Nios Std X, 10th , Social Science, Ch 8 indian national movement

1. Ch: 8 INDIAN NATIONAL
MOVEMENT

2. The rise of nationalism among the
Indians

3. • 1. Economic exploitation by the British angered the people and
they were united to fight against the British.
• 2. One set of laws of British Government for the entire country
led to political and administrative unity.
• 3. The social and religious reform movements of the 19th
century also
contributed to the feeling of Nationalism.

4. The social and religious reform movements

5. Indian National Congress
• The Indian National Congress was founded by Allan
Octavian Hume in 1885.
• To give a safe and constitutional outlet to Indians,
so that their anger
would not develop into
agitation against British.

6. EARLY NATIONALISTS
The Indian National Congress believed
that if they would place their problems
before the British government,
they would try to solve them.
The congress placed its demands
before the government
always in the form of petitions.
Firoz Shah
Mehta
Gopal Krishna
Gokhale
Dada Bhai
Naoroji

7. The demands of the Moderates
Unfortunately, their efforts did not bring
many changes in the policies and administration
of the British in India.
(a) Representative
legislatures,
(b) Reduction of
military expenditure,
(c) Education,
employment and
holding of the ICS
(Indian Civil Services)
examination in India,(d) Defence of civil
rights,
(e) Separation of the
judiciary from the
executive, (f) Change in the
tenancy laws,
(g) Reduction in land
revenue and salt duty, (h) Policies to help in
the growth of Indian
industries and
handicrafts,
(i) Introduction of
welfare programmes for
the people.

8. The achievements of the moderates
2. A resolution was passed
for holding Indian Civil Services Examination
to be held in London
and in India at the same time.
1. The enactment of the Indian Councils Act 1892,
that increased the size of the legislature and
allowed nonofficial members to join it.
3. The Moderates provided a platform
for Indians to discuss major national issues.
4. It created a foundation for a strong
national movement.

9. British reaction towards the Early nationalists
The British who were earlier supporting the
Moderates soon realized
that the movement could turn into a National
force
that would drive them out of the country.
This totally changed their attitude.
They passed strict laws to control
education and curb the press.
Minor concessions were given so as to
win over some congress leaders.

10. The Universities Act 1904
• Lord Curzon passed the Indian Universities Act in
1904.
• The Act imposed stiff control over Indian
Universities.
• He wanted to suppress the rising Nationalism in
India.

11. Lord Curzon 1905

12. Since 1765 Bengal along with Bihar, Orissa and Assam had formed a single
province. By the early 1900s the province of Bengal, along with Calcutta, was one
of the most densely populated provinces, it proved to be too large an administrative
entity for one governor to administer. In 1905 Lord Curzon, the Viceroy of India,
sent a proposal to London to redraw its boundaries and divide it into two parts.

13. Lord Curzon’s reason for the Partition
of Bengal
• Lord Curzon’s reason for the Partition of Bengal
to improve administration
because according to him Bengal was too
large an area to be administered
hence it had to be separated into smaller
areas.

14. The real motive or reason for the partition of
Bengal
• The real aim was to ‘Divide and Rule’.
• The Indians viewed the partition
• as an attempt by the British
• to stop the growing national movement in Bengal
• and divide the Hindus and Muslims

15. The impact of the Partition of Bengal
in India
• There were widespread riots.
• People of different parts of India opposed the
partition of Bengal all over the country. Organized
meetings, processions and demonstrations were
held
• Hindus and Muslims tied ‘rakhi’ on each other’s
hands to show their unity and their protest.

16. SWADESHI AND BOYCOTT
MOVEMENTs

17. The Swadeshi and Boycott Movement
Swadeshi means
the use of goods
made in our own country
by our own people.
Boycott movement included
boycott or not using any foreign
goods.
Tilak used boycott as a weapon
against the British .

18. The movement spread to all classes and groups of people.
Everyone, including women and children, school and
college students.
This made the British reverse the partition of Bengal and
unite it in 1911.
The boycott and Swadeshi movements
helped in the establishment of swadeshi industries -
textile mills, banks, chemical works and insurance
companies.
Swadeshi stores were opened.
National education and Indian languages were
encouraged.

19. Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar
Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal-
Bal-Pal) were important leaders of
the Radical group.
Radicals

20. The radicals
• They felt that the British wanted to exploit Indians and drain
India of its wealth.
• They felt that Indians should now become free of foreign rule
and govern themselves.
• They did not believe in making petitions to the government, but
believed in organizing mass protests, boycotting foreign goods
and use of Swadeshi (home-made) goods etc.
• Bal Gangadhar Tilak gave a slogan ‘Freedom is our birth right
and we must have it’.

21. December, 1906,
the All India Muslim League was founded.
Aga Khan was chosen as its president.

22. The Muslim League
• The radical movement grew stronger.
• The British were trying to break the unity among Indian.
• They tried by the Partition of Bengal.
• They sowed the seed of communalism among Indian people.
• They encouraged the Muslims to form a political party of their own.
• So in December, 1906, the All India Muslim League was founded. Aga Khan
was chosen as its president.
• The main objective of the league was to protect the rights of Muslims in India
and represent their needs to the government.
• They wanted separate electorates.

23. MORLEY-MINTO REFORMS (1909)
• Morley-Minto reforms was an extension of the
Indian Councils Act 1892,
• It increased the members of the Legislative
Assembly from sixteen to sixty
• but they had no real powers.
• A few non-elected members were also added.

24. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms
of
1919
Edwin Montagu, Secretary of State for India visited India in November to review
the situation under Lord Chelmsford's Government.

25. The Montague-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
• In order to pacify the Indians,
• the Montague Chelmsford Reform came in 1919.
• It introduced Dyarchy –
– which was a kind of
double government in the provinces.
• The provisional government
• was to be divided into two parts –
– one to be responsible to the Indian Electorate through
the Legislature,
– and other to the Governor.

26. Dyarchy

28. The Kilafat Movement
• Turkey was a sacred place for the Muslims.
• The Sultan of turkey was the spiritual head of the
Muslims.
• After the First World War,
• a new treaty was imposed on the Turkish Sultan and
Ottoman Empire was divided.
• This angered the Muslims
• who took it as an insult to the Khalipha.
• Shoukat Ali and Mohammad Ali started the Khilafat
Movement against the British government.

29. The Rowlatt act of 1919
• After the end of the First World War,
• the British government also passed another Act
known as the Rowlatt Act.
• The Act authorized the British government
• to arrest and imprison any person
• without trial in a court of law.
• It also banned Indians from keeping any type of
weapon.

31. The Rowlatt Act banned Indians from keeping any
type of weapon.
This angered the Sikhs who kept a Kripan with
them as part of their religion. On 13th April, 1919 people gathered at the
Jallianwala Bagh (Amritsar),
for peaceful protest against this Act.
A British officer, General Dyer
ordered his troops to open fire on the
crowd
The gates were closed and
the people could not escape to
safety.
Thousand persons were killed.

32. Gandhiji
• The technique used by Gandhiji was Satyagraha or
non-violence.
• His first experiment in Satyagraha began at
Champaran in Bihar in 1917 when he inspired the
peasants to struggle against the oppressive
plantation system.

33. The Non-Cooperation Movement
(1920-22)

34. • The non-cooperation movement was launched
against the proposed Rowlatt act of 1919.
• 1. This Act gave powers to the government to
repress political activities.
• 2. It allowed detention of political leaders without
any trials.
• Therefore he started his non-cooperation
movement in August 1920.

35. The main programme of the non-
cooperation movement
• Gandhiji laid down the following points:
• 1. Surrender of titles.
• 2. Refusal to attend official or non-official functions.
• 3. Remove children from officially controlled schools
and colleges.
• 4. Refuse to be a part of the military.
• 5. Boycott British courts.
• 6. Boycott of legislative assembly elections.

36. Three principle features of the non-
cooperation movement
• 1. Promotion of Swadeshi
• 2. Removal of untouchability
• 3. Promotion of Hindu- Muslim unity.
Swadeshi Hindu- Muslim unity

37. The two incidents which brought a stop to the non-
cooperation movement
• The Chauri Chaura incident
– (22 policemen were killed)
• and the violence at Bareilly in 1922
– (mob violence )
• made Gandhi withdraw his non-cooperation
• on February 14, 1922.

38. The Simon commission
• In 1927 the British government
– appointed a commission under Sir Simon.
• The commission was
– to study the reforms of 1919 and
– suggest further measures for constitutional reforms.
• There were no Indian in this committee.
• So the Indians boycotted this commission.
• There were protests and ‘Go back Simon’ cry’s.

39. January 26th so important in Indian
history
• In 1929 at the Congress meeting in Lahore they
declared January 26th as the
• Purna-Swaraj day.
• On the same day in 1950 the constitution of India
was adopted.
• Since then we celebrate this day as our republic
day.

40. DANDI MARCH - 1930
Gandhiji marched to Dandi on the Gujarat coast to protest
against the salt tax.

41. • The British government
• imposed taxes on the use of salt on April 1930.
• This was opposed by the people.
• Gandhiji marched to Dandi on the Gujarat coast to
protest against the salt tax.
• Gandhiji picked up the sea salt.
• By doing this he violated the salt law
• and hence was arrested and put in prison.
• This was his first challenge to the government.

42. REVOLUTIONARIES
V.D
Savarkar,
Khudiram Bose
Sardar Bhagat Singh
Bhupendra Nath Dutt,Lala Hardayal
Prafulla Chaki,
Chandra Sekhar
Azad
Raj Guru
Sukh Deo

45. • The revolutionaries throw a bomb
– in the Legislative Assembly to protest against
the Public Safety Bill and the Trade dispute bill.

46. • The prominent socialist and communist leaders.
• M.N Roy, S.A Dange,
• Abani Mukhopadhyaya, NAlini gupta,
• Muzaffar Ahmed, P.C Joshi.

47. CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
October 1940.

48. Government of India Act
on august 1935
• The British government passed
– the Government of India Act on august 1935.
• Some features of the Act were as follows:
• A . An all India federation
comprising of provinces of
British India and the Princely States
was to be established.
• B. It was compulsory
for the provinces to join and
for the princely states it was voluntary.
• C. the powers of the legislative was restricted.
– It had no control over defence and foreign relation
• All nationalists were against the act

49. Civil disobedience movement launched
• When the Second World War broke out in 1939,
• the Congress attitude was one of sympathy.
• The Congress demanded that “India must be declared an independent
union.
• The British did not agree and as a result all the ministries resigned in
protest in 1939.
• A demand for Provisional National Government at the Centre was
made.
• It was turned down.
• So in October, 1940 the Civil Disobedience Campaign was launched.
• Acharya Vinoba Bhave was the first to offer individual Satyagraha.

50. Azad Hind Fauz led by Subash Chandra Bose in
the Indian National Movement
• Subhas Chandra Bose started the Forward Bloc after he left the
Congress.
• The struggle for independence was carried on by Subhash
Chandra Bose from abroad.
• In 1942, the Indian Independence League was formed and a
decision was taken to form the Indian National Army (INA) for
the liberation of India.

51. • Subhash Chandra Bose was made president of the
Indian Independence League and the leader of the INA
popularly called ‘Azad Hind Fauj’.
• He gave the famous battle cry ‘Chalo Dilli’.
• He promised independence to Indians saying, ‘tum
mujhe khoon do, main tumhe Azadi dunga’
• It is said that he lost his life in an air crash in August
1945.

52. QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT
8th August 1942.

53. • Unhappiness among the Indian people was increasing
due to wartime shortages and growing unemployment.
• There was a constant danger of Japanese attack.
• The Congress under Gandhiji felt that the British must
be compelled to accept Indian demands or quit the
country.
• Quit India Resolution passed on 8th August 1942.
• The Congress decided to launch a mass struggle on
non-violent lines.

54. • But before the Congress leaders could start the
movement formally,
• all important leaders of Congress were arrested.
• Congress was banned.
• The Press was censored.
• This angered the people and began burning
government buildings, police stations, post offices.
• Railways and telegraphs lines were disconnected.
• The British with its army and police came down
heavily on the Indian people.
• The people were shot indiscriminately.

55. • At the end of the World War in 1945, the British
government started to talk about the transfer of
power to Indian Hindus and Muslims.
• The Quit India movement paved the way for
India’s freedom.
• It was the final call from Gandhiji to ‘Do or Die’.
• The Quit India Movement became one of the
greatest mass- movements of historical
significance.

56. PARTITION OF INDIA.

57. • Differences soon arose between the Congress and the
Muslim League concerning the powers of the
Constituent Assembly.
• Muslim League demanded the formation of Pakistan
for Muslims which led to the partition. India got its
freedom on 15th August, 1947.
• Congress formed the government at the Centre. The
League refused to be a part to it.
• The conflict resulted in widespread communal riots in
different parts of India.
• Thousands were killed in the riots, lacks of people
became homeless.

58. 2wo independent states
• Lord Mountbatten, the Viceroy to India
put up his plan in June 1947
which included partition of India.
In spite of strong opposition by Gandhi,
all the parties agreed to the partition and
the Indian Independence Act, 1947 came into being.
• It created two independent states in the Indian sub-continent,
• i.e. Indian Union and Pakistan.
India got its independence on 15th August, 1947.