1) There are a variety of low vision devices that provide magnification to help those with low vision see better for both near and distant tasks. These include spectacle-mounted reading lenses, hand magnifiers, stand magnifiers, and electronic devices like closed-circuit televisions.
2) Low vision devices work by using relative distance magnification, relative size magnification, or angular magnification to enlarge images on the retina. The amount of magnification provided depends on factors like the lens power and working distance.
3) Telescopes are used for distance vision and provide angular magnification to enlarge distant objects. Types include hand-held, bioptic, and telemicroscope models. Proper fitting is important to maximize remaining vision.
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Contact lens for congenital aphakia and other eye conditions for infants and toddlers. The slide presentation encompasses indications for CL fitting in paediatric, contact lens options, fitting techniques, challenges and contact lens as myopia control.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Low Vision Near Systems-Microscopes,Magnifiers & Electronic systemsHarsh Jain
Different Optical devices used in Low vision patients.
Its very important to take proper assessment and calculations for giving Optical devices like Microscopes,Magnifier etc.
The references are given.
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Polarization and it's application in OphthalmologyRaju Kaiti
Polarization, types of polarization, mechanisms to produce polarization, Applications of polarization, precautions with polarizing sunglasses, ophthalmic uses of polarization
Color vision physiology, defects and different testing ProceduresRaju Kaiti
Color vision Physiology, Different types of Color vision defects, different testing procedures, trichromatic theory, color opponent theory, inheritance of color vision defect, management of color vision defect
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
2. Defining Low Vision
• A person with low vision is one who
– has impairment of visual functioning even after
treatment and/or standard refractive correction ,
and
– has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light
perception , or a visual field of less than 10 degree
from the point of fixation, but who
– uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for the
planning and/or execution of a task
3. INTRODUCTION
A wide variety of rehabilitation options are available
to help people with low vision life and/or work more
effectively, efficiently, and safely.
Most people can be helped with one or more low
vision treatment options.
Unfortunately, only about 20-25 percent of those
who could benefit from these treatment options have
been seen by a low vision optometrist.
4. There is a wide variety of devices that can help
people with low vision see better.
Some are used to see things that are near, like
a newspaper, and others are used for seeing
distant objects, like street signs.
Low vision optical aids as specific tools for
specific uses.
5. These are not intended as all-purpose aids.
Instead, they make it easier to use one's existing
vision for specific tasks.
Unfortunately, low vision aids do not replace
vision that has already deteriorated or been lost.
But they will maximize one's remaining vision
and help one to enjoy favorite activities and
hobbies.
6. Low vision aids can:
correct refractive errors
be used with corrective lenses, other optical devices and regular
and specialized technologies
provide magnification
be accepted or rejected
change as individual needs change
require training or time to adjust
be in optical or non-optical form
8. Relative distance magnificationRelative distance magnification
• Magnification obtained by moving closer to the
object of regard
• As the object moves closer, size of retinal image
increases
• RDM=original distance new distance
• If the object is originally at 50cm & the observer
moves it closer to 25cm, the magnification is 2x.
• Original distance=reference distance
9. • It is the magnification obtained by comparing the
angular subtense of the object at the shortened
viewing distance due to the magnifier to the angular
subtense of the object at the initial viewing distance
12. RELATIVE SIZE MAGNIFICATIONRELATIVE SIZE MAGNIFICATION
• Magnification achieved by changing the actual size of
the object being viewed while it remains stationary & no
lens is used
• RSM=enlarged image size/original object size
• Determined by comparing the angle subtended by the
enlarged object at the entrance pupil of the eye to the
initial object
13. • If 10mm tall letter is replaced by 20mm tall
letter, RSM=2x
• Examples:
– Large print books,
– cheques
– Large television sets
– CCTV
18. Spectacle mounted reading lenses
Relative distance magnification
Objects held at the focal length
of the lens in order to obtain a
magnified, erect image.
ADD= Working distance-1/2AA
Convergence demand (add>4D, base in prisms should be
prescribed for the added convergence demand placed on
the system.
Generally add 2 to the power of the glasses.
19. Advantages & disadvantages
• Advantages-
– Both hands are free
– Cosmetically appealing
– Wider FOV
– Can incorporate spec Rx
– Broad range of power
• Disadvantages-
– Must hold objects close to face, limited WD
– Limited tasks performed
– Weight on nose, expensive
– Proper illumination difficult to achieve
– Discomfort from head positioning needed
21. Handheld Magnifiers
• Plus lenses mounted in a frame
with a handle.
• Provides both RDM and Angular
Magnification
• Object is held at the focal
length of the magnifying lens,
the emerging vergence is
parallel.
22. • Distance from the eye to the
magnifier can change without
affecting the accommodative
demand.
• FOV is greater for close eye to
lens distance.
Hand Held Magnifier
23. • Refractive error should be corrected
• As the magnifier & object are brought closer to the
eye, RDM increases an angular magnification
decreases
• Total magnification remains constant as long as the
object remains at the focal point of the magnifying
lens
• HHM should be held at the focal length of the lens--
Magnified retinal image
24. • Equivalent power
Fe = Fm+Fa-dFmFa,
where, Fm = power of the magnifying lens,
Fa = power of the add or accommodation,
d = eye to magnifier distance
Fe is maximum when HHM is held in contact with an add
• Fe is always equal to power of magnifier alone, When
magnifier held at it’s focal length from the add
25. Field of view
• FOV = A(f/d),
where, A=objective lens diameter,
f=focal length of lens and
d=eye to lens distance
26. Advantages & disadvantages
• Advantages-
– Familiarity , inexpensive
– Flexible WD
– Wide variety available
– Illumination available
– More socially accepted
• Disadvantages-
– One hand tied up
– Difficult to hold steady in proper
position at all times
– Limited FOV, depends on eye to lens
distance.
27. Stand Magnifiers
• Plus lenses mounted in a stand at a
fixed distance from the object of
regard.
• Object is viewed at a distance less
than that of the focal length of the
lens.
• Emerging light rays are diverging so an
add or some accommodation is
necessary to act to form a clear retinal
28. • Total magnification results from RDM & angular
magnification
• Two types of Stand magnifiers:
-focusable
-fixed focus
• Fixed focus:Fixed focus:
• It has its lens set at a fixed distance from the base
• Usually, the distance from the reading material to the
lens is slightly less than focal length of the lens, so
requires an add or acc.
29. • Focusable Stand magnifier:
• Have lenses that can be adjusted closer to or
farther away from the reading material
• focusing compensate for uncorrected RE or
accommodative demand
30. Magnification for stand magnifiers
• Equivalent power,
Fe=F1+F2-dF1F2,
where, F1= power of the magnifier,
F2= accommodative demand ,
d= eye-to magnifier distance
• . Fe formula is also applicable for handheld magnifiers where the
object is held within the focal length of the lens producing
divergent light and therefore requiring an accommodative
demand.
31. Advantages
• Do not have to hold
• Can slide across page
• Constant lens to page distance
• They are inexpensive and readily available
• The focusing distance is set by simply placing the magnifier on the
page
• They are helpful for individuals with poor motor control
• They can be used in combination with regular eyeglasses.
• Some stand magnifiers come with built-in lights.
32. Disadvantages
• Limited FOV
• Difficult to work with on some surfaces
• Difficult to perform tasks under the magnifier
• Book bindings may present a problem, as the magnifier may
not remain in a stable or fixed position
• They can block the reading light and reduce the amount of
illumination that reaches the page.
• They can be bulky and are not as portable as smaller hand-held
magnifiers.
33. Telemicroscopes
• Eyeglass mounted telescopes
can be made to focus at any
working distance.
• Allows a person to work at a
more normal working distance.
– viewing the computer screen,
knitting, playing music or
– when or performing any task that
is uncomfortable when done at a
close distance.
• hands free
34. Electronic magnification system
• Electronic Devices-CCTV
– Provides projection
magnification along with RDM
– Provides magnified image
projected onto a monitor
screen.
35. CCTVCCTV
• An electronic magnification system for reading &
writing
• Incorporates both projection & RDM
• consists of three major components:
• camera
monitor
movable reading platform
• Best for pt. Having constricted VF, decreased VA
decreased contrast sensitivity secondary to
glaucoma, RP, ION.
38. Telescopes
• An optical instrument used to magnify the
apparent size of a distant object
• In low vision rehabilitation,
• Used whenever approach magnification and conventional
optical correction is not possible
• Refracting type (positive objective lens)
• Uses angular magnification (image of distant object subtend
larger visual angle than by object)
39. Telescopes
1. Hand-held for quick spotting
2. Bioptic telescopes – mounted in spectacles
3. Telemicroscopes for intermediate distance
41. – Spectacle mounted or handheld
–“full diameter”
–“bioptic” (superior)
–“reading” (inferior)
• Good for extended viewing,
television or sporting event
44. COMPONENTS
• Objective lens:
– Always +ve/ convergent lens
– Placed towards object
– Large in diameter
– Noted as Dobj or D1
• Ocular/ Eyepiece lens:
– Either +ve (Keplerian) / -ve (Galilean) lens
– Placed closest to the eye
– Noted as Doc or D2
45. TELESCOPESTELESCOPES
• It can be used in two different ways
• 1)Focally
• 2)a focally
• When used afocally
• -produces only an angular magnification
• -objective & ocular lenses are separated by a
distance equal to the absolute values of their focal
length- normal adjustment
• -image & object are located at infinity
46. • The ocular lenses is positioned in such a way that its
primary focal point is located coincident with the
image formed by the objective lenses
• Two types of telescopes
Galilean
Keplerian
• Magnification=-Doc Dobj
• Equivalent power= 0
47. • Telescopes when used focally,Telescopes when used focally,
• Primarily due to RDM
• Have finite focal distance(FOR NEAR AND
INTERMEDIATE)
• Can be used focally by three methods
– Increasing the power of objective lens
– Decreasing the power of ocular lens
– Changing the separation of the lenses
•
55. Telescopes used by uncorrectedTelescopes used by uncorrected
spherical ametropiaspherical ametropia
• when uncorrected Myopes uses Galilean telescope
magnification decreases.
• Still can have focused image on the retina by
adjusting the tube length -shorten.
• Hyperopic eye has a minus refractive error
– that is corrected by a plus lens.
56. Magnification of telescope
• M = Fe/Fo
where, Fe= power of eyepiece,
Fo= power of the objective
OR,
entrance pupil diameter/exit pupil diameter.
• FOV = objective lens diameter/mag. of telescope
60. Prescribing telescope
• Determining required magnification
– MTS= Best VA / Target Acuity
– Target acuity is usually 20/40, 20/50
• Binocular Vs Monocular
– Binocular for prolong tasks
– For binocular, should have equal VA & binocularity
– Occasionally, use as biocular (alternate fixation)
– Monocular if need to change fixation at various dist
61. Devices for Peripheral Visual Field
Defects
• Prisms
• Minus lens
• Reverse Telescope system
• Amorphic lens
Mirrors: Attach to the nasal aspect of the spectacle lens. Angle mirror toward non-seeing area. Advise patient on image reversal. Left-right reversal. These are available on clip-on or or permanently affixed. Prescribed mostly for hemianoptic field defects
Minus lens: Hold away from the eye so more information fits into the usable visual field