The document summarizes the key developments in the Indian independence movement. It discusses how nationalism grew in response to British rule, oppression, and economic exploitation. The movement started with moderate groups like the Indian National Congress but later adopted more radical tactics under leaders like Tilak, Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal. Major events that intensified nationalism included the partition of Bengal, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, and the non-cooperation movement led by Gandhi. The movement eventually led to independence from Britain in 1947 after campaigns of civil disobedience and the Quit India movement, though partition resulted in violence and loss of life.

4. The strengthening of a common
national identity gave rise to an
organized national movement.
 People started looking beyond their
regional boundaries and imagined
India as a single nation and,
themselves a part of this nation.

5. NATIONALISM IS THE FEELING
OF ONENESS AMONG THE
PEOPLE .

7.  They treated India as a source from
where they could cheaply obtain raw
materials.
 India was made to pay for the upkeep of
British army and wars Britain fought.
 Frequent famines were an indication of
poverty.
 The attitude of superiority was also
disliked. The British considered themselves
of a superior race and Indians belonging
to an inferior one.
 All these factors resulted in growing
opposition to the British rule.

8. FREQUENT FAMINES WERE AN
INDICATION OF POVERTY.

10.  The railways ,telegraph and postal system
helped people to come in contact with one
another.
 They realized that British rule was
responsible for their suffering.
 People from all the parts of the country
came and started working together in the
modern industries.
 By this a feeling of soliditary and
togetherness developed .

11. MODERN INDUSTRIES HELPED PEOPLE TO
COME CLOSE TO ONE ANOTHER

13. Press became a medium to
mobilize public opinion and
started to create a feeling of
national bonding.
The government tried to suppress
them by banning such books and
newspaper.
These attempts however failed.

14. THE PRESS CREATED A FEELING OF
NATIONALISM

16.  The policies of Lord Lytton intensified the
feeling of nationalism.
 He removed import duties on British
goods which ruined the textile industry of
India.
 He made India pay for the afghan war
 The Vernacular Press Act of and Arms Act
of 1878 imposed Restrictions on
vernacular newspaper and forbade
Indians to carry arms respectively.

17. LORD LYTTON INTENSIFIED THE FEELING
OF NATIONALISM

18. SURENDRANATH BANERJEA FORMED THE
BRITISH INDIAN ASSOCIATION IN 1851

19. AO HUME FORMED THE INDIAN NATIONAL
CONGRESS
INC was created to prevent
another nationwide outbreak
like the on that took place in 1857

20.  They were moderate in their objectives
and methods.
 Some demands of moderates were:-
 Freedom of speech and expression.
 Promotion of education.
 A cut in military expenditure.
 Stopping the drain of India’s wealth to
Britain.

21. SOME OF THE MODERATE LEADERS:-

22.  The radicals felt that the present ways of
the moderates were ineffective.
 They called for stronger actions such as
boycotts , strikes , picketing , mass
demonstrations to achieve political
reforms.
 The three most famous radical leaders
were , Lala Lajpat Rai , Bal Gangadhar
Tilak , Bipin Candra Pal. Commonly known
as Lal-Bal-Pal.

23. LAL-BAL-PAL THE FAMOUS RADICAL
NATIONALISTS

25.  Bengal was partitioned by Lord Curzon on
19 July 1905.
 The reason that was given was that since
Bengal was too big , it was important to
divide due to efficient administration.
 The real reason was however to sow
seeds of disunity between Hindus and
Muslims.
 The partition was widely criticized and the
national movement instead of weakening
became more organized.

26. BENGAL WAS PARTITIONED BY LORD
CURZON

28.  Young men used force to expel the British.
They formed secret societies to train their
members.
 The two most active societies were
Abhinava Bharat Society in Maharashtra
and the Anushilan Samiti in Bengal.
 Some revolutionaries were also active
abroad , especially in Europe . Like the
Ghadar Party and Madam Bhikaji Cama.
 They inspired many people but were
unable to involve them as the people did
not want to sacrifice their lives.

31. MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND
GANDHI
 He was born on 2 October 1869 at
Porbandar (Gujarat).
 Gandhiji came back to India in 1915.He
introduced a new powerful method of
struggle called Satyagraha.

33.  Champaran in Bihar [1917]: It was a movement of
workers in the indigo plantations of the
Champaran district of Bihar. It was against the
oppressive plantation system.
 Kheda in Gujarat :Crop failure and plague
epidemic made the life of the farmers miserable in
the Kheda district of Gujarat. So, they started a
movement under Gandhiji’s leadership with the
demand for suspension of tax collection.
 Ahemdabad [1918]: Low wages and poor working
conditions forced the mill workers of Ahmedabad
to start a movement under Gandhiji’s leadership
in 1918.

35.  This Act gave the government the power
to imprison any person without any trial
for a period of two years.
 Aim of this act was to destroy the national
movement by imprisoning the national
workers.
 It was a black law because it was against
basic human rights.

36. ROWLATT ACT

38.  On 10 April 1919, a public meeting was
organized at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar
to protest against the arrests of national
leaders.
 Many villagers who came to attend a fair
were also present in the park.
 General Dyer reached the meeting place
along with the British troops. He ordered
the troops to fire. The firing lasted for
nearly 10 minutes.
 More than thousand people were killed
and many were wounded. This incident is
called Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.

41.  All national leaders condemned this
cowardly act .
 Rabindranath Tagore renounced his
knigthood.
 Martial law was declared in Punjab.
 People were tortured and newspapers
were banned.

43.  It was organized by Mohammad Ali and
Shaukat Ali.
 They fought against the injustices done to
Turkey after the First World War.
 Its leaders put pressure on the Britishers
for better treatment.

45. THE INCIDENT OF CHAURI CHAURA
 On fifth February , 1922 a volunteer
leading in a protest march was beat by
the police.
 They became angry and set fire to the
police station in which 22 policemen died.
 Gandhiji was strictly against and any
violence and withdrew the Non-
Cooperation movement immediately.

47.  Revolutionary activities revived after the
withdrawal of the Non – Cooperation
Movement in 1924.
 The Revolutionary Leaders formed the
Hindustan Republic Association with an
objective to overthrow the British .
 In 1928 they assassinated a British police
officer named Saunders.
 In the same year the name of HRA was
changed to Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association because Bhagat Singh felt that
Socialism should be one of their goals.

48.  On 8 April 1929 , Bhagat Singh and
Batukeshwar Dutt threw a bomb in the
Central Legislative Council to protest
against the Public Safety Bill and the
arrest of 31 labour leaders.
 Surya Sen organized the Indian
Republican Army.
 Bhagat Singh , Rajguru and Sukhdev were
hanged on 23 March 1931.

51.  It was a statutory commission set up by
the British under Sir John Simon.
 It was appointed to look into the working
of the Government of India Act of 1919.
 The Indians were extremely disappointed
because:-
 All its members were Englishmen.
 It refused to accept the demand of
Swaraj.
 When it came in India all – India hartals
and slogans of ‘Simon Go Back’ were
raised.

53. DEVELOPMENTS THAT LED TO THE
LAUNCHING OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
 Indians launched a powerful struggle against the
Simon Commission. The government resorted to
repression.
 Great Depression made the life of the people
highly miserable.
 Lahore Conspiracy case and Meerut Conspiracy
case created discontent among the Indians.
 Lahore Congress of 1929 declared Poorna Swaraj
as its aim and decided to launch the Civil
Disobedience Movement.
 Gandhiji inaugurated the movement by breaking
the Salt Law at Dandi.

56.  In November 1930 , the government called
a conference in London to discuss the
reforms proposed by the Simon
Commission.
 The Congress boycotted it . Only the
Muslim League , the Hindu Mahasabha
and the representatives of the Indian
princes participated.
 Without the participation of the Congress ,
no decision could be taken.
 Thus , it was a failure.

59.  Gandhiji met Viceroy Irwin and signed the
Gandhi – Irwin pact.
 Under it :-
 The government agreed to release all
political prisoners except those charged
with acts of violence.
 The Congress , in turn , agreed to suspend
the Civil Disobedience Movement and
participate in the Second Round Table
Conference.

62.  In September 1931 , Gandhiji went to
London for another conference .
 Most of the people claimed to be
representatives only of their respective
communities. Only Gandhiji represented
the whole country.
 The Government refused to accept the
demands put up by Gandhiji and the
conference ended as a failure.

64.  Its main feature were as follows :-
 India was to become a federation if more
than half of the princely states decided to
join it.
 Provincial autonomy was granted. The
ministers of the provincial governments
were to be responsible to the legislature.
The power of the legislature was also
increased. The right to vote , however ,
remained limited . Only 14 percent people
had voting rights.

65.  Dyarchy was abolished at the provincial
level but introduced at the Centre. The
Viceroy became more powerful and was
not responsible to the legislature.

67.  In August 1942 , Mahatma Gandhi launched
the Quit India Movement.
 A resolution was passed on 8 August 1942
in Bombay by the All India Congress
Committee declaring its demand for an
immediate end of British Rule.
 Gandhiji ‘s slogan of ‘’Do or Die’’ inspired
the entire nation.
 The government’s was quick and
aggressive and also responded with
terrible brutality.

70.  An important role was played by Rash
Behari Bose. General Mohan Singh was
the leader of the army.
 In 1943 , the Azad Hind Fauj came in the
hands of Subhas Chandra Bose.
 On 21 October he declared the formation
of the Provisional Government of
Independent India in Singapore. He went
to the Andamans and hoisted the Indian
flag there.
 Rani Jhansi Regiment was formed led by
Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan.

73.  The Muslim League and the Indian princes
refused to participate in in the working of
the Constituent Assembly.
 Lord Mountbatten came to India in March
1947 as the new Viceroy. He presented a
plan according to which India was to be
divided into to two countries India and
Pakistan.
 Hindu – Muslim riots had broken out in
many parts. The announcement of
partition led to more riots.

74.  Gandhiji kept a fast onto death to stop
these killings.
 To prevent these killings , the Congress
reluctantly agreed to the partition.
 On 15 August 1947 India became
independent after almost 200 years of
British rule.

76.  Within months of achieving independence
, India went into mourning again.
 On 30 October 1948 , Mahatma Gandhi , the
Father of the Nation was shot dead.
 The man who stood for peace, non –
violence and communal harmony fell a
victim to the forces of communalism.
 His absence is felt by every Indian even
today.
He will always be remembered as one who
made his life a lesson for all ages to come
- Rabindranath Tagore