The document outlines the factors leading to the formation of the Muslim League and the national movement during World War I, including changes in British attitudes, the policy of divide and rule, and the relative backwardness of the Muslim community. It details the influence of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the erroneous understanding of history, rising assertive nationalism, and economic challenges that contributed to communalism. The Lucknow Pact of 1916, an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, aimed to promote unity and political reforms in response to British colonial rule.

1. Factors leading to the
Formation of the
Muslim League &
National Movement
during the First World
War ( Lucknow Pact 1916)
History Chapter 5 & 6

2. Factors leading to the Formation
of the Muslim League
O Change in the attitude of British
O British Policy of Divide and Rule
O Relative Backwardness of the Muslim
Community in Education, Trade and
Industry
O Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan
O Erroneous understanding of History
O Rise of Assertive Nationalism
O Economic Backwardness of the Country.

3. 1. Change in the attitude of British
O British dethroned Mughals who were followers of
Islam.
O Therefore, Muslims were bitter enemies of British.
O ‘Wahabi Movement’ was started by Muslims to
end British Rule in India. Also, they stood against
the British in the Revolt of 1857. So, British were
unfriendly with Muslims.
O But after 1870, British changed their attitude
towards Muslims in order to control the National
Movement. This sowed the seeds of
dissension/disagreement between two
communities.

4. 2. British Policy of British Divide & Rule
O Help and financial aid was given to Urdu
medium Primary and Secondary Schools
O Wrong history was taught
O British tried to convince Muslims and justify
Partition of Bengal so that Hindus would not be
able to dominate Muslims in the proposed
Muslim province.
O They treated Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs as
separate communities and accepted their
separate communal leaders.

5. 3. Relative Backwardness of the Muslim
Community in Education, Trade & Industry.
O Very few Muslims were educated in western
system of education.
O Muslims weren’t recruited in civil and military
services.
O Muslims weren’t involved in any organized
industry or business.
O Muslims didn’t get Government jobs as
compared to Hindus who adapted themselves to
the western system of education.

6. 4. Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed
Khan/Aligarh Politics
O He was a great educationist and social reformer.
O He regarded that Hindus-Muslims to be of one Quam.
He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental
College at Aligarh.
O Mr. Beck- Principal of MAO College convinced him that
Anglo-Muslim unity is possible but Hindu-Muslim unity
isn’t possible. Beck said that as Hindus were in
majority they will always dominate Muslims so
presence of British would guarantee welfare &
progress of Muslims.
O So, Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan declared that if Muslims
would support British then British would reward them
with government jobs and other special favours.

7. 5. Erroneous understanding of History
O British divided Indian history into Hindu and
Muslim periods. The period of Turks, Afghans and
Mughals was called as Muslim rule and the period
of Shivaji, Rana Pratap as Hindu rule. Muslims
were taught that Hindu rulers plundered muslims
and Hindus were taught that Muslim rulers
plundered Hindus.
O British never highlighted about the composite
culture seen in our country and tried to create rift
between the two communities.
O Communal bias was propagated through poetry,
drama, novels, short stories, newspapers.

8. 6. Rise of Assertive Nationalism
O Some steps of Assertive leaders decreased the
national unity.
O Speeches & actions of few assertive leaders
annoyed some section of Indians.
O Example: Propagation of Shivaji and Ganpati
festival, dips in Ganga didn’t appeal Muslims.

9. 7. Economic Backwardness of the Country.
O The Economic Backwardness of the Country also
increased the growth of communalism in India.
O Due to unemployment there was a fierce
competition among youth to secure few available
jobs. This led the people to demand reservation in
jobs on basis of religion.
O British took advantage of this situation and to push
their Divide & Rule policy.
O Indians failed to realize that British were
themselves responsible for the Economic
Backwardness of the Country.

10. Hindu- Urdu Controversy
O In United Provinces ( Uttar Pradesh) Urdu was
the court language and all documents were in
Urdu.
O Some sections of the society protested against it.
O So, on 8th April, 1900 instructed that Hindi and
Urdu both should be used.
O Muslims opposed it.
O This worsened the relation between two
communities.

11. Formation of Muslim League
O30th Dec 1906,
Nawab Salimullah
at Dhaca (Dhaka)

12. Aims & Objectives of Muslim
League
O To make promote support for British
among Muslims and to remove any
misconceptions about the intentions of
Government in relation to Indian Muslims.
O To protect & advance the political rights of
the Muslims. And to present the needs and
aspirations of Muslims to the government in
mild & moderate language.
O To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility
between the Muslims of India and other
communities.

13. Lucknow Pact
OYear?
OWhat was this pact?
OClauses (any 4- titles)
OImpact/Significance

14. Lucknow Pact/Accord, 1916
OAn agreement signed at
Lucknow in 1916 between INC
and Muslim League to together
bring political and constitutional
reforms is known as Lucknow
Pact.

15. LUCKNOW PACT,1916.
Clauses:
O Abolition of India Council
O Separation of Judiciary from Executive
O Autonomy of Provinces
O Minorities in elected bodies
O Provincial legislatures
O Limitation of Imperial legislative
O Powers of Legislative Council
O Viceroy’s Executive Council

16. Significance/Impact of
Lucknow Pact
O Unity between Hindus & Muslims
O Unity within INC ( EN & AN)
O Pressure on British Government
O Necessity to Pacify Indians: British
realized that there is a Need to pacify
Indians. On 20th August 1917 in August
Declaration, British declared that self
governing institutes will be gradually
developed.