The document discusses different types of world maps and map projections. It begins by defining what a map is and providing a brief history of mapmaking. It then explains several famous historical maps, such as Ptolemy's map of the world and the 15th century map of Toscanelli. The document also covers different types of map projections like Mercator, azimuthal, and Lambert projections. It concludes by listing some common themes of world maps, such as physical, climate, and travel maps.

1. WORLD MAP
Reported by:
Francis R. Cuenca
Mitzi Lou L.Ancog
Karl MichaelV. Edquila

2. Let’s start with the basics…
Map
-Is a visual representation of an area
-a symbolic depiction highlighting
relationships between elements of that
space such as objects, regions,
and themes

3. A little history
 The earliest existing maps were made by the Babylonians about
2300 BC that were cut on clay tiles for the purposes of taxation.
 Extensive regional maps drawn on silk and dating from the 2nd
century BC, have been found in China.The ability and need to make
maps would appear to be universal.
 The art of mapmaking was advanced in both the Maya and Inca
civilizations, and the Inca as early as the 12th century AD made maps
of the lands they conquered.

4. Ptolemy’sMapoftheWorld
This map shows the world as Greekgeographerand astronomerPtolemy envisionedit in the 2nd century ad. Ptolemy’s
map, basedon the accounts ofsailors, traders, and armies who had traveledin Europe,Africa, and Asia, shows the Indian Ocean
as an enclosedbodyof water. This misconceptionpersistedin Europe until 1488, when BartolomeuDias roundedthe Cape of
GoodHopein southernAfrica and sailed from the Atlantic Oceanto the Indian Ocean.

5. World Map of the 15th Century
This world map is attributed to 15th-century Italian mathematician Paolo del Pozzo Toscanelli. Although his map
contained the same cartographical errors that had existed since classical times, Toscanelli was among the first
scholars to postulate that ships could reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, an idea later embraced by
Christopher Columbus.

6. Early Map of Eastern Europe
Early maps often served several purposes. They provided topographical details
about a country as well as information about the area in relation to the
navigator’s country. This map from about 1600 depicts the maritime commerce
of Barcelona, Spain, with the Near East and the area around the Black Sea.

7. Globe
 a model of the earth or of the heavens
 Globes are a kind of map

9. World Map

10. World Map
 a map of the surface of the Earth
 are often either 'political' or 'physical‘
 political map is to show territorial borders
 physical map is to show features of geography such
as mountains, soil type or land use

11. Political Map

12. Parts of a world map
 Compass rose—a map, a nautical chart or a
paving used to display the orientation of
the cardinal directions, — north, south, east,
and west
—It is also the term for the graduated markings
found on the traditional magnetic compass

14. Parts of a world map
 Scale— the ratio representing the
measurement of the distance and area in
relation to the size of the actual object it
represents
Ex.
1(map) : 10,000(on the earth’s surface)

15. Parts of a world map
 Map legend— since a map is a reduced
representation of the real world, map
symbols are used to represent real objects
 e.g. Colors can be used to indicate a
classification of roads.

16. Parts of a world map
 Geographic grid—made up of meridians of longitude and
parallels of latitude.
 1884- an international prime meridian, passing through
London's Greenwich Observatory, was officially
designated.
—By agreed convention, longitude is marked 180° east and
180° west from 0° at Greenwich, England. Latitude is
marked 90° north and 90° south from the 0° parallel of
the equator

17. PROJECTIONS

18. Mercator Projection
 a cylindrical map projection presented by
the Flemish (Belgian) geographer and
cartographer Gerardus Mercator, in 1569
 became the standard map projection for
nautical purposes because of its ability to
represent lines of constant course, known
as rhumb lines or loxodromes, as straight
segments
 while the linear scale is constant in all
directions around any point, thus
preserving the angles and the shapes of
small objects (which makes the
projection conformal), the Mercator
projection distorts the size and shape of
large objects, as the scale increases from
the Equator to the poles, where it becomes
infinite
 a modified form of cylindrical projection

20. Azimuthal projection
 derived by projecting the
globe onto a plane that may
be tangent to it at any point
 includes the
gnomonic, orthographic, and
stereographic plane
projections
 other types of plane
projections are known as the
azimuthal equal area and the
azimuthal equidistant

21. Azimuthal projection (cont.)
 gnomonic projection is assumed to be formed by rays projected from the
center of the earth
 In the orthographic projection the source of projecting rays is at infinity,
and the resulting map resembles the earth as it would appear if
photographed from outer space
 source of projecting rays for the stereographic projection is a point
diametrically opposite the tangent point of the plane on which the
projection is made

22. Gnomonic projection

23. Stereographic
projection

24. Orthographic
projection

25. Azimuthal equidistant
projection
- Azimuthal equidistant
projections are sometimes
used to show air-route
distances. Distances
measured from the center
are true. Distortion of other
properties increases away
from the center point.

26. Lambert Azimuthal Equal
Area
- This projection was developed by
Lambert in 1772 and is typically
used for mapping large regions like
continents and hemispheres. It is
an azimuthal equal-area
projection, but is not perspective.
Distortion is zero at the center of
the projection, and increases
radially away from this point.

27. More projections… (last na lang
jud)
 Mollweide projection is a pseudocylindrical map projection generally
used for global maps of the world (or sky). Also known as the Babinet
projection, homalographic projection, homolographic projection,
and elliptical projection
 A type of equal-area projection
 Published by mathematician and astronomer Karl (or Carl) Brandan
Mollweide (1774 – 1825) of Leipzig in 1805
 Popularized by Jacques Babinet in 1857, giving it the
name homalographic projection

29. Butterfly World Map
projection
 B.J.S.Cahill (Bernard Joseph Stanislaus Cahill, 1866-
1944), cartographer and architect, was the inventor of the octahedral
"Butterfly Map" (published 1909; patented 1913)
 Enabled all continents to be uninterrupted, and with reasonable fidelity
to a globe
 Cahill demonstrated this principle by also inventing a rubber-ball globe
which could be flattened under a pane of glass in the "Butterfly"
form, then return to its ball shape

31. Dymaxion Map Projection(Fuller
Map)
 A world map onto the surface of a polyhedron, which can be unfolded
and flattened to two dimensions
 Depicts the earth's continents as "one island," or nearly contiguous land
masses
 Created by Buckminster Fuller and patented by him during 1946
 The title The Air-OceanWorld Map was used in the 1954 version. It used
a modified but mostly regular icosahedron as the base for the projection

34. COMMON THEMES and/or TYPES OF
MAPS

35. Economy World Map
 Shows the location and distribution of economic
activities around the world
 Includes: business, exports and imports of
materials, currency, population, food
consumption, banks, etc.

37. Climate World Map
 Shows the average weather or the regular
variations in weather in a place such as country
and region over a period of years
 Includes:
precipitation, temperature, storms, wind and
pressure,

38. Amount of precipitation a year

39. Physical World Map
 Shows the physical attributes of a place
 Includes: topography (this includes
elevation, water systems, and land formations)
and geographical(underlying surface).

40. Shows elevation with the
darkest color as the
lowest and the brightest
as the highest.
Proof: Mt. Everest is in
Nepal which is the red
part above India.

41. Travel Map
 Shows destinations people usually want to go to
 Most commonly found (or sold) in stands for
tourist spots such as the map of Philippines
showing the most sought-after vacationing
places.

44. Wala unta… wala
unta… wala
unta… please lang
jud…

46. Sources:
 WikiPedia
 Microsoft Student with Encarta Premium
2009
 Maps OfWorld (.com)
 http://www.mgaqua.net/AquaDoc/Projection
s/Projections_Azimuthal.aspx