Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
It contains Examination Protocol for Contact Lenses along with information about pre-requisites for fitting a Contact Lens. A helpful guide for all Students, Eye Care Practitioners (Optometrist, Ophthalmologist).
Scleral contact lenses , types, uses in various ocular conditions.
An in-depth and unbiased details of these lenses as a therapeutic and also as a drug - delivery system in modern ophthalmology.
A must read for all Ophthalmologists and Optometrists.
Magnification is a method of increasing the size of the image
so that enough of the retina is stimulated to send an impulse
through the optic nerve allowing an object to be perceived .
Scleral lens is a large rigid contact lens with a diameter range of 15mm to 25mm. Its resting point is beyond the
corneal borders, and are believed to be among the best vision correction options for irregular corneas. Wearing scleral lens also can postpone or even prevent surgical intervention as well as decrease the risk of corneal scarring.
It contains Examination Protocol for Contact Lenses along with information about pre-requisites for fitting a Contact Lens. A helpful guide for all Students, Eye Care Practitioners (Optometrist, Ophthalmologist).
Low Vision Near Systems-Microscopes,Magnifiers & Electronic systemsHarsh Jain
Different Optical devices used in Low vision patients.
Its very important to take proper assessment and calculations for giving Optical devices like Microscopes,Magnifier etc.
The references are given.
Troubleshooting bifocals and Market Availability in Nepal
Bifocals in Anisometropia
Prismatic Effect in Bifocal
Bifocal Prescription
Bifocals in High Astigmatism
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Low vision management of patient with AMD.
1. Low Vision Management of Patient with
Age Related Macular Degeneration
Moderator: Presenters :
Niraj Dev Joshi Ashi Lakher
Chyavan Acharya
2. Layout
• Introduction of Low vision and AMD
• Visual deformities of patient with AMD
• Management of patient with AMD - Optical low vision aids
-Non Optical low vision aids
• Visual rehabilitation and support.
• Summary
• References
3. Introduction to Low vision :
• " A person with low vision is one who has impairment of
visual functioning even after treatment or standard refractive correction,
and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception, or a visual
field less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is
potentially able to use, vision for the planning and execution of a task."-
Bangkok Definition of Low Vision
• Low vision affects more than 246 million people worldwide.
1
4. • Visual impairment is a reduction in the ability of the eye or visual system
to perform.
• Categories of visual impairment :
category 0: mild VI with visual acuity better than 6/18
categories 3 and 4: profound VI with visual acuity worse than 3/60 to
perception of light, and
category 5: blindness with no perception of light.
category 1: moderate VI with visual acuity worse than 6/18–6/60
category 2: severe VI with visual acuity worse than 6/60–3/60
2
LOW VISION
5. • WHO’s Tenth Revision of the International statistical classification of
diseases and related health problems( ICD-10) has included low vision as
category 1 and 2 of visual impairment.
• The purpose of low vision is to utilize or enhance the patient’s residual vision
in order that he or she may continue to perform daily living tasks and retain
the best quality of life.
3
6. Age Related macular degeneration (AMD) :
• AMD is bilateral degenerative disorder of central retina , with age of onset
after fifth decade.
• It causes progressive , irreversible loss of central vision from fibrous
scarring of macular area .
• It is one of the leading causes of visual impairment in elderly people.
4
8. Epidemiology:
• The various population based studies have shown that the prevalence
of AMD was 9.1% -20.9% among the whites and 3.1%-10.6% in Asian
peoples.
• In previous population based study in Nepal, AMD was found to
contribute 8.7% of total blindness.
-Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Nepal Kathmandu University Medical Journal 9(35):165-9july 2011
6
9. Visual deformities of Patient with AMD :
1.Decreased Visual acuity:
Visual acuity with dry AMD ranges from 20/20 to 20/400 and with
wet AMD worse than 20/400 . There's no improvement in visual acuity
even with pinhole .
2.Visual field:
Visual field demonstrate central and para central scotoma with
normal peripheral findings.
7
11. Consequences:
• The visual symptoms of AMD manifest in a variety of ways, leading to
difficulties in areas such as reading, computer use, driving, and recognizing
faces.
• Severe AMD can make reading a single word almost impossible
without vision enhancement.
• Impaired abilities to perceive faces and recognize emotions are linked to
reduced quality of life and social engagement.
9
12. Things to ponder before prescribing Low vision
aids:
• Patient’s goal must be explored and defined
• Determine the patient’s functional vision
• Determination of magnification required to perform certain task
• Determine the appropriate magnification devices or system
10
13. Management of patient with AMD :
Note that in AMD , no form of treatment can prevent vision loss
however early treatment in the form of low vision aids and modified lifestyle
are helpful.
• Careful and complete refraction
• Optical Low vision aids
• Non optical Low vision aids
• Eccentric viewing and steady eye training.
• Visual rehabilitation and support
11
14. Refraction :
• It is important that calculation of magnification takes place only after
patients optimum refractive correction.
• Off-axis retinoscopy maybe done in patient with eccentric fixation.
• Radical retinoscopy can be done to visualise the reflex.
• Trial lens to be used than phoropters because -
12
15. -Larger lens aperture enables the patient to assume habitual eccentric fixation.
-Can include tinted trial lens, high powered microscopes in the trial frame.
• In patient with low to moderate vision loss ,near acuity can be improved by
increasing bifocal alone.
• Prism can also be incorporated to prescription glass to produce image
relocation at preferred retinal locus.
13
17. Near low vision Aids:
Near devices are designed for magnifying close objects and prints.
1.Spectacle mounted reading glass :
• In this reading glass high plus lens are given in spectacle form.
• Microscope does not produce the increased retinal image, rather it acts as a
converging system to neutralize the diverging rays created by close proximity of
reading material.
• Based on the principle of Relative distance magnification.
15
18. • Lens options:
1. Full field microscope
2. Half eye microscope
3. Bifocal microscope
4.Loupes
5.Contact lens microscope
16
19. • Advantages :
- Reading can be done for prolong time.
-Cosmetically appealing and patient most familiar.
-Largest field of view among other devices.
-Both hand are free
• Disadvantages:
- Fixed close reading distance causes fatigue or unacceptable
posture to read.
-Illumination is obstructed
-Patients with eccentric fixation are unable to fix through
these glasses at times
17
20. 2.Hand magnifiers:
• It is a convex lens mounted in a frame with the handle.
• The patients hold by means of handle at various distances from the spectacle
plane .
• It uses the principle of relative distance magnification and angular
magnification.
• The object should be placed at the focal distance of the magnifying lens.
18
21. • Retinal image size is constant, regardless of the distance between the
hand magnifier and the eye.
• FOV is greater for close eye to lens distance.
19
22. • Three common types of convex lens design are used,
1. Spherical lens
2. Aspheric lenses
3. Aplantic lenses
20
23. • Advantages-
-Familiarity, inexpensive
-Work well in patients with eccentric viewing
-Illumination available
-More socially accepted
-most convenient for short term tasks
• Disadvantages-
-One hand tied up
-Difficult to hold steady in proper position at all times
-Limited FOV, depends on eye to lens distance
21
24. 3.Stand magnifiers:
• A convex lens that is mounted at a fixed distance from the reading material.
• Not required to be hold by the person. It is supported by legs or a housing
that stand on the reading material.
• Principle -Relative distance magnification and angular magnification.
• Types of design:
1. Spherical lenses
2. Aspheric lenses
3. Aplantic lenses
22
25. Light rays diverge as they leave an object (A). The lens of a stand
magnifier provides enough converging power to counteract some of
the divergence, but the rays continue to diverge a bit after they pass
through the lens (B). A plus power (convergent) spectacle lens is
then required to counteract the remaining divergence. After the rays
leave the spectacle lens (C), they emerge parallel for viewing by the
eye.
23
26. • Advantages:
-Has a fixed focus, ease for Patient
-Good for patient with tremors/arthritis and constricted fields
-Self-illuminated
-Inexpensive, good for detailed tasks and short term task.
-Some design can be used for writing
• Disadvantages:
-Accommodation or add is needed
-Decrease field of view
-Too close to reading posture is sometimes painful for long hours.
24
27. 4.Electronic Devices- CCTV:
• It provides projection magnification along with RDM.
• Provides magnified image projected onto a monitor screen.
•Head mounted video display systems provide:
-Autofocus magnification
-Variable brightness
-Contrast enhancement
25
28. Distance Optical devices :
Telescopes:
• An optical instrument used to magnify the apparent size of distance
objects.
• In its simple form telescope contain two elements i.e.
1. Objective lens : Always positive or convergent lens that is placed
towards the object and is larger in diameter.
2. Ocular lens/eyepiece : Either convergent (positive lens in Keplerian
telescope) or divergent (negative lens in Galilean telescope) that is placed
closest to the eye.
26
29. OPTICAL PRINCIPLE OF TELESCOPE:
Afocal (normal adjustment):
• The separation between Obj. & Oc. Lens is by their absolute value of
focal length.
• Produce only angular magnification.
• Parallel rays of light is incident and emerges out. Both object and image
located at infinity.
• Equivalent power of telescope = Zero.
MTS= - Doc / DOBJ
Where
Doc = power of ocular lens
DOBJ = power of objective lens
27
30. Two types of telescopes:
The ocular lenses is positioned in such a way that its primary focal point
located coincident with the image formed by the objective lenses
Galilean telescope Keplerian telescope
28
31. Galilean telescope Keplerian telescope
Objective lens positive positive
Eyepiece negative positive
Image Virtual and erect Real and inverted
Quality Poor Good
Magnification positive Negative
Tube length Shorter longer
Exit pupil Inside the telescope Outside the telescope
29
32. Types:
1.Hand-held for quick spotting:
-Lightweight
-Inexpensive
-Quick and easy for spotting
2. Bioptic telescopes
-mounted in spectacles
-Quick and easy access by tipping head
-Monocular vs binocular depends on purpose
3. Telemicroscopes for intermediate distance
30
33. Focal telescope:
• Telescope designed for distance vision can be adapted for intermediate
or near use by 3 different techniques,
-Increase power of objective lens
-Decrease power of ocular lens
-Increase separation of objective and ocular lens.
• Made focal due to relative distance magnification. Also referred
as Telemicroscope, Reading telescope, Surgical telescope ,Telescopic
loupe, Near point telescope.
31
34. Telemicroscope
• Combination microscope and telescope
• Usually spectacle mounted
• Generally a microscope cap is placed on a telescope lens
• Gives advantage of microscope magnification at a longer focal distance
32
35. • ADVANTAGE OF TELESCOPE :
-One of the possible device to enhance distant vision
- It can be focused to give distance and near magnification
- Can be incorporate with the patient prescription or telescope focus can
adjust
• DISADVANTAGE OF TELESCOPE
- Ugly appearance
-Expensive and costly
-Reduced depth perception
- Binocularity difficult to achieve
33
36. Non Optical methods of low vision workout for
AMD.
• Use of relative size magnification (RSM)
• Adjustment of illumination
• Glare control
• Contrast improvement filters and UV protective filters
• Environmental Modification and elimination of Hazards
• Use of technology and artificial intelligence
• Eccentric Viewing
34
37. Use of Relative Size Magnification
Use of Calculators, calendars, telephones or keyboards having large printed digits.
35
40. • Use of Computer magnifiers and closed circuit television magnifiers
(CCTV) for habitual readers.
Size 28: Computers have plenty of magnification options like increment
of font size, use of free installed magnifiers or some other special ones.
Size 40: Computers have plenty of magnification
options like increment of font size, use of free
installed magnifiers or some other special ones.
38
42. Adjustment of Illumination
The requirement of level of illumination increases in people having
AMD. So,
• Use adjustable window coverings to customize natural light that
comes inside.
• Use lightbulbs of at least 60 watts in rooms.
40
44. Mirror Coatings
Polaroid glasses
Photo chromatic glasses
Sunglasses
Typoscope
Pinholes and Stenopaic slits
Use of shades
Glare free LED lightening
GLARE CONTROL
42
47. Filters
Filters provide UV protection and contrast improvement.
The requirement of UV protection is very crucial to retard the
advancement of AMD.
The requirement of contrast improvement is for easy localization of the
objects.
45
48. UV Protective filters include
• Polycarbonate Glasses
• Sunglasses
• Polaroid glasses
• Photo chromatic glasses
• CPF filters
• NoIR filters
Contrast enhancement filters include
• Color filters
• NoIR filters
• CPF (Corning color protection filters)
46
52. Yellow acetate filter papers are also
used to enhance prints for low vision
people.
50
53. Environmental Modification
• Use of RSM at home by replacing calendars, telephone
sets, wall clocks etc. with those providing good contrast
and having larger size.
• Use of good lightening conditions at home.
• Adjustment of appropriate color and contrast around the working
environment.
• Arrange mirrors so lighting doesn’t reflect off them and create
glare at home.
51
57. Environmental modification: Elimination of
Hazards
• Arrange furniture in close areas
• Put adequate lighting near furniture
• Use tactile clues but avoid patterns, that create confusion
• Make furniture easier to locate by placing brightly-colored
vases and lamps nearby
• Replace worn carpeting and floor coverings
• Tape down or remove rugs to prevent slips
• Place the electrical cords safely
Cont.
55
61. Use of technology
Talking calculator, keyboards, sphygmomanometers, thermometers,
clocks, microwaves etc. can contribute in lots of daily works and
even in medical management.
59
62. Use of artificial intelligence
• Color Detector
• Money readers
• Book readers
• Face readers
• Product identifiers
60
65. Eccentric Viewing
• Eccentric viewing is basically learning to look around the blind spot
particularly when blind spot lies within or around center of fixation.
• The patient should be encouraged to find a ‘sweet spot’ for viewing
using healthy peripheral vision.
• The patient should learn and practice to identify letters and numbers
with that sweet spot.
• Finally, the person should learn to hold the eyes still and read without
bringing the image to the macula where blind spot lies.
63
66. Goals of low vision workout
after AMD
To ambulate comfortably at home and
in the surrounding
particularly when the old man is strong.
64
67. Prof. Naya Raj Pant (1913-2002)
To read comfortably:
Habitual (Newspaper/ Religious),
Professional (Author, Artist, Scientist),
Business.
65
68. Visual Rehabilitation
Problems:
• There is less self-esteem and acceptance of almost all
discomforts.
• Negligence and adaptation with loneliness,
helplessness and senility.
• Lack of desire to experience new and lack of desire to
live young.
• Stone script in the mind: Detrimental visual damage
at
old age is unavoidable.
• Lack of awareness about low vision rehabilitation.
66
69. Visual Rehabilitation
• Motivation towards low vision aids in irreversible visual loss must be
an important aspect of public health issue and social awareness.
• People must be aware of levels of illuminations in working area.
• Improvement of environment and infrastructures according to the
ease of low vision people.
• Simple aids like magnifiers should be freely available.
• We must always be able to provide other smart options.
• We must teach old people comfortably so that they trust us to believe
in themselves to use the devices comfortably.
• We should always motivate old people to live young and free.
67
70.
71. References:
• Essential of low vision practice
• The low vision handbook for eye care professionals
• Previous presentation
• Internet
Editor's Notes
VI –visual impairment
Hallmark for dry/ non exudative amd =Macular drusens ,RPE atrophy.
Hallmark for wet/ exudative amd= drusens, sub retinal fluids, haemorrhages
And the diagnosis can be done by simple macular examination with 90D and confirmed by OCT as well.
The reading work at near becomes difficult because of scotoma since the word next to fixation disappear
Off axis retinoscopy induce some amount of oblique astigmatism
Aaccomodation or add needed.
The power of the spectacle lens depends on the imaginary focal distance of the virtual image (D) which in turn is dependent on the height of the stand magnifier
Relative Size Magnification is actual increment in the size of the object, alphabets or anything so as to subtend larger angle in the nodal point of the eye.
CCTV has stand mounted video camera.. and the video signal is magnified and displayed.
As discussed in the problems of macula in AMD like slow light adaptation: the need of glare control and light control is very essential.
Glares are visual discomforts due to brightness from other sources when viewing a target.
Signamag Typoscope
AGC: Advanced Glare control
One of the cause of the AMD is supposed to be UV-B.
Looks like CPF 527 with side protection.
Allows only the longer wavelength to transmit.
Good luminance; check the lightening devicesThe furniture are closely arranged and looks very cozy.
Indicating contrast; though overall illuminance looks lower. The small digits of microwaves can be attached with tactile clues;
These points are very important for easy ambulation at home.
Damm.. expensive..
Emotional video
The 1st reason: if the person is fine, has strong legs and will power enough to move.
These points are offensive towards low vision management of old peoples; it doesn’t matter whether the visual loss is due to PDR and AMD.