fields of geography and some key geographic concepts. It begins with definitions of geography and describes its subfields such as physical geography, human geography, cartography, and geographic information systems. It then discusses the history of geography, key thinkers and their contributions. Several core geographic concepts are explained like regions, spatial analysis, types of diffusion, the four main environmental systems, and human-environmental interactions. Methods of geography like mapmaking, projections, and remote sensing are outlined. The document emphasizes that geography considers both physical and human aspects to understand people, places, and environments.

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The Computer & Social Science Disciplines The Computer Sciences The Social Sciences Dr. L.T.M. Muungo, PhD
2 Dr. L.T.M. Muungo, PhD
Introduction to Geography (People, Places, and Environment)
What Is Geography? • Geography is from two Greek words, Geo – Earth, and Graphien – to write. • It is simply the study of the earth, and everything that goes on, on it. • Geography is the one of the oldest and most diverse fields of study.
Geography Today • Association of American Geographers – www.aag.org – 55 topical specialties (page 5) – Geography asks these questions: Where?, What?, When?, Why?, and Why there? • Spatial analysis – has to do with the distribution of a phenomenon in “space” (this doesn’t refer to outer space). Very Geographical concept.
Geography • Physical – this makes it a natural science. These are the physical charateristics of the environment. • Consideration of Human & Cultural – these make it a social science. Human groups and our activities. • Cartography – All kinds of mapping. • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – using computers to help make and display maps and analyze data. A sub-branch of Cartography. • All these fields are interrelated (see table on page 5). That is Assignment #2. therefore Geography is very useful when social science is being considered.
History of Geography • Classical Western World – Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). This is actually Egyptian (Africa), he worked in the library of Alexandria. See pg 3. He believed the world was round. – Hipparchus (180-127 B.C.) – 1st to draw grid lines.
History of Geography Non-European World • Isaiah (40:22) believed the world was round too! – 700 B.C.! – Al-Edrisi (1099-1154) – Ibn-Battuta (1304-1378) – Ibn-Khaldun (1332-1406) – The Tribute of Yu – Kangnido, see map on pg 4 (read) – Africans traveled a LOT – e.g. Timbuktu (pg 9), Queen of Sheba, Ethiopian Eunuch (Acts 8), East Africa, etc.
“The information that any citizen needs in order to make an informed decision on an important question of the day is largely geographic.”
Regions • A Geography region is an area that shows similar characteristics. • Does not have abrupt boundaries. E.g. climate, culture, etc. It slowly/ gradually goes into the next region.
Spatial Analysis & Movement • Distribution of things. E.g. – Density – the number of phenomena (e.g. people, houses, trees, etc) per sq. mile. • Distance – Measurements • Absolute • Time • Cost • Distance Decay Effect – As distance increases, importance of a particular phenomena decreases • Example: Newspaper circulation, radio signals, TV reception
Three Types of Diffusion • Diffusion is the spread of ideas, etc. There are 3 main kinds: • Relocation diffusion – e.g. immigration • Contiguous diffusion – e.g. disease • Hierarchical (leapfrog) diffusion – e.g. fashion in cities • Barriers to diffusion – Cultural barriers e.g. political boundaries or differences, cultural differences – Oceans, deserts, distance, time
4 Physical Systems • Atmosphere (air) e.g. Chapter 2 – weather & climate • Lithosphere (Earth’s solid rocks) e.g. Chapter 3 - landforms • Hydrosphere (water) e.g. Chapter 4 - Biogeochemical Cycles • Biosphere (living organisms) e.g. Chapter 4 - Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere L A H B Interacting spheres
Human-Environmental Interaction • Natural landscapes – One without evidence of human activity. E.g.? • Cultural landscapes – Reveals how humans modify local environment. E.g.? – What about Central Park? Pg 20
The Geographic Grid • Longitude - See Greenwich Photos & next slide – Measures distance east to west around the globe beginning at the Prime Meridian – 2 most important lines of longitude: Prime Meridian & the International Date Line – 0-180 degrees East or West • Latitude – Location on the Earth’s surface between the equator and either the north or south pole – Also called parallels – 0-90 degrees North or South
U.S./Canada Time Zones
Map Making • Called Cartography • Scale – Fraction 1/24,000 – Ratio 1:24,000 – Written statement “1 inch equals 1 mile” – Bar style • Detail and area – Small scale map = less detail, large denominator (1:1,000,000) – Large scale map = more detail, small denominator (1:100,000) 0 1 2 43
Seattle,
Projection • Scientific method of transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map (“orange peel” concept). See Appendix on pg 591 (Goode’s Interrupted Projection). • 4 types of distortion – see maps on next slide. – Relative size and distance (Mercator). Here, shape is fine, but size is not, esp. at the poles. So the scales are different (see Greenland). Also called “conformal” maps. Pg 26 – Shape and direction (Equal Area projection). These are maps that distort shape but preserve size.
See pg 26
Geographic Information Technology • Automated cartography – Conversion of paper to digital formats – Includes Computer Assisted Drawing (CAD) • Sophisticated, specialized digital cartography systems • Easier, cheaper editing. Manual techniques are expensive and time-consuming, esp. when changes had to be made to maps (e.g. Warren County Courthouse)
Remote Sensing Acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from high-flying aircraft
Satellites • Landsat – 1972; 1999 – Sensors measure radiation of colors of visible light • Uses: • Weather satellites – for hurricanes, etc. • GPS – uses longitudes & latitudes (pg 33). • More uses are found on next slide.
Uses of Remotely Sensed Data & GIS Spatial Analysis • Human activities (see next slides) – Changes in plant growth – Drainage patterns (rivers) – Monitoring environmental changes with satellite images, e.g. Lake Chad, pg 1 – Counting lakes, pg 36 – Erosion associated with agriculture – Analyzing changes in food production and land use – Logging and forest management – Wetland monitoring • Wartime applications • Calculating densities and distribution of population **GIS means Geographic Information Systems
Reddes t areas are most recent tree cuts
Changes in land use in China
GIS • Database software for digital information – Contains same information as regular database • Stores spatial characteristics such as boundary information or coordinates and addresses. • Layers – Information with specific characteristics • Soils, hydrology, land ownership, etc. – Can be combined into layers for analysis. Same concept is used for making globes (see next slide).
32 Any Questions
Basic Geography Skills
Maps • Flat pictures of some portion of the earth
Parts of a Map • Map key or legend tells what the symbols mean • Title tells what the map is about • Compass rose shows the directions • Scale shows the distance between two places on a map
Types of maps • Political—shows political lines that divide countries (or states) • Physical—shows the physical features of the earth (mountains, deserts, etc.) • Climate—shows the different climate regions of the earth
W h at t y p e o f m a p i s t h i s ?
How about this one?
And this one?
Types of maps • Territorial—shows a territorial area such as states (Zambia) or regions (Southern Africa) or continent (Africa) • Population—shows where people live or how many people live in certain areas (Zambians) • Road—shows the major roads in an area (Kafue – Mazabuka Main Road)
Maps • Cardinal directions (north, east, south, west) are found on the compass rose • Intermediate directions (northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest) • You use latitude and longitude to pinpoint location
Use latitude and longitude to pinpoint the location of each letter
Equator and Prime Meridian • The Equator is located at 0° latitude • The Prime Meridian is located at 0° longitude • Lines of latitude are called parallels • Lines of longitude are called meridians
Physical Features • For civilizations to thrive, you need water, fertile soil and a mild climate • Mountains, deserts, oceans, rainforests, etc.. Are physical features • Mountains and deserts serve as natural geographic barriers- they are hard to cross and separate communities
1. What is Mauna Kea? 2. What island is Red Hill on? 3. What do the dots symbolize? 4. What direction is Kailua from Captain Cook? 5. Name one line of latitude on the map.
Reading charts, graphs and diagrams • Graphs are used to show and compare data • Draw lines so you can see the information in terms of rows and columns if the lines are not already present. • Read the row and the column that corresponds to it.
1.Who read the most books? 2.Who read the fewest books? 3.How many more books did Yecenia read than Hunter? 4.How many books did the students read?
1.How much potatoes were consumed on Wednesday? 2.Which day were the least amount consumed? 3.Which day were the most potatoes consumed?
1. What is a normal blood pressure for someone age 16? 2. What is the range for moderate hypertension? 3. What is the range for severe hypertension?
53 Any Questions
Big Geography The Geography of Global History
We need a mental picture of the whole world, not just certain parts of it. This is “big geography.”
South America Africa
Hi. I’m Mundo. Did you know that how we “see” the world depends on how we project the world?
The Earth is a sphere. Therefore, it cannot be projected on a flat map without distortion. The question is, which kind of distortion?
Three World Map Projections Mercator, Peters, and Robinson
On a Mercator projection, invented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569, any straight line is a line of constant compass bearing. This enables a navigator to plot a straight-line course.
Despite the values of the Mercator Projection, it distorts the size and shape of land areas. Fact: South America is 8 times as large as Greenland. Fact: Africa is 14 times as large as Greenland. The Peters Projection is an “equal area” map. It represents areas accurately, but it seriously distorts shapes. Compare the size of Europe to Africa on the two maps. Compare the size of the former USSR to China on the two maps.
Human beings inhabit the biosphere. The biosphere is made up of three layers. •The lithosphere: The solid earth, or outer crust of rock, sand, and soil. •The hydrosphere: The watery realm. About 97 percent of it is the oceans. •The atmosphere: The thin layer of gasses, mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
The lithosphere is in constant, though slow motion. The surface of the earth and the location of its land masses have therefore had a continuously changing history.
The scene of history is continuously moving land masses. Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist. The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon.  Laurasia Gondwanaland India 550 Million Years Ago 220 Million Years Ago 190 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago Today
The largest context of human history is the entire planet.
70.9 % of the surface of the earth is water. Human beings, however, are a land- dwelling species. We call the biggest land areas continents.
How many continents are there? Nine? One? Seven? Five? Four?
The conventional map of seven continents But what IS a continent?
Conventional definition of a continent A large mass of land surrounded, or nearly surrounded, by water. If that is the conventional definition, why are Europe and Asia separate continents?
Since the nineteenth century, most scholars have accepted the Ural Mountains as part of the dividing Line between “Europe” and “Asia” as continents. The Urals as a border between continents? They are not that impressive.
Another part of the dividing line: Bosporus and Dardanelles (Straits) ASIA
Bosporus Istanbul Dardanelles
What significance have the Bosporus and Dardanelles had as a line dividing peoples from one another in history? Almost none!
The Ottoman Turkish Empire about 1550. Its territory cut straight across the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
Here’s a highway bridge across the Bosporus. Today, you can drive from “Asia” to “Europe” in a few minutes.
So, why is Europe a continent? European scholars of the nineteenth century decided that it should be one. One of the benefits of having power in the world is that you get to name things!
The dividing line between “Europe” and “Asia” is not something that is “natural.” That is, it does not exist as a fact of the natural world. Many geographers have therefore been willing to unite the two regions as a single continent called “Eurasia.”
Asia + Europe = Eurasia
But is Africa separated from Eurasia by a wide ocean? No! Why not think of Eurasia and Africa together as a single “supercontinent?” Let’s call it “Afroeurasia.”
Africa + Asia + Europe = Afroeurasia
Think of Afroeurasia as having some seas “inside” it. Black Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea You figure out which is which?
One of the big geographical features of Afroeurasia is the Great Arid Zone. This is the belt of arid or semi-arid land that extends nearly across Afroeurasia.
Scenes in the Great Arid Zone of Afroeurasia Extreme dryness Ahaggar Mts., Sahara Desert Semi-aridity Grassy steppes of Mongolia
Historically, peoples who herd animals as a way of life have inhabited many parts of the Great Arid Zone. These herders are pastoral nomads, that is, they move with their herds or flocks from pasture to pasture. Herders in Mongolia
A major theme in world history has been the dynamic relations between pastoral nomadic peoples of the Great Arid Zone… …and peoples who have been farmers or city-dwellers.
Nomadic peoples of the Great Arid Zone both traded and clashed with farming and city-dwelling peoples who lived adjacent to the Great Arid Zone. One of the greatest clashes was the attacks of Mongol nomads on cities of Eurasia in the 13th century.
2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 The Eleven Seas of Afroeurasia They made it easier for people to communicate by water across Afroeurasia. 7 1 Name these seas!
Before modern times, merchants relayed goods from one link in the “chain of seas” to another. That is, a single merchant did not make the trip from one end of the chain to the other, though it was theoretically possible.
Another feature of big geography is the earth’s great mountain chains Mountains have been barriers to human communication. But passes across them have also served as “valves” of communication.
The major winds and currents of the oceans Until the coming of steamships in the 19th century, sailors had to know winds and currents to have confidence that they could sail from one place to another in an approximate amount of time. These winds and currents follow large global patterns. It was a matter of discovering what those patterns were. Indian Ocean Monsoon Winds
The wind cycle in the North Atlantic helped Christopher Columbus sail both ways across the ocean. WIND WIND
So, how many continents? • Afroeurasia • Australia • North America • South America • Antarctica • Afroeurasia • Australia • Americas • Antarctica But is it possible to think of North and South America as ONE continent?
Are the Americas one continent or two?Try to think of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea as bodies of water “inside” the Americas. Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea
Columbia Mississippi Amazon Congo Niger Danube Nile Tigris- Euphrat es Indus Ganges Mekong Yangze Yellow (Huang ) Darling Finally, let’s not forget great rivers. They have served as channels of communication between seas and deep interior lands.
95
96 Archipelago: a string or chain of islands In Zambia, there are some islands such as chilubi , isokwe, kilwa etc
97 Bay: a small body of water partially surrounded by land In Zambia, there are some islands such as Isanga, Mishembe, etc
98 Butte: a visible hill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top (Similar to but smaller than a plateau, mesa and table) In Zambia, these are found in National Parks and valley areasIn Zambia, there are some islands such as chilubi , isokwe, kilwa etc
99 Canal: a man-made waterway for boats or for draining or irrigating land In Zambia, these are found Barotseland
100 Canyon: a deep valley or crevice in the earth’s surface, with very steep sides and usually with a river running through it Also known as gorges; ravines are similar, but not as deep e.g. Zambezi valley
101 Cape: a point of land that extends into the sea or into a lake In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no cape parts
102 Delta: a triangular, fertile area of land around the mouth of a large river The Nile Delta– northern Egypt In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no delta parts
103 Fjord: a narrow, winding ocean inlet with steep cliff-like sides (carved out by a glacier) In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no Fjord parts
104 Glacier: a huge sheet of snow or ice moving slowly down a slope (mountain) or valley In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no cape parts
105 What’s the difference between a GLACIER and an ICEBERG? A glacier is a river of ice, mostly on land. It is fed by snowfields in the mountains and flows down a valley, like a very slow moving river, until it meets with the sea or a lake. An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in water. It may have broken off a glacier.
106 Geyser: a spring from which boiling water and steam gushes into the air in intervals In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no geysers The only geothermal activity in Zambia are hot springs and smallfumaroles in the north -east.
107 Gulf: a large portion of the ocean, partially surrounded by land
108 Island: a body of land completely surrounded by water
109 Isthmus: a narrow strip of land connecting two larger pieces of land The Isthmus of Panama
110 Jungle: land densely covered with trees, vines, etc. (typically found in the tropics) Zambia being a tropical zone country, jungle is expected to be the main feature of the of the country landscape, hence different species of trees. However, Zambia has no significant jungles because much of the land is now arable and that woodland that remains cannot be termed jungle
111 Lagoon: a body of shallow sea or salt water that is separated from a larger sea by some barrier (sand, rock, reef, etc.) Blue Lagoon lies only 120kms west of Lusaka on the Kafue Flats and the vast floodplain attracts thousands of Kafue lechwe, zebra, sitatunga, some buffalo and numerous waterbirds. Mofwe Lagoon is the largest of several lagoons in the Luapula River swamps south of Lake Mweru, in the Luapula Province of Zambia.
112 Lake: a large inland body of standing water (usually freshwater) Lakes Kariba, Bangwelu, Mweru, Kashiba, Ishiba Ng’andu, Kabompo
113 Mesa: a tall, flat-topped mountain with steep, vertical sides (usually found in dry places) Buttes are small mesas
114 Ocean: a large body of salt water Pacific Atlantic
115 Peninsula: a long piece of land surrounded by water on three sides
116 Plain: a large, flat, and mostly treeless area of land Liuwa, Busanga plains in Zambia The Great Plains
117 River: a natural stream of water larger than a brook or creek (typically flowing into an ocean or lake) Zambezi Luangwa Kafue Chambeshi Luapula
118 Sound: a wide channel linking two larger bodies of water or separating an island from the mainland
119 Swamp: wet, spongy land often partly covered with water Bangweulu, Lufwisa, Lufwanyama, Mininga, Lushwishi, Lukanga, Busanga
120 Tundra: a vast, treeless arctic plain
121 Volcano: an opening in the Earth’s surface that forms when lava, gases, and rocks erupt, or burst out, from deep inside the Earth Mt. Saint Helens
122 Thank You
Define the following terms: [Geography, Cartography, Region, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Longitude, Latitude, Territorial, Equator, etc] Respond to the following questions: Give a detailed descriptive account of Zambia’s geography in terms of its grid and region location Give a detailed descriptive account of Zambia’s geography in terms of its population and economical zones Describe in details the geographical maps as they apply to the Zambian scenario Describe various geographical terms with examples of Zambian-based sites Group work discussional questions: Explore pros and cons of the geographical location of Zambia within identified region What are the economical advantages and disadvantages in terms of Zambia’s geographical location and its population Using the geographical terms as stated, relate and discuss them to those found in Zambia Study Questions

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4 3-regional & national geography

  • 1.
    The Computer &Social Science Disciplines The Computer Sciences The Social Sciences Dr. L.T.M. Muungo, PhD
  • 2.
  • 3.
    Introduction to Geography (People,Places, and Environment)
  • 4.
    What Is Geography? •Geography is from two Greek words, Geo – Earth, and Graphien – to write. • It is simply the study of the earth, and everything that goes on, on it. • Geography is the one of the oldest and most diverse fields of study.
  • 5.
    Geography Today • Associationof American Geographers – www.aag.org – 55 topical specialties (page 5) – Geography asks these questions: Where?, What?, When?, Why?, and Why there? • Spatial analysis – has to do with the distribution of a phenomenon in “space” (this doesn’t refer to outer space). Very Geographical concept.
  • 6.
    Geography • Physical –this makes it a natural science. These are the physical charateristics of the environment. • Consideration of Human & Cultural – these make it a social science. Human groups and our activities. • Cartography – All kinds of mapping. • Geographic Information Systems (GIS) – using computers to help make and display maps and analyze data. A sub-branch of Cartography. • All these fields are interrelated (see table on page 5). That is Assignment #2. therefore Geography is very useful when social science is being considered.
  • 7.
    History of Geography •Classical Western World – Eratosthenes (276-194 B.C.). This is actually Egyptian (Africa), he worked in the library of Alexandria. See pg 3. He believed the world was round. – Hipparchus (180-127 B.C.) – 1st to draw grid lines.
  • 8.
    History of Geography Non-EuropeanWorld • Isaiah (40:22) believed the world was round too! – 700 B.C.! – Al-Edrisi (1099-1154) – Ibn-Battuta (1304-1378) – Ibn-Khaldun (1332-1406) – The Tribute of Yu – Kangnido, see map on pg 4 (read) – Africans traveled a LOT – e.g. Timbuktu (pg 9), Queen of Sheba, Ethiopian Eunuch (Acts 8), East Africa, etc.
  • 9.
    “The information thatany citizen needs in order to make an informed decision on an important question of the day is largely geographic.”
  • 10.
    Regions • A Geographyregion is an area that shows similar characteristics. • Does not have abrupt boundaries. E.g. climate, culture, etc. It slowly/ gradually goes into the next region.
  • 11.
    Spatial Analysis &Movement • Distribution of things. E.g. – Density – the number of phenomena (e.g. people, houses, trees, etc) per sq. mile. • Distance – Measurements • Absolute • Time • Cost • Distance Decay Effect – As distance increases, importance of a particular phenomena decreases • Example: Newspaper circulation, radio signals, TV reception
  • 12.
    Three Types ofDiffusion • Diffusion is the spread of ideas, etc. There are 3 main kinds: • Relocation diffusion – e.g. immigration • Contiguous diffusion – e.g. disease • Hierarchical (leapfrog) diffusion – e.g. fashion in cities • Barriers to diffusion – Cultural barriers e.g. political boundaries or differences, cultural differences – Oceans, deserts, distance, time
  • 13.
    4 Physical Systems •Atmosphere (air) e.g. Chapter 2 – weather & climate • Lithosphere (Earth’s solid rocks) e.g. Chapter 3 - landforms • Hydrosphere (water) e.g. Chapter 4 - Biogeochemical Cycles • Biosphere (living organisms) e.g. Chapter 4 - Biogeochemical Cycles and the Biosphere L A H B Interacting spheres
  • 14.
    Human-Environmental Interaction • Natural landscapes –One without evidence of human activity. E.g.? • Cultural landscapes – Reveals how humans modify local environment. E.g.? – What about Central Park? Pg 20
  • 15.
    The Geographic Grid •Longitude - See Greenwich Photos & next slide – Measures distance east to west around the globe beginning at the Prime Meridian – 2 most important lines of longitude: Prime Meridian & the International Date Line – 0-180 degrees East or West • Latitude – Location on the Earth’s surface between the equator and either the north or south pole – Also called parallels – 0-90 degrees North or South
  • 18.
  • 19.
    Map Making • CalledCartography • Scale – Fraction 1/24,000 – Ratio 1:24,000 – Written statement “1 inch equals 1 mile” – Bar style • Detail and area – Small scale map = less detail, large denominator (1:1,000,000) – Large scale map = more detail, small denominator (1:100,000) 0 1 2 43
  • 21.
  • 22.
    Projection • Scientific methodof transferring locations on Earth’s surface to a flat map (“orange peel” concept). See Appendix on pg 591 (Goode’s Interrupted Projection). • 4 types of distortion – see maps on next slide. – Relative size and distance (Mercator). Here, shape is fine, but size is not, esp. at the poles. So the scales are different (see Greenland). Also called “conformal” maps. Pg 26 – Shape and direction (Equal Area projection). These are maps that distort shape but preserve size.
  • 23.
  • 24.
    Geographic Information Technology • Automatedcartography – Conversion of paper to digital formats – Includes Computer Assisted Drawing (CAD) • Sophisticated, specialized digital cartography systems • Easier, cheaper editing. Manual techniques are expensive and time-consuming, esp. when changes had to be made to maps (e.g. Warren County Courthouse)
  • 25.
    Remote Sensing Acquisition ofdata about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from high-flying aircraft
  • 26.
    Satellites • Landsat – 1972;1999 – Sensors measure radiation of colors of visible light • Uses: • Weather satellites – for hurricanes, etc. • GPS – uses longitudes & latitudes (pg 33). • More uses are found on next slide.
  • 27.
    Uses of RemotelySensed Data & GIS Spatial Analysis • Human activities (see next slides) – Changes in plant growth – Drainage patterns (rivers) – Monitoring environmental changes with satellite images, e.g. Lake Chad, pg 1 – Counting lakes, pg 36 – Erosion associated with agriculture – Analyzing changes in food production and land use – Logging and forest management – Wetland monitoring • Wartime applications • Calculating densities and distribution of population **GIS means Geographic Information Systems
  • 28.
  • 29.
    Changes in landuse in China
  • 30.
    GIS • Database softwarefor digital information – Contains same information as regular database • Stores spatial characteristics such as boundary information or coordinates and addresses. • Layers – Information with specific characteristics • Soils, hydrology, land ownership, etc. – Can be combined into layers for analysis. Same concept is used for making globes (see next slide).
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
    Maps • Flat picturesof some portion of the earth
  • 35.
    Parts of aMap • Map key or legend tells what the symbols mean • Title tells what the map is about • Compass rose shows the directions • Scale shows the distance between two places on a map
  • 36.
    Types of maps •Political—shows political lines that divide countries (or states) • Physical—shows the physical features of the earth (mountains, deserts, etc.) • Climate—shows the different climate regions of the earth
  • 37.
    W h att y p e o f m a p i s t h i s ?
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40.
    Types of maps •Territorial—shows a territorial area such as states (Zambia) or regions (Southern Africa) or continent (Africa) • Population—shows where people live or how many people live in certain areas (Zambians) • Road—shows the major roads in an area (Kafue – Mazabuka Main Road)
  • 44.
    Maps • Cardinal directions(north, east, south, west) are found on the compass rose • Intermediate directions (northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest) • You use latitude and longitude to pinpoint location
  • 45.
    Use latitude andlongitude to pinpoint the location of each letter
  • 46.
    Equator and PrimeMeridian • The Equator is located at 0° latitude • The Prime Meridian is located at 0° longitude • Lines of latitude are called parallels • Lines of longitude are called meridians
  • 47.
    Physical Features • Forcivilizations to thrive, you need water, fertile soil and a mild climate • Mountains, deserts, oceans, rainforests, etc.. Are physical features • Mountains and deserts serve as natural geographic barriers- they are hard to cross and separate communities
  • 48.
    1. What isMauna Kea? 2. What island is Red Hill on? 3. What do the dots symbolize? 4. What direction is Kailua from Captain Cook? 5. Name one line of latitude on the map.
  • 49.
    Reading charts, graphsand diagrams • Graphs are used to show and compare data • Draw lines so you can see the information in terms of rows and columns if the lines are not already present. • Read the row and the column that corresponds to it.
  • 50.
    1.Who read the mostbooks? 2.Who read the fewest books? 3.How many more books did Yecenia read than Hunter? 4.How many books did the students read?
  • 51.
    1.How much potatoes were consumedon Wednesday? 2.Which day were the least amount consumed? 3.Which day were the most potatoes consumed?
  • 52.
    1. What isa normal blood pressure for someone age 16? 2. What is the range for moderate hypertension? 3. What is the range for severe hypertension?
  • 53.
  • 54.
    Big Geography The Geographyof Global History
  • 55.
    We need amental picture of the whole world, not just certain parts of it. This is “big geography.”
  • 56.
  • 57.
    Hi. I’m Mundo. Didyou know that how we “see” the world depends on how we project the world?
  • 58.
    The Earth isa sphere. Therefore, it cannot be projected on a flat map without distortion. The question is, which kind of distortion?
  • 59.
    Three World MapProjections Mercator, Peters, and Robinson
  • 60.
    On a Mercatorprojection, invented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569, any straight line is a line of constant compass bearing. This enables a navigator to plot a straight-line course.
  • 61.
    Despite the valuesof the Mercator Projection, it distorts the size and shape of land areas. Fact: South America is 8 times as large as Greenland. Fact: Africa is 14 times as large as Greenland. The Peters Projection is an “equal area” map. It represents areas accurately, but it seriously distorts shapes. Compare the size of Europe to Africa on the two maps. Compare the size of the former USSR to China on the two maps.
  • 62.
    Human beings inhabit thebiosphere. The biosphere is made up of three layers. •The lithosphere: The solid earth, or outer crust of rock, sand, and soil. •The hydrosphere: The watery realm. About 97 percent of it is the oceans. •The atmosphere: The thin layer of gasses, mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
  • 63.
    The lithosphere isin constant, though slow motion. The surface of the earth and the location of its land masses have therefore had a continuously changing history.
  • 64.
    The scene ofhistory is continuously moving land masses. Notice in the left column the names of distinct land masses that no longer exist. The red dot represents the location of the Grand Canyon.  Laurasia Gondwanaland India 550 Million Years Ago 220 Million Years Ago 190 Million Years Ago 130 Million Years Ago 65 Million Years Ago Today
  • 65.
    The largest contextof human history is the entire planet.
  • 66.
    70.9 % ofthe surface of the earth is water. Human beings, however, are a land- dwelling species. We call the biggest land areas continents.
  • 67.
    How many continents arethere? Nine? One? Seven? Five? Four?
  • 68.
    The conventional mapof seven continents But what IS a continent?
  • 69.
    Conventional definition ofa continent A large mass of land surrounded, or nearly surrounded, by water. If that is the conventional definition, why are Europe and Asia separate continents?
  • 70.
    Since the nineteenthcentury, most scholars have accepted the Ural Mountains as part of the dividing Line between “Europe” and “Asia” as continents. The Urals as a border between continents? They are not that impressive.
  • 71.
    Another part ofthe dividing line: Bosporus and Dardanelles (Straits) ASIA
  • 72.
  • 73.
    What significance havethe Bosporus and Dardanelles had as a line dividing peoples from one another in history? Almost none!
  • 74.
    The Ottoman TurkishEmpire about 1550. Its territory cut straight across the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
  • 75.
    Here’s a highwaybridge across the Bosporus. Today, you can drive from “Asia” to “Europe” in a few minutes.
  • 76.
    So, why isEurope a continent? European scholars of the nineteenth century decided that it should be one. One of the benefits of having power in the world is that you get to name things!
  • 77.
    The dividing linebetween “Europe” and “Asia” is not something that is “natural.” That is, it does not exist as a fact of the natural world. Many geographers have therefore been willing to unite the two regions as a single continent called “Eurasia.”
  • 78.
    Asia + Europe= Eurasia
  • 79.
    But is Africa separatedfrom Eurasia by a wide ocean? No! Why not think of Eurasia and Africa together as a single “supercontinent?” Let’s call it “Afroeurasia.”
  • 80.
    Africa + Asia+ Europe = Afroeurasia
  • 81.
    Think of Afroeurasiaas having some seas “inside” it. Black Sea Caspian Sea Mediterranean Sea Persian Gulf Red Sea You figure out which is which?
  • 82.
    One of thebig geographical features of Afroeurasia is the Great Arid Zone. This is the belt of arid or semi-arid land that extends nearly across Afroeurasia.
  • 83.
    Scenes in the GreatArid Zone of Afroeurasia Extreme dryness Ahaggar Mts., Sahara Desert Semi-aridity Grassy steppes of Mongolia
  • 84.
    Historically, peoples whoherd animals as a way of life have inhabited many parts of the Great Arid Zone. These herders are pastoral nomads, that is, they move with their herds or flocks from pasture to pasture. Herders in Mongolia
  • 85.
    A major themein world history has been the dynamic relations between pastoral nomadic peoples of the Great Arid Zone… …and peoples who have been farmers or city-dwellers.
  • 86.
    Nomadic peoples ofthe Great Arid Zone both traded and clashed with farming and city-dwelling peoples who lived adjacent to the Great Arid Zone. One of the greatest clashes was the attacks of Mongol nomads on cities of Eurasia in the 13th century.
  • 87.
    2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 11 The ElevenSeas of Afroeurasia They made it easier for people to communicate by water across Afroeurasia. 7 1 Name these seas!
  • 88.
    Before modern times,merchants relayed goods from one link in the “chain of seas” to another. That is, a single merchant did not make the trip from one end of the chain to the other, though it was theoretically possible.
  • 89.
    Another feature ofbig geography is the earth’s great mountain chains Mountains have been barriers to human communication. But passes across them have also served as “valves” of communication.
  • 90.
    The major windsand currents of the oceans Until the coming of steamships in the 19th century, sailors had to know winds and currents to have confidence that they could sail from one place to another in an approximate amount of time. These winds and currents follow large global patterns. It was a matter of discovering what those patterns were. Indian Ocean Monsoon Winds
  • 91.
    The wind cyclein the North Atlantic helped Christopher Columbus sail both ways across the ocean. WIND WIND
  • 92.
    So, how manycontinents? • Afroeurasia • Australia • North America • South America • Antarctica • Afroeurasia • Australia • Americas • Antarctica But is it possible to think of North and South America as ONE continent?
  • 93.
    Are the Americas one continent or two?Tryto think of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea as bodies of water “inside” the Americas. Gulf of Mexico Caribbean Sea
  • 94.
    Columbia Mississippi Amazon Congo Niger Danube Nile Tigris- Euphrat es IndusGanges Mekong Yangze Yellow (Huang ) Darling Finally, let’s not forget great rivers. They have served as channels of communication between seas and deep interior lands.
  • 95.
  • 96.
    96 Archipelago: a stringor chain of islands In Zambia, there are some islands such as chilubi , isokwe, kilwa etc
  • 97.
    97 Bay: a smallbody of water partially surrounded by land In Zambia, there are some islands such as Isanga, Mishembe, etc
  • 98.
    98 Butte: a visiblehill with steep, often vertical sides and a small, relatively flat top (Similar to but smaller than a plateau, mesa and table) In Zambia, these are found in National Parks and valley areasIn Zambia, there are some islands such as chilubi , isokwe, kilwa etc
  • 99.
    99 Canal: a man-madewaterway for boats or for draining or irrigating land In Zambia, these are found Barotseland
  • 100.
    100 Canyon: a deepvalley or crevice in the earth’s surface, with very steep sides and usually with a river running through it Also known as gorges; ravines are similar, but not as deep e.g. Zambezi valley
  • 101.
    101 Cape: a pointof land that extends into the sea or into a lake In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no cape parts
  • 102.
    102 Delta: a triangular,fertile area of land around the mouth of a large river The Nile Delta– northern Egypt In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no delta parts
  • 103.
    103 Fjord: a narrow,winding ocean inlet with steep cliff-like sides (carved out by a glacier) In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no Fjord parts
  • 104.
    104 Glacier: a hugesheet of snow or ice moving slowly down a slope (mountain) or valley In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no cape parts
  • 105.
    105 What’s the differencebetween a GLACIER and an ICEBERG? A glacier is a river of ice, mostly on land. It is fed by snowfields in the mountains and flows down a valley, like a very slow moving river, until it meets with the sea or a lake. An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in water. It may have broken off a glacier.
  • 106.
    106 Geyser: a springfrom which boiling water and steam gushes into the air in intervals In Zambia, is a landlocked, hence no geysers The only geothermal activity in Zambia are hot springs and smallfumaroles in the north -east.
  • 107.
    107 Gulf: a largeportion of the ocean, partially surrounded by land
  • 108.
    108 Island: a bodyof land completely surrounded by water
  • 109.
    109 Isthmus: a narrowstrip of land connecting two larger pieces of land The Isthmus of Panama
  • 110.
    110 Jungle: land denselycovered with trees, vines, etc. (typically found in the tropics) Zambia being a tropical zone country, jungle is expected to be the main feature of the of the country landscape, hence different species of trees. However, Zambia has no significant jungles because much of the land is now arable and that woodland that remains cannot be termed jungle
  • 111.
    111 Lagoon: a bodyof shallow sea or salt water that is separated from a larger sea by some barrier (sand, rock, reef, etc.) Blue Lagoon lies only 120kms west of Lusaka on the Kafue Flats and the vast floodplain attracts thousands of Kafue lechwe, zebra, sitatunga, some buffalo and numerous waterbirds. Mofwe Lagoon is the largest of several lagoons in the Luapula River swamps south of Lake Mweru, in the Luapula Province of Zambia.
  • 112.
    112 Lake: a largeinland body of standing water (usually freshwater) Lakes Kariba, Bangwelu, Mweru, Kashiba, Ishiba Ng’andu, Kabompo
  • 113.
    113 Mesa: a tall,flat-topped mountain with steep, vertical sides (usually found in dry places) Buttes are small mesas
  • 114.
    114 Ocean: a largebody of salt water Pacific Atlantic
  • 115.
    115 Peninsula: a longpiece of land surrounded by water on three sides
  • 116.
    116 Plain: a large,flat, and mostly treeless area of land Liuwa, Busanga plains in Zambia The Great Plains
  • 117.
    117 River: a naturalstream of water larger than a brook or creek (typically flowing into an ocean or lake) Zambezi Luangwa Kafue Chambeshi Luapula
  • 118.
    118 Sound: a widechannel linking two larger bodies of water or separating an island from the mainland
  • 119.
    119 Swamp: wet, spongyland often partly covered with water Bangweulu, Lufwisa, Lufwanyama, Mininga, Lushwishi, Lukanga, Busanga
  • 120.
    120 Tundra: a vast,treeless arctic plain
  • 121.
    121 Volcano: an openingin the Earth’s surface that forms when lava, gases, and rocks erupt, or burst out, from deep inside the Earth Mt. Saint Helens
  • 122.
  • 123.
    Define the followingterms: [Geography, Cartography, Region, Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Biosphere, Longitude, Latitude, Territorial, Equator, etc] Respond to the following questions: Give a detailed descriptive account of Zambia’s geography in terms of its grid and region location Give a detailed descriptive account of Zambia’s geography in terms of its population and economical zones Describe in details the geographical maps as they apply to the Zambian scenario Describe various geographical terms with examples of Zambian-based sites Group work discussional questions: Explore pros and cons of the geographical location of Zambia within identified region What are the economical advantages and disadvantages in terms of Zambia’s geographical location and its population Using the geographical terms as stated, relate and discuss them to those found in Zambia Study Questions