Skip to main content
UploadLanguage (EN)Support
BusinessMobileSocial MediaMarketingTechnologyArt & PhotosCareerDesignEducationPresentations & Public SpeakingGovernment & NonprofitHealthcareInternetLawLeadership & ManagementAutomotiveEngineeringSoftwareRecruiting & HRRetailSalesServicesScienceSmall Business & EntrepreneurshipFoodEnvironmentEconomy & FinanceData & AnalyticsInvestor RelationsSportsSpiritualNews & PoliticsTravelSelf ImprovementReal EstateEntertainment & HumorHealth & MedicineDevices & HardwareLifestyle
Suhas Mandlik, profile picture
Uploaded bySuhas Mandlik
135,100 views

Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Movement

The document outlines the methods and contributions of Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian National Movement, focusing on principles such as satyagraha, non-violence, and swadeshi. It details key events leading to the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, including the Khilafat Movement, Rowlatt Act, and the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy, along with their objectives and impacts. The document also describes the Gandhi-Irwin Pact and the outcomes of the Round Table Conferences in the struggle for Indian independence.

Education◦
H I S T O R Y C H A P T E R 8 . Mahatma Gandhi and The National Movement 1
Gandhi’s methods Satyagraha Non- Violence Swadeshi Mass Movement 2
Gandhiji’s Methods and Directions 1. Satyagraha:  This term is made up of two Sanskrit words- satya (truth) agraha (insist to hold fast).  It means to be fearless, truthful and not accepting what is wrong. 2 .Non-Violence:  Ahimsa or Non-Violence means not killing or avoiding injury.  According to Gandhiji it meant avoiding injury to anything by thought, words, or deed. 3
Gandhiji’s Methods and Directions 3. Swadeshi:  It means producing necessary items in one’s own country and using them.  It means being self-sufficient and not to depend on foreign goods.  Gandhiji promoted Khadi and Charkha for the same. 4. Mass Movement:  He believed that we can bring any change only when masses from all the sections of society will participate in the freedom movement. 4
5Non Cooperation Movement
Non Cooperation Movement (1920) 1) Khilafat Movement 2) Rowlatt Act 3) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy Causes that led to Non Cooperation Movement: 6
1) Khilafat Movement  In the First World War, TURKEY was defeated by BRITISH and OTTOMAN EMPIRE was divided.  All the powers were taken away from Sultan of Turkey who was also Caliph -religious head of Muslims.  Muslims thought that Caliph’s weakening position, would weaken the position of Muslims. So they started protesting.  Here in India, to protest against it, Muslims of India started a powerful movement called as Khilafat Movement against the British. This movement was led by Ali brothers- Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali  They demanded: returning Ottoman empire to Caliph, to give big territory to Caliph, the Arab lands (Arabia, Iraq, Syria, Palestine) to remain under Muslim rule.  17th October,1919 was observed as ‘Khilafat Day.’ 7
Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement  Gandhiji saw in Khilafat Movement an opportunity to unite Hindus & Muslims.  He promoted unity and said that Hindus wouldn’t remain aloof when their Muslim brothers are in need.  He was elected as President of All-India Khilafat Conference and asked them to follow the policy of Non-Cooperation Movement.  By 31st August 1920, Khilafat Non- Cooperation Movement started.  People resigned from government jobs, didn’t pay taxes, did hartals, boycotted foreign goods etc. 8
2) Rowlatt Act  Justice Rowlatt was reported about the growing upsurge (rise) in the country. So, to curb it , he introduced two bills.  Indians opposed these bills, inspite of that, the bills were passed.  This act allowed the Government to: 1. Arrest any person without warrant 2. To keep in camera trail (questioning in seclusion) 3. Restrictions on individuals’ movement 4. Suspension of the right of Habeas Corpus. 9
3) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy  To protest against the arrest of leaders like Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu & Dr. Satya Pal, a large peaceful crowd gathered at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919.  Jallianwala Bagh had only one exit and other three sides were enclosed by buildings.  General Dyer surrounded the Bagh (garden) with his soldiers and closed the exit.  Then he ordered his troops to keep firing till their ammunition (bullets) was exhausted. About 1000 innocent demonstrators were killed and many more were injured.  This shook the nation and Mahatma Gandhi called for Non-Cooperation Movement. 10
Objectives of Non-Cooperation Movement. 11 1. Remedying ‘Khilafat Wrong’- British should give the power and respect back to the Sultan of Turkey. 2. Making British regret for the ‘Punjab Wrong’- Jallianwala Bagh massacre. 3. Annulment (cancellation) of Rowlatt Act. 4. To achieve self government within the British Government if possible and outside if necessary.
12 Programmesof Non-CooperationMovement. Boycott Programmes Boycott of foreign goods Boycott of school & colleges Boycott of elections Resignation from Government Jobs & Surrendering Titles Swadeshi Programmes Popularising Khadi and Swadeshi Establishment of National Schools and Colleges Development of Unity between Hindus and Muslims Upliftment of Women Removal of untouchability
13 Suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement 1 • On February 5, 1922 at Chauri Chaura- a village in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, a police officer had beaten some volunteers who were picketing a liquor shop. 2 • Around 3000 peasants marched to the police station to protest against the Police Officer. The police fired at the peasants. 3 • This infuriated (angry) the peasants and they set the police station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside the police station. • Similar such incidents were reported in the country. Mahatma Gandhi who strongly believed in Ahimsa was shocked with these incidents and on February 12,1922 he suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement,
Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement 14 1. The National Movement became a Mass movement. 2. Nationalism was spread to every part of the country- 4annas membership fee. 3. It increased the Self Confidence and Self Esteem of the people to challenge the British Rule. 4. Congress became a revolutionary movement. 5. Increased Hindu-Muslim Unity. 6. Popularized the Culture of Swaraj: to attain Swaraj within the British Empire, if possible, or outside if necessary. 7. Promoted Social Reforms: removed untouchability, established national schools and colleges, boycott of foreign goods & promoting Indian handicraft and industries. Khadi became a symbol of the National Movement.
15 Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement 1 2 3 4 Suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement Place, Date and Incident? Programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement 1 2 Objectives of Non-Cooperation Movement 1 2 3 4 Causes that Lead to Non-Cooperation Movement 1 2 3 Methods Used By Gandhiji 1 2 3 4
Civil Disobedience Movement (1930) 1) Simon Commission 2) Declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ Factors Leading to Civil Disobedience Movement 16
1) Simon Commission 17  In November 1927, British Government appointed Simon Commission (it was headed by Sir John Simon) to suggest some constitutional reforms.  It had total 7 British Members of Parliament and had no Indian member.  Indians thought that it was intentionally done to insult our self-respect.  INC, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha decided to boycott Simon Commission ‘at every stage and in every form.’
18 3. Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten up mercilessly on 30th October,1928 at Lahore railway station and lost his life due to the lathi blows of the police. 1. The commission was welcomed with Hartals across the nation and it was greeted with SIMON GO BACK slogans and black flags. •2. Government tried to suppress the agitations and police used lathis blows.
Recommendations of Simon Commission 19  Autonomy in provinces  Provincial Legislature Councils should be expanded.  Princely states should also be controlled by the Government.  British troops and Officers should stay for many more years.  High Courts should be controlled by Government of India.  Communal representation would be continued.
Nehru Report 20  British justified the exclusion of Indian in the Simon Commission by stating that Indians are not united and can’t commonly agree on reforms.  So, All Parties came together at the All Parties Conference and Motilal Nehru was made chairman of the committee and presented a report called as Nehru Report to provide a solution to communal problem.
2) Declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ 21  Congress gave an ultimatum to the British Government to accept the Nehru Report by the end of 1929 or to face a mass movement.  After the one year time-limit passed without any positive response from the British, Nehru Report was declared lapsed at the Lahore Session in 1929.  Jawaharlal Nehru was made as the President of Lahore Session of Congress in 1929 and ‘Poorna Swaraj’ was declared as the objective of Congress.  On 31st December 1929, Nehru hoisted Indian tricolor flag on the banks of river Ravi at Lahore.
2) Declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’ 22  Here it was decided that:  Preparation of Civil Disobedience Movement  Word Swaraj here after would mean- Poorna Swaraj.  26th January would be observed at Poorna Swaraj Day throughout the nation & tricolor flags would be hoisted.  Indian would resign from legislatures and would withdraw themselves from any kind of association with the British.
Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement - DANDI MARCH 23  Gandhiji began the historic march from Sabarmati Ashram on 12th March 1930 and reached Dandi, (a village in Gujarat) on 6th April 1930.  He picked up some salt and violated the Salt Laws imposed by the British.  He selected to attack Salt-Tax because it affected all sections of the society, especially the poor.  By breaking the Salt Law, Gandhiji launched the Civil Disobedience Movement.
24 Programmesof CivilDisobedienceMovement Boycott Programmes Boycott of foreign clothes Boycott of foreign goods Boycott of liquor Other Programmes Breaking Salt Laws Non payment of taxes and revenues All other Programmes used in the Non Cooperation Movemement
25 Poorna Swaraj NCM+CDM>>NCM >>
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 26 Nationalism was spread to every part of the country.  It reached North-West India, where under the leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly known as the Frontier Gandhi led the freedom struggle. His group was called as ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’ (Servants of God) also known as Red Shirts.  People refused to pay Taxes and Revenues.  People joined hartals and demonstrations to boycott foreign goods and picketing of liquor shops.
27 Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan- The Frontier Gandhi
First Round Table Conference 28  First Round Table Conference (November 12, 1930 to January 19, 1931) was held at London.  Congress was unhappy with the Simon Commission and hence boycotted the First Round Table Conference.  British realized that discussing about Constitutional Reforms for India without Congress representatives is worthless.  First Round Table Conference was a failure.
Gandhi- Irwin Pact (1931) 29  In March 1931, Lord Irwin- the Viceroy opened negotiations with Gandhi with the help of some Indian leaders, which resulted in signing the Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Under which it was decided that: Irwin/British Government Gandhi/Congress • Withdraw all ordinances •Suspend Civil Disobedience Movement • Release all prisoners, except those guilty of violence •To participate in the Second Round Table Conference • Allow peaceful picketing of liquor shops and foreign goods • Not to investigate into police excesses (forceful actions) •Return properties of Satyagrahis that was taken away from them. • Allow Manufacturing Salt near Seacoast.
Second Round Table Conference 30  Second Round Table Conference (September 7, 1930 to December 1, 1931) was held at London.  As per the terms of Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji attended the Second Round Table Conference.  However, there he found that all communities were interested to get separate electorates and the question of Independence was kept aside.  And British refused to immediately grant dominion status to India.  Gandhiji returned disappointed.
Renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement 31  Gandhiji returned disappointed from the Second Round Table Conference.  The Great Economic Depression, 1930 had affected poor Indian farmers badly.  Gandhi tried to meet Viceroy Willingdon but he refused.  Congress renewed the Civil Disobedience Movement on January 4, 1932. -------------------------------------------------------------------  Gandhiji was arrested.  Government followed severe suppression and gradually CDM lost its force and ended in 1934. Gandhi kept himself away from politics for one year.
Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement 32 1. Tide of Nationalism had shaken the British Government. The ban on Congress was removed in 1934. 2. Participation from all sections of society including shopkeepers, workers, merchants etc joined the freedom struggle. 3. Spread of Nationalism across the nation. 4. People followed Non-Violence. 5. Social Reforms: ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ changed the social conditions. Depressed classes were given entry into temples and were allowed to take water from wells. 6. Parbhat Pheris (men and women who went around towns and villages singing patriotic songs in the early morning) became popular. Children participated through Vanar Sena and girls formed the Manjari Sena. Handwritten Patrikas or news-sheets were distributed.
33 Impact of CDM 1 2 3 4 Renewal of CDM Second Round Table Conference Dates? Location? Gandhi- Irwin Pact Clauses? First Round Table Conference Dates? Location? Programmes of CDM/ Frontier Gandhi? Launch of CDM- Dandi March Place, Date and Incident? Nehru Report * Causes that Lead to Civil Disobedience Movement 1 2