1. Made by- Dennis
Umang
Raunak
Karan
Divyank
Siddhant

2. -The Rowlatt Act was a law passed by the British in colonial India
in March 1919, indefinitely extending "emergency measures" (of the
Defense of India Regulations Act ) enacted during the First World
War in order to control public unrest and root out conspiracy. Passed
on the recommendations of the Rowlatt Committee , named for its
president, British judge Sir Sidney Rowlatt , this act effectively
authorized the government to imprison for a maximum period of two
years, without trial, any person suspected of terrorism living in the
Raj. The Rowlatt Act gave British imperial authorities power to deal
with revolutionary activities. Mohandas Gandhi , among other
Indian leaders, was extremely critical of the Act and argued that not
everyone should be punished in response to isolated political crimes.
The Act led to indignation from Indian leaders and the public, which
caused the government to implement repressive measures.

3. -Gandhi and others found that constitutional opposition to the
measure was fruitless, so on April 6, a " hartal " was organized where
Indians would suspend all business and fast as a sign of their hatred
for the legislation. This event is known as the Rowlatt satyagraha .
However, the success of the hartal in Delhi , on 30 March, was
overshadowed by tensions running high, which resulted in rioting in
the Punjab and other provinces. Deciding that Indians were not ready
to make a stand consistent with the principle of ahimsa (nonviolence), an integral part of satyagraha, Gandhi suspended the
resistance. The Rowlatt Act came into effect in March 1919. In the
Punjab the protest movement was very strong, and on April 10, two
outstanding leaders of the congress, Dr. Satya Pal and Dr. Saifuddin
Kitchlew , were arrested and taken to an unknown place.

4. -The incident in Jallian Wala Bagh was 'an extraordinary event, a
monstrous event, an event which stands in singular and sinister isolation"
...Winston Churchill. It started a few months after the end of the first
world war when an Englishwoman, a missionary, reported that she had
been molested on a street in the Punjab city of Amritsar. The Raj's local
commander, Brigadier General Reginald Dyer, issued an order requiring
all Indians using that street to crawl its length on their hands and knees.
He also authorized the indiscriminate, public whipping of natives who
came within lathi length of British policemen. On April 13, 1919, a
multitude of Punjabis gathered in Amritsar's Jallian wala Bagh as part of
the Sikh Festival "Baisakhi fair" and to protest at these extraordinary
measures. The throng, penned in a narrow space smaller than Trafalgar
Square, had been peacefully listening to the testimony of victims when
Dyer appeared at the head of a contingent of British troops. Giving no
word of warning, he ordered 50 soldiers to fire into the gathering, and for
10 to 15 minutes 1,650 rounds of ammunition were unloaded into the
screaming, terrified crowd, some of whom were trampled by those
desperately trying to escape.

5. -The Lucknow pact showed that it was possible for middle-class, Englisheducated Muslims and Hindus to arrive at an amicable settlement on
Hindu-Muslim constitutional and political problems. This unity reached its
climax during the Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movements. After
World War I, the Ottoman Empire faced dismemberment. Under the
leadership of the Ali Brothers, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Maulana
Shaukat Ali, the Muslims of South Asia launched the historic Khilafat
Movement to try and save it. Mohandas Karam Chand Gandhi linked the
issue of Swaraj with the Khilafat issue to associate Hindus with the
movement. The ensuing movement was the first countrywide popular
movement. The Muslims of India had a strong feeling of identity with the
world community of Islam. They had seen the decline in the political
fortunes of Islam as the European powers conquered the Muslim lands one
after the other. The Anglo-Russian convention of 1908 had reduced their
next-door neighbor Iran to a mere dependency. Afghanistan also suffered as
it was a bone of contention between Russia and Britain, and was now under
the latter's sphere of influence. The general impression among the Muslims
of India was that the western powers were waging a war against Islam
throughout the world in order to rob it of all its power and influence. The
Ottoman Empire was the only Muslim power that had maintained a
semblance of authority and the Muslims of India wanted to save the Islamic
political power from extinction.

6. -The independence movement as late as 1918 was an elitist movement far
removed from the masses of India, focusing essentially on a unified
commerce-oriented territory and hardly a call for a united nation. Gandhi
changed all that and made it a mass movement. At the Calcutta session of
the Congress in September 1920, Gandhi convinced other leaders of the need
to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Khilafat as well as for
swaraj (self rule). The first satyagraha movement urged the use of khadi and
Indian material as alternatives to those shipped from Britain . It also urged
people to boycott British educational institutions and law courts; resign
from government employment; refuse to pay taxes; and forsake British titles
and honours. Although this came too late to influence the framing of the
new Government of India Act 1919 , the movement enjoyed widespread
popular support, and the resulting unparalleled magnitude of disorder
presented a serious challenge to foreign rule. However, Gandhi called off
the movement following the Chauri Chaura incident, which saw the death of
twenty-two policemen at the hands of an angry mob. Membership in the
party was opened to anyone prepared to pay a token fee, and a hierarchy of
committees was established and made responsible for discipline and
control over a hitherto amorphous and diffuse movement. The party was
transformed from an elite organization to one of mass national appeal and
participation.

7. -The Salt March , also known as the Salt Satyagraha began with the Dandi March on
March 12, 1930, and was an important part of the Indian independence movement . It
was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the
British salt monopoly in colonial India , and triggered the wider Civil Disobedience
Movement . This was the most significant organized challenge to British authority
since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920–22, and directly followed the Purna
Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on January
26, 1930. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (commonly called Mahatma Gandhi) led
the Dandi march from his base, Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad , to the sea
coast near the village of Dandi . As he continued on this 24 day, 240 mile (390 km)
march to produce salt without paying the tax, growing numbers of Indians joined
him along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6:30 am on April 6, 1930, it
sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by
millions of Indians. [1] The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and
British attitudes toward Indian independence [2][3] and caused large numbers of
Indians to join the fight for the first time. After making salt at Dandi, Gandhi
continued southward along the coast, producing salt and addressing meetings on
the way. His group planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 25
miles south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of May 4–
5, 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana.