The document discusses the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. It describes the monomers (sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides) that polymerize to form each macromolecule, and their structures, functions, and important examples like glucose, glycogen, amino acids, DNA, RNA, glycerol, and fatty acids. It also covers general concepts like dehydration synthesis, hydrolysis, and protein structure levels from primary to quaternary.

1. Intro to Macro moleculesMacromolecules

2. CarbonThe element of LIFE!Found in all living organisms! We are always looking for carbon based life formsOrganic molecules: molecules that contain carbonC6H12O6, CO2, CH4Some molecules are made of just CARBON and HYDROGEN…we call these HYDROCARBONSThese are important in FUEL (aka GASOLINE!!)Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon componentsHydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energyInorganic molecules: molecules that do not contain carbonH2O, NH3, O2

3. LE 4-4Hydrogen(valence = 1)Oxygen(valence = 2)Nitrogen(valence = 3)Carbon(valence = 4)

4. Structure of CarbonStructureValence electrons: 4How many bonds can carbon make with other atoms?4: single, double, or triple…as long as it has 4 lines touching itThis makes carbon a versatile atom…it can make long chains of carbons, branched carbon structures, even ring structures with itself

5. LE 4-5PropaneEthaneLength2-methylpropane(commonly called isobutane)ButaneBranching1-Butene2-ButeneDouble bondsCyclohexaneBenzeneRings

6. Some important words to knowMoleculeGroup of covalently bonded atomsMacromoleculelarge molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atomsFunctional GroupsGroup of atoms within a molecule that interact in PREDICTABLE waysPolar, non-polar, acidic, basic, charged (+/-)Hydroxyl groupCarbonyl group Carboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate group

7. DNA (nucleotide)ATPTwo REALLY ImportantMolecules with Phosphate Groups

10. LE 4-10aaSTRUCTURE(may be written HO—)Ethanol, the alcohol present inalcoholic beveragesNAME OF COMPOUNDSFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESIs polar as a result of theelectronegative oxygen atomdrawing electrons toward itself.Alcohols (their specific namesusually end in -ol)Attracts water molecules, helpingdissolve organic compounds suchas sugars (see Figure 5.3).

11. LE 4-10acEXAMPLESTRUCTUREAcetic acid, which gives vinegarits sour tasteFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESNAME OF COMPOUNDSHas acidic properties because it isa source of hydrogen ions.Carboxylic acids, or organic acidsThe covalent bond betweenoxygen and hydrogen is so polarthat hydrogen ions (H+) tend todissociate reversibly; for example,Acetic acidAcetate ionIn cells, found in the ionic form,which is called a carboxylate group.

12. LE 4-10baEXAMPLESTRUCTUREGlycineBecause it also has a carboxylgroup, glycine is both an amine anda carboxylic acid; compounds withboth groups are called amino acids.FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESNAME OF COMPOUNDSActs as a base; can pick up aproton from the surroundingsolution:Amine(nonionized)(ionized)Ionized, with a charge of 1+,under cellular conditions

13. LE 4-10bcEXAMPLESTRUCTUREGlycerol phosphateNAME OF COMPOUNDSFUNCTIONAL PROPERTIESMakes the molecule of which itis a part an anion (negativelycharged ion).Organic phosphatesCan transfer energy between organic molecules.

14. What are macromolecules made of?A polymer is a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

15. Poly=many

16. Mono=one

17. Think of a beaded bracelet….

18. each bead is a MONOMER

19. The entire bracelet is a POLYMER

20. Large variety of polymers but there are less than 50 monomers…kinda like the alphabet…lots of words, only 26 letters

21. Polymerization: THE PROCESS OF MAKING A LARGER MOLECULE BY PUTTING TOGETHER SMALLER MOLECULES

22. Three of the four classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers:CarbohydratesProteinsNucleic acids***Lipids/fats are not polymers but they are still macromolecules

25. Brief Overview of 4 MacromoleculesCarbohydratesMonomer: monosaccharaides and disaccharidesPolymer: polysaccharides aka complex carbohydrates (Starches)ProteinsMonomer: Amino acidsPolymer: Polypeptide Chain (PROTEINS)NucleicAcidsMonomer: NucleotidePolymer: Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)Lipids, fats, oils and steroidsMonomer: NONEPolymer: NONE

26. How Would You Describe These People?

27. Making and Breaking PolymersPolymerization:making polymersDehydration ReactionDehydrate means water lossWhen a water molecule (H-OH) is released to join a monomer to another monomerHydrolysisHydro- waterLysis- to break downDef: to break apart or disassemble a polymer by adding water (H-OH)

28. LE 5-2Short polymerUnlinked monomerDehydration removes a watermolecule, forming a new bondLonger polymerDehydration reaction in the synthesis of a polymerHydrolysis adds a watermolecule, breaking a bondHydrolysis of a polymer

30. CarbohydratesMonomer: MonosaccharidePolymer: Disaccharide or PolysaccharideLink between monomers is called: Glycosidic LinkageFormed by a dehydration reactionAlways have Carbon, Hydrogen, and OxygensCxH2xOxCommon name: sugarEnd with suffix “-ose”Function: Energy/fuel, structure, storageGLUCOSE!!!! What all cells need for energy

31. Carbs continuedMonosaccharidesGlucosefructoseDisaccharidessucrosePolysaccharidesStarchIn plant cells; chain of glucose molecules coiled up like a phone cordGlycogenExcess sugar in animal cells is stored in this form; highly branched and more complex chain of glucose monomersStored in muscle and liver cellsWhen body needs energy, glycogen is broken down into glucose CelluloseFound in plant cell walls; made of glucose monomer; building material; aka FIBER; humans do NOT have the enzyme to break this polysaccharide downPasses through digestive tract and keeps it healthy but NOT a nutrientSome animals (cows) have microorganisms that live in their digestive tract that help break down celluloseCarbs are hydrophilic because of hydroxl group (-OH)Dissolve in water making sugary solutionsLarge carbs (starches and cellulose) do not dissolve Think about your towels and clothes, duh!

32. ProteinsMonomer: amino acids20 amino acidsAmine (NH2) and carboxyl (COOH) groups attached to carbonOnly thing different is side chain…R-groupPolymer: polypeptide chains (proteins)Link between monomers is called: polypeptide bond Made by a dehydration reaction (between amine group of one aa and carboxyl group of another aa)STRUCTURE of A.A.Amino group on one end (-NH2)Carboxyl group on one end (COOH)HydrogenR-group/side chain (changes)Function of Proteins:structural supportStorageTransportcellular communicationsMovementdefense against foreign substancesProteins account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells

34. Protein StructurePrimary structure 1’Order of amino acids in a polypeptide chainSecondary structure 2’Polypeptide chain folds because of interactions between amino acidsHYDROGEN BONDINGTertiary Structure 3’Gives proteins 3-D shapeVERY IMPORTANT to function of proteinBeta pleated sheets and alpha helices fold based on interactions between R-groups of a.a.Hydrogen bonds, polar/non-polar interactions, acid/base interactions, disulfide bonds, van der Waals forcesQuaternary Structure 4’the association of the polypeptide chainssome proteins contain more than one polypeptide chainEach polypeptide chain in the protein is called a subunitTwo or more subunits come together for a specific functionHEMOGLOBINOn Red blood cellsIts shape allows RBCs to carry oxygen all around your body!

35. DenaturationUnraveling/unfolding of proteinWhy would this be a problem?When protein loses its 3-D shape and thus its specific functionCaused by:Unfavorable changes in pH, temperature or other environmental conditionDisrupts the interactions between side chains and causes loss of shapeExamples:Frying an eggStraightening your hair