The document provides information about the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It defines each macromolecule and discusses their monomer units, polymeric structures, functions in living things, and important examples. Key details provided include that carbohydrates function as an energy source, lipids function in energy storage and insulation, proteins are essential to all organisms and participate in all cell processes, and nucleic acids function to store and transmit genetic information.

1. Cellular Membranes (macromolecules = background information)

2. Vocab you need to know: FLASHCARDS: Monomer: molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer PREFIX SHEET Mono: one Poly: many, more than one Di: two Hydro: water Phobic: afraid Philic: love Nucleo: nucleus

3. FLASH CARD ALERT MACROMOLECULE: A molecule containing a large amount of atoms.

4. Carbohydrates

5. Carbohydrates Function: Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy Energy for cellular respiration Structural purposes

6. carbohydrate Structure Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms Typically in a 1:2:1 ratio

7. FLASH CARD ALERT POLYSACCHARIDE More than two MONOSACCHARIDE combined through dehydration synthesis MONOSACCHARIDE: simple sugar. Building blocks of more complex sugars: glucose DISACCHARIDE: sugar produced by two monosaccharide molecules as a result of dehydration synthesis

8. Carbohydrate Monomer: Monosaccharides: glucose, frutose Polymer: Polysaccharides: glycogen (animal starch) Plants store excess sugar in starch

9. Carbohydrate polysaccharide Chitin: Hard exterior shells of crabs and lobsters Cellulose Provides structure and durability in plants

10. Fill out chart for carbohydrate

11. Lipids

12. Lipids Function: Energy storage Cell membrane Signaling molecule

13. FLASH CARD ALERT HYDROPHOBIC: repels water HYDROPHILIC: loves water

14. Lipids Important animal functions: Waterproof Buoyant Insulate: trap heat Examples: Earwax Seaweed Blubber/fat

15. So do you think lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? (is the oil in the beaker a lipid)

16. Structure Mostly carbon and hydrogen Many lipids form when a glycerol molecule combines with compounds called fatty acids

18. Monomer/Polymer: None! Lipid base units are not considered to be monomers

19. Fill out chart for Lipids

20. Proteins

21. Proteins Function: essential part of all organisms, participate in every process in cells. Form bone and muscle Regulate cell processes Transport substances in and out of cells Help fight disease

22. Protein Monomer: amino acid Polymer: amino acid chain

23. Proteins Muscle Meat Amino Acids Form DNA

24. Protein Structure: four levels of organization Protein chain Amino acids can be twisted/folded More than one chain folded around each other Made up of Amino Acids that are linked by peptide bonds

25. Fill out chart for Proteins

26. Nucleic Acids

27. Nucleic Acid Function: Store and transmit hereditary or genetic information Example: DNA, RNA

28. Nucleic Acid Structure: consists of 3 parts: 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base Monomer: nucleotides Polymer: polynucleotide, nucleic acid

29. Fill out chart for Nucleic Acid

30. FLASHCARD ALERT THE FOUR MACROMOLECULES ARE: Nucleic acid Proteins Lipids Carbohydrate