ICSE Grade X History Chapter- Mahatma Gandhi and the National Movement (Indian National Movement- Mass Movement Phase) Non Cooperation Movement & Civil Disobedience Movement

1. H I S T O R Y C H A P T E R 8 .
Mahatma Gandhi and The
National Movement
1

2. Gandhi’s
methods
Satyagraha
Non-
Violence
Swadeshi
Mass
Movement
2

3. Gandhiji’s Methods and Directions
1. Satyagraha:
 This term is made up of two Sanskrit words-
satya (truth) agraha (insist to hold fast).
 It means to be fearless, truthful and not
accepting what is wrong.
2 .Non-Violence:
 Ahimsa or Non-Violence means not killing or
avoiding injury.
 According to Gandhiji it meant avoiding injury to
anything by thought, words, or deed.
3

4. Gandhiji’s Methods and Directions
3. Swadeshi:
 It means producing necessary items in one’s own country
and using them.
 It means being self-sufficient and not to depend on
foreign goods.
 Gandhiji promoted Khadi and Charkha for the same.
4. Mass Movement:
 He believed that we can bring any change only when
masses from all the sections of society will
participate in the freedom movement.
4

5. 5Non Cooperation Movement

6. Non Cooperation Movement (1920)
1) Khilafat Movement
2) Rowlatt Act
3) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
Causes that led to Non Cooperation Movement:
6

7. 1) Khilafat Movement
 In the First World War, TURKEY was defeated by
BRITISH and OTTOMAN EMPIRE was divided.
 All the powers were taken away from Sultan of Turkey
who was also Caliph -religious head of Muslims.
 Muslims thought that Caliph’s weakening position,
would weaken the position of Muslims. So they
started protesting.
 Here in India, to protest against it, Muslims of India
started a powerful movement called as Khilafat
Movement against the British. This movement was led
by Ali brothers- Mohammad Ali & Shaukat Ali
 They demanded: returning Ottoman empire to Caliph, to
give big territory to Caliph, the Arab lands (Arabia, Iraq,
Syria, Palestine) to remain under Muslim rule.
 17th October,1919 was observed as ‘Khilafat Day.’
7

8. Khilafat Non-Cooperation Movement
 Gandhiji saw in Khilafat Movement an
opportunity to unite Hindus & Muslims.
 He promoted unity and said that Hindus wouldn’t
remain aloof when their Muslim brothers are in
need.
 He was elected as President of All-India Khilafat
Conference and asked them to follow the policy of
Non-Cooperation Movement.
 By 31st August 1920, Khilafat Non-
Cooperation Movement started.
 People resigned from government jobs, didn’t pay
taxes, did hartals, boycotted foreign goods etc.
8

9. 2) Rowlatt Act
 Justice Rowlatt was reported about the growing
upsurge (rise) in the country. So, to curb it , he
introduced two bills.
 Indians opposed these bills, inspite of that, the bills were
passed.
 This act allowed the Government to:
1. Arrest any person without warrant
2. To keep in camera trail (questioning in
seclusion)
3. Restrictions on individuals’ movement
4. Suspension of the right of Habeas Corpus.
9

10. 3) Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy
 To protest against the arrest of leaders like Dr. Saifuddin
Kitchlu & Dr. Satya Pal, a large peaceful crowd gathered
at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on April 13, 1919.
 Jallianwala Bagh had only one exit and other three
sides were enclosed by buildings.
 General Dyer surrounded the Bagh (garden) with his
soldiers and closed the exit.
 Then he ordered his troops to keep firing till their
ammunition (bullets) was exhausted. About 1000
innocent demonstrators were killed and many more were
injured.
 This shook the nation and Mahatma Gandhi called for
Non-Cooperation Movement.
10

11. Objectives of Non-Cooperation Movement.
11
1. Remedying ‘Khilafat Wrong’- British should give
the power and respect back to the Sultan of Turkey.
2. Making British regret for the ‘Punjab Wrong’-
Jallianwala Bagh massacre.
3. Annulment (cancellation) of Rowlatt Act.
4. To achieve self government within the
British Government if possible and outside if
necessary.

12. 12
Programmesof
Non-CooperationMovement.
Boycott
Programmes
Boycott of foreign
goods
Boycott of school
& colleges
Boycott of
elections
Resignation from
Government Jobs
& Surrendering
Titles
Swadeshi
Programmes
Popularising
Khadi and
Swadeshi
Establishment of
National Schools
and Colleges
Development of
Unity between
Hindus and
Muslims
Upliftment of
Women
Removal of
untouchability

13. 13
Suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement
1
• On February 5, 1922 at Chauri Chaura- a
village in Gorakhpur district of Uttar
Pradesh, a police officer had beaten some
volunteers who were picketing a liquor shop.
2
• Around 3000 peasants marched to the
police station to protest against the Police
Officer. The police fired at the peasants.
3
• This infuriated (angry) the peasants and they set the police
station on fire, killing 22 policemen who were inside
the police station.
• Similar such incidents were reported in the country.
Mahatma Gandhi who strongly believed in Ahimsa was
shocked with these incidents and on February 12,1922 he
suspended the Non-Cooperation Movement,

14. Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement
14
1. The National Movement became a Mass movement.
2. Nationalism was spread to every part of the country-
4annas membership fee.
3. It increased the Self Confidence and Self Esteem of the
people to challenge the British Rule.
4. Congress became a revolutionary movement.
5. Increased Hindu-Muslim Unity.
6. Popularized the Culture of Swaraj: to attain Swaraj within
the British Empire, if possible, or outside if necessary.
7. Promoted Social Reforms: removed untouchability,
established national schools and colleges, boycott of foreign
goods & promoting Indian handicraft and industries. Khadi
became a symbol of the National Movement.

15. 15
Impact of Non-Cooperation Movement
1 2 3 4
Suspension of Non-Cooperation Movement
Place, Date and Incident?
Programmes of Non-Cooperation Movement
1 2
Objectives of Non-Cooperation Movement
1 2 3 4
Causes that Lead to Non-Cooperation Movement
1 2 3
Methods Used By Gandhiji
1 2 3 4

16. Civil Disobedience Movement (1930)
1) Simon
Commission
2) Declaration of
‘Poorna Swaraj’
Factors Leading to Civil Disobedience Movement
16

17. 1) Simon Commission
17
 In November 1927, British Government appointed
Simon Commission (it was headed by Sir John Simon) to
suggest some constitutional reforms.
 It had total 7 British Members of Parliament
and had no Indian member.
 Indians thought that it was intentionally done to
insult our self-respect.
 INC, Muslim League and Hindu Mahasabha
decided to boycott Simon Commission ‘at every
stage and in every form.’

18. 18
3. Lala Lajpat Rai was beaten up
mercilessly on 30th October,1928 at Lahore
railway station and lost his life due to the
lathi blows of the police.
1. The
commission was
welcomed with
Hartals across
the nation and it
was greeted with
SIMON GO
BACK slogans
and black flags.
•2. Government
tried to suppress
the agitations and
police used lathis
blows.

19. Recommendations of Simon Commission
19
 Autonomy in provinces
 Provincial Legislature Councils should be expanded.
 Princely states should also be controlled by the
Government.
 British troops and Officers should stay for many
more years.
 High Courts should be controlled by Government of
India.
 Communal representation would be continued.

20. Nehru Report
20
 British justified the exclusion of Indian in the Simon
Commission by stating that Indians are not united
and can’t commonly agree on reforms.
 So, All Parties came together at the All Parties
Conference and Motilal Nehru was made
chairman of the committee and presented a report
called as Nehru Report to provide a solution to
communal problem.

21. 2) Declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’
21
 Congress gave an ultimatum to the British Government
to accept the Nehru Report by the end of 1929 or to
face a mass movement.
 After the one year time-limit passed without any
positive response from the British, Nehru Report
was declared lapsed at the Lahore Session in 1929.
 Jawaharlal Nehru was made as the President of
Lahore Session of Congress in 1929 and ‘Poorna
Swaraj’ was declared as the objective of Congress.
 On 31st December 1929, Nehru hoisted Indian
tricolor flag on the banks of river Ravi at Lahore.

22. 2) Declaration of ‘Poorna Swaraj’
22
 Here it was decided that:
 Preparation of Civil Disobedience Movement
 Word Swaraj here after would mean- Poorna Swaraj.
 26th January would be observed at Poorna Swaraj
Day throughout the nation & tricolor flags would be
hoisted.
 Indian would resign from legislatures and would
withdraw themselves from any kind of association
with the British.

23. Launch of Civil Disobedience Movement -
DANDI MARCH
23
 Gandhiji began the historic march from Sabarmati
Ashram on 12th March 1930 and reached Dandi,
(a village in Gujarat) on 6th April 1930.
 He picked up some salt and violated the Salt Laws
imposed by the British.
 He selected to attack Salt-Tax because it affected all
sections of the society, especially the poor.
 By breaking the Salt Law, Gandhiji launched the
Civil Disobedience Movement.

24. 24
Programmesof
CivilDisobedienceMovement
Boycott
Programmes
Boycott of
foreign clothes
Boycott of foreign
goods
Boycott of liquor
Other
Programmes
Breaking Salt
Laws
Non payment of
taxes and revenues
All other
Programmes used
in the Non
Cooperation
Movemement

25. 25
Poorna
Swaraj
NCM+CDM>>NCM >>

26. Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan
26
Nationalism was spread to every part of the
country.
 It reached North-West India, where under the
leadership of Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan popularly
known as the Frontier Gandhi led the freedom struggle.
His group was called as ‘Khudai Khidmatgars’
(Servants of God) also known as Red Shirts.
 People refused to pay Taxes and Revenues.
 People joined hartals and demonstrations to boycott
foreign goods and picketing of liquor shops.

27. 27
Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan- The Frontier Gandhi

28. First Round Table Conference
28
 First Round Table Conference (November 12,
1930 to January 19, 1931) was held at London.
 Congress was unhappy with the Simon
Commission and hence boycotted the First
Round Table Conference.
 British realized that discussing about Constitutional
Reforms for India without Congress representatives
is worthless.
 First Round Table Conference was a failure.

29. Gandhi- Irwin Pact (1931)
29
 In March 1931, Lord Irwin- the Viceroy opened
negotiations with Gandhi with the help of some Indian
leaders, which resulted in signing the Gandhi-Irwin
Pact. Under which it was decided that:
Irwin/British Government Gandhi/Congress
• Withdraw all ordinances •Suspend Civil Disobedience
Movement
• Release all prisoners, except
those guilty of violence
•To participate in the Second Round
Table Conference
• Allow peaceful picketing of
liquor shops and foreign goods
• Not to investigate into police
excesses (forceful actions)
•Return properties of Satyagrahis
that was taken away from them.
• Allow Manufacturing Salt near
Seacoast.

30. Second Round Table Conference
30
 Second Round Table Conference (September 7,
1930 to December 1, 1931) was held at London.
 As per the terms of Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Gandhiji
attended the Second Round Table Conference.
 However, there he found that all communities were
interested to get separate electorates and the
question of Independence was kept aside.
 And British refused to immediately grant dominion
status to India.
 Gandhiji returned disappointed.

31. Renewal of Civil Disobedience Movement
31
 Gandhiji returned disappointed from the Second Round
Table Conference.
 The Great Economic Depression, 1930 had affected poor
Indian farmers badly.
 Gandhi tried to meet Viceroy Willingdon but he refused.
 Congress renewed the Civil Disobedience Movement on
January 4, 1932.
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 Gandhiji was arrested.
 Government followed severe suppression and gradually
CDM lost its force and ended in 1934. Gandhi kept
himself away from politics for one year.

32. Impact of Civil Disobedience Movement
32
1. Tide of Nationalism had shaken the British Government.
The ban on Congress was removed in 1934.
2. Participation from all sections of society including
shopkeepers, workers, merchants etc joined the freedom
struggle.
3. Spread of Nationalism across the nation.
4. People followed Non-Violence.
5. Social Reforms: ‘Harijan Sevak Sangh’ changed the social
conditions. Depressed classes were given entry into temples
and were allowed to take water from wells.
6. Parbhat Pheris (men and women who went around
towns and villages singing patriotic songs in the early
morning) became popular. Children participated through
Vanar Sena and girls formed the Manjari Sena.
Handwritten Patrikas or news-sheets were distributed.

33. 33
Impact of CDM
1 2 3 4
Renewal of CDM
Second Round Table Conference
Dates? Location?
Gandhi- Irwin Pact
Clauses?
First Round Table Conference
Dates? Location?
Programmes of CDM/ Frontier Gandhi?
Launch of CDM- Dandi March
Place, Date and Incident?
Nehru Report *
Causes that Lead to Civil Disobedience Movement
1 2