The document discusses several types of protozoa and protists, including those that are animal-like. It describes the characteristics of phyla Sarcomastigophora, Apicomplexa, and Ciliophora. Many protozoa are unicellular but have complex behaviors and life cycles. They can be photosynthetic, parasitic, or form symbiotic relationships with other organisms. Reproduction may involve asexual or sexual phases through binary fission or sporogony.

1. Animal Like Protists Phylum Sarcomastigophora Phylum Apicompleza Phylum Ciliophora

2. Protists Over 38,000 species of protists! Members of the original life forms on earth! About 1.5 billion years ago! Some protists are plant like, some are animal like Protozoa: animal like protists Many have symbiotic relationships: Parasitism Scientists who study only protists: protozoologists

3. Protozoa Protozoa Unicellular, plasmic organization BUT THAT DOES NOT MEAN THEY ARE SIMPLE Individuals or colonies

4. Describe the characteristics of the species: Actinospharium

5. Difficult? What if you used taxonomy? Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Sarcomastifophora Class: zoomastigophorea Subphylum: Pseudopodia TAXONOMY GIVES US CLUES! USE IT!

6. Phylum Sarcomastigophors Largest protozoan phylum. All protozoa in this phylum: Unicellular or colonial Locomotion by flagella, pseudopodia, or both Autotrophic, saprozoic, heterotrophic Single type of nucleus Sexual or asexual reproduction

7. Ever wonder about that green gunk? Its Euglena! Class Phytomastigophorea Possess chlorophyll, 1 or 2 flagella Euglena in action

8. Euglena Salt or fresh water Can perform photosynthesis or absorb nutrients The stigma at the base of the flagella allows the euglena to orient themselves towards a light source Reproduce using binary fission Split into two new organisms

9. Euglena Structure

10. Euglena: Ecological Role Photosynthesizer Acts as food for other protists and fish

11. Dinoflagellates

12. Dinoflagellates Gobular, Single celled organisms Some platonic others are benthic Some symbiotic others parasitic

13. Dinoflagellate: Structure Two groves: two flagellums Horizontal: cingulum Spinning flagellum Vertical: suclus Whipping flagellum: forward motion

14. Dinoflagellates: food/digestion Many are mixotrophic They have Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis But also absorb food Osmotrophy Eat other plankton: copepods, diatoms, other dinoflagellates

15. Dinoflagellates: reproduction Binary Fission: one division per day Can depend on conditions: nutrients, light, temperature

16. Dinoflagellates: ecological Role Red Tides Release toxins Digestion of toxins can cause: numbness, slurred speech, nausea, paralysis, death Paralytic shellfish poisoning

17. Foraminiferans

18. Foraminiferans Amoeboid protozoans Branch like psuedopods Form elaborate net like structures: Tests Help catch prey Most are benthic Use psuedopod to crawl around

19. Forams: digestion/energy Consume a lot of diatoms and dinoflagellates Some host green/red algae Symbiotic relationship Forams get nutrients Coral reefs get calcium carbonate

20. Forams: Structure Produce Elaborate Tests Multichamber Grow as the foram grows Geometric Resembles microscopic snail shell

21. Forams’ ecological role Hel form beaches and sediment Chalk

22. Phylum Apicomplexa

23. Phylum Apicomplexa All Parasites! Apical complex for penetrating host cells Single type of nucleus No cilia and flagella, except in certain reproductive states Life cycle includes asexual and sexual phases

24. Phylum Apicomplexa Feed off nutrients from the host Cause serious diseases: Malaria 5 th largest cause of death world wide 2008: 708,000 and 1,300,00 people died

25. Reproduction 3 stages Schizogony: asexual fission in host cell Gametogony: begins sexual phase : produces zygote Sporogony: zygote divides by mitosis creating sporozoites. Sporozoites go on to infect other hosts

26. Phylum Ciliophora

27. Phylum Ciliophora Have cilia for locomotion Rigid pellicle and more or less fixed shape Distinct (cytostome) mouth structure Dimorphic nuclei: macronucleus and micronucleus

28. Cilia Similar to flagella Much shorter More of them Move in coordinated waves Many ciliates can reverse Some cilia are specialized Sweep food into mouth

29. Digestion and Food Heterotrophic Prey on other protists or small animals Example: Suctorians Attach to a prey Secrete mucus to paralyze prey Cut opening in cell wall and suck out cytoplasm 1. Attack and secure 2. Maneuver and line up 3. Gulp !

30. Reproduction Two Nuclei Macronucleus: regulates daily metabolic activities Micronuclei: holds genetic information Asexual reproduction Binary fission Budding

31. Reproduction Sexual reproduction Conjunction: hook together and exchange micronuclei

32. Often have symbiotic relationships Digestion Parasitic : Live in digestive system of humans Secretes enzyme that causes ulcers Mutualistic : live in the digestive system and help digest food Hoofed animals