ICSE Grade IX- History Chapter 10. The Mughal Empire

1. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE
Chapter 10. The Mughal Empire
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2. Sources
Literary Monuments
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3. Literary Source: Ain-i-Akbari
 It was written by Abul Fazi.
 It is divided into five books/sections.
 It mainly focuses of the empire of Akbar.
 These books talk about servants of emperor,
administration, judicial departments, Hindu
philosophies, sayings of Akbar etc.
 It also has information about the author.
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4. Literary Source: Ain-i-Akbari
Book Number Describes
Book 1 Royal Household
Book 2 Military & Civil Services
Book 3 Imperial Administration. It
explained that the empire was
divided into provinces (Subas)
which were further divided into
districts (Sarkars)
Book 4 Hindu Theology (religious
beliefs)
Book 5 Author’s (Abul Fazi’s)
Ancestors
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5. Sources
Monuments
Humayun’s
Tomb
Fatehpur
Sikri
Agra Fort Taj Mahal
Jama
Masjid
Red Fort
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6. A) Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi.
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7. A) Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi.
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8. B) Fatehpur Sikri, Agra.
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9. B) Fatehpur Sikri, Agra.
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10. B) Fatehpur Sikri, Agra.
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11. C) Agra Fort
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12. Moat (Agra Fort)
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13. D) Taj Mahal, Agra.
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14. D) Taj Mahal, Agra.
 It was built on the banks of Yamuna at Agra by Shah
Jahan in memory of his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.
 Ustad Isa was the architect who designed the
monument.
 Its work started in 1631 and was completed in 1653.
 It is entirely made of pure white marble.
 It has a high raised platform.
 There are four minarets.
 It has a huge central bulbous marble dome (looks like
inverted lotus).
 The outer walls & inner walls are richly decorated.
 It has graves of Shah Jahan and his wife.
 It is regarded as one of the Wonders of the World.
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15. E) Jama Masjid
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16. E) Jama Masjid, Delhi.
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17. E) Jama Masjid, Delhi.
 It was built by Shah Jahan during the period 1650-56.
 It is the biggest mosque in India.
 It has a huge raised platform.
 There are three gateways (North, South and highest &
largest-Eastern gateway which was exclusively used by
the Emperors) to the mosque.
 It has 11 arches (one huge central arch with five smaller
arches on its left and right hand side)
 It has huge courtyard which can accommodate thousands
of people at a time for prayers.
 It has two minarets (40 m high). These minarets are
divided into three stages.
 It has three domes. (a huge central dome with two smaller
domes on left & right hand side)
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18. F) Red Fort, Delhi.
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19. F) Red Fort, Delhi.
 It was built by Shah Jahan during the period
1639-48.
 He built it when he decided to shift his capital
from Agra to Delhi.
 It is made of red sandstone and marble.
 It has massive walls around it.
 It has two (eastern and western) gateways.
 Western gateway called as Lahori Gate was
used by the Emperor. And eastern gateway
was used by people.
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20. Within the fort there are magnificent buildings, which includes
Diwan-i-Aam and Diwan-i-Khas. The latter one, was a lavishly
ornamented hall where the Peacock Throne was placed. It was
used by the emperor to give audience to princes of royal family,
nobles and other important dignitaries.
Diwan-i-Aam & Diwan-i-Khas20

21. Red Fort, Delhi.
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 It is an important historical monument.
 The PM of India every year unfurls (hoists)
Indian flag on Independence Day 15th August.

22. 1 • Babur
2 • Humayun
3 • Akbar
4 • Jahangir
5 • Shah Jahan
6 • Aurangzeb
MughalDynasty
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23. Babur (1526-1530)
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24. Babur (1526-1530)
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 His full name was Zahir-ud-din Muhammad
Babur.
 At the age of 12, he first established himself at
Kabul and then moved towards India-the land
of gold.
 Battle of Panipat: On the invitation of Daulat
Lodhi, Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in the
Battle of Panipat in April 1526 and occupied
the throne at Delhi & Agra. Babur had a
smaller army but he won because of superior
leadership & superior weapons.

25. Babur (1526-1530)
 Battle of Khanua: He then had war against Rana
Sanga of Mewar. Rana Sanga had jioned hands
with other Rajput & Afghan kings. Sultan Mahmud
Lodi also joined Rana Sanga. Babur told his
soldiers that it is a religious war and they defeated
Rana Sanga in March 1527.
 He then had a war against combined forces of
Bihar and Bengal in 1529.
 He died in 1530, before he could stabilise the
Mughal Empire. A book titled Baburnama/Tuzuk-i-
Baburi gives all the information about this brave &
able ruler.
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26. Akbar (1556-1605)
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27. Akbar (1556-1605)
 Akbar was the greatest Mughal rulers of India.
 He was only 13, when he ascended the throne.
He was guided by his tutor- Bairam Khan.
 Second Battle of Panipat: Under the leadership
of Hemu- the Afghan ruler & nephew of Sher
Shah Suri, Afghans were gaining power. Mughal
forces under the guidance of Bairam Khan
defeated Hemu in November 1556 and
established Akbar at Delhi and Agra.
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28. Akbar’s conquests
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 He then captured Rajasthan, Bihar, Bengal,
Gujarat, Deccan, Assam, Kashmir, Kandahar and
Kabul.
 Akbar was given a tough fight by Maharana
Pratap- the ruler of Mewar. But later Akbar finally
won the war against Maharana Pratap.
 Akbar died in 1605.

29. Akbar’s Mansabdari System
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 Akbar created an ‘Imperial Service based on merit
and graded it according to military rank.’ This
system was called as Mansabdari system.
 The lowest rank was 10 and highest rank was 5000 for
nobles.
 Princes received rank of 7000.
 Emperor directly appointed Mansabdars. They were
paid in cash and not in land grants.
 Out of his salary, Mansbdars were expected to
maintain a quota of horses, mules, elephants and
carts.
 Mansabdars acted as Military Commanders and Civil
Administrators. This status wasn’t hereditary.

30. Akbar’s Rajput Policy
 Akbar’s Rajput policy was one of his greatest
achievements.
 He entered into marriage alliances with Rajputs.
 Bhara Mal- the ruler of Amber married his
daughter to Akbar.
 He gave religious freedom to his wives who
followed Hinduism.
 This policy ended the old enmity between the
Rajputs and Mughals.
 He placed Rajputs in the Mughal government.
This greatly helped him to achieve success.
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31. Social Reforms introduced by Akbar
SOCIAL:
 He stopped the practice of Sati. However, allowed
those women who committed Sati on their own
free will.
 Akbar promoted Widow Remarriage.
 He stopped the pilgrim tax (Jiziya) which non-
muslims had to pay.
 He raised the age of marriage to 14 for girls and
16 for boys.
 He was against Polygamy.
 Akbar followed the policy of Religious tolerance
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32. Educational Reforms introduced by
Akbar
EDUCATIONAL:
 He revised educational syllabus and focused
more on Moral Science, Mathematics, Agriculture,
Geometry, Logic and History.
 If a rich man died without heir, then that amount
was used by the Government to develop
educational institutes.
 Scholarships were provided to students.
 Girls were allowed to go to the school.
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33. Posts during Akbar’s Reign.
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 Chief Qazi: Highest judicial officer
 Diwan-i-Ashraf: Head of land revenue
department
 Diwan: Head of finance department
 Mir Bakshi: Head of Military pay and Accounts
office
 Khan-i-Saman: Head of Imperial Household
department
 Daroga-i-Topkhana: Head of Artillery
 Mir-Arz: Head to look after the petitions

34. Aurangzeb(1658-1707)
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35. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
 After winning the battle with his father and three
brothers, Aurangzeb ascended the throne in 1659.
 He ruled for 50 years and during this period he fought
many wars.
 He expanded the Mughal Empire.
 Aurangzeb reversed Akbar’s policy of religious
tolerance.
 Later he was challenged by Jats, Satnamis, Sikhs,
Rajputs & Marathas (Shivaji).
 He died in 1707. After his death, due to his weak
successors, the power of Mughal Empire started
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