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Muslim League & Lucknow Pact

The document outlines the factors leading to the formation of the Muslim League and the national movement during World War I, including changes in British attitudes, the policy of divide and rule, and the relative backwardness of the Muslim community. It details the influence of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, the erroneous understanding of history, rising assertive nationalism, and economic challenges that contributed to communalism. The Lucknow Pact of 1916, an agreement between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, aimed to promote unity and political reforms in response to British colonial rule.

Education◦
Factors leading to the Formation of the Muslim League & National Movement during the First World War ( Lucknow Pact 1916) History Chapter 5 & 6
Factors leading to the Formation of the Muslim League O Change in the attitude of British O British Policy of Divide and Rule O Relative Backwardness of the Muslim Community in Education, Trade and Industry O Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan O Erroneous understanding of History O Rise of Assertive Nationalism O Economic Backwardness of the Country.
1. Change in the attitude of British O British dethroned Mughals who were followers of Islam. O Therefore, Muslims were bitter enemies of British. O ‘Wahabi Movement’ was started by Muslims to end British Rule in India. Also, they stood against the British in the Revolt of 1857. So, British were unfriendly with Muslims. O But after 1870, British changed their attitude towards Muslims in order to control the National Movement. This sowed the seeds of dissension/disagreement between two communities.
2. British Policy of British Divide & Rule O Help and financial aid was given to Urdu medium Primary and Secondary Schools O Wrong history was taught O British tried to convince Muslims and justify Partition of Bengal so that Hindus would not be able to dominate Muslims in the proposed Muslim province. O They treated Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs as separate communities and accepted their separate communal leaders.
3. Relative Backwardness of the Muslim Community in Education, Trade & Industry. O Very few Muslims were educated in western system of education. O Muslims weren’t recruited in civil and military services. O Muslims weren’t involved in any organized industry or business. O Muslims didn’t get Government jobs as compared to Hindus who adapted themselves to the western system of education.
4. Role of Sir Sayed Ahmed Khan/Aligarh Politics O He was a great educationist and social reformer. O He regarded that Hindus-Muslims to be of one Quam. He founded the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh. O Mr. Beck- Principal of MAO College convinced him that Anglo-Muslim unity is possible but Hindu-Muslim unity isn’t possible. Beck said that as Hindus were in majority they will always dominate Muslims so presence of British would guarantee welfare & progress of Muslims. O So, Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan declared that if Muslims would support British then British would reward them with government jobs and other special favours.
5. Erroneous understanding of History O British divided Indian history into Hindu and Muslim periods. The period of Turks, Afghans and Mughals was called as Muslim rule and the period of Shivaji, Rana Pratap as Hindu rule. Muslims were taught that Hindu rulers plundered muslims and Hindus were taught that Muslim rulers plundered Hindus. O British never highlighted about the composite culture seen in our country and tried to create rift between the two communities. O Communal bias was propagated through poetry, drama, novels, short stories, newspapers.
6. Rise of Assertive Nationalism O Some steps of Assertive leaders decreased the national unity. O Speeches & actions of few assertive leaders annoyed some section of Indians. O Example: Propagation of Shivaji and Ganpati festival, dips in Ganga didn’t appeal Muslims.
7. Economic Backwardness of the Country. O The Economic Backwardness of the Country also increased the growth of communalism in India. O Due to unemployment there was a fierce competition among youth to secure few available jobs. This led the people to demand reservation in jobs on basis of religion. O British took advantage of this situation and to push their Divide & Rule policy. O Indians failed to realize that British were themselves responsible for the Economic Backwardness of the Country.
Hindu- Urdu Controversy O In United Provinces ( Uttar Pradesh) Urdu was the court language and all documents were in Urdu. O Some sections of the society protested against it. O So, on 8th April, 1900 instructed that Hindi and Urdu both should be used. O Muslims opposed it. O This worsened the relation between two communities.
Formation of Muslim League O30th Dec 1906, Nawab Salimullah at Dhaca (Dhaka)
Aims & Objectives of Muslim League O To make promote support for British among Muslims and to remove any misconceptions about the intentions of Government in relation to Indian Muslims. O To protect & advance the political rights of the Muslims. And to present the needs and aspirations of Muslims to the government in mild & moderate language. O To prevent the rise of feelings of hostility between the Muslims of India and other communities.
Lucknow Pact OYear? OWhat was this pact? OClauses (any 4- titles) OImpact/Significance
Lucknow Pact/Accord, 1916 OAn agreement signed at Lucknow in 1916 between INC and Muslim League to together bring political and constitutional reforms is known as Lucknow Pact.
LUCKNOW PACT,1916. Clauses: O Abolition of India Council O Separation of Judiciary from Executive O Autonomy of Provinces O Minorities in elected bodies O Provincial legislatures O Limitation of Imperial legislative O Powers of Legislative Council O Viceroy’s Executive Council
Significance/Impact of Lucknow Pact O Unity between Hindus & Muslims O Unity within INC ( EN & AN) O Pressure on British Government O Necessity to Pacify Indians: British realized that there is a Need to pacify Indians. On 20th August 1917 in August Declaration, British declared that self governing institutes will be gradually developed.