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Low cost building materials and construction techniques
- 1. LOW COST BUILDING MATERIALSAND CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES Yash Kotgirwar | 114AR0032 | Nehal Singh | 114AR0027
- 2. Building Materials Low CostBuilding Materials
- 3. Selection Of LowCost Building Material ○ Manufacturing of Low Cost Building Materials □ Environmental friendly □ Improve technologies for production □ Reduction in waste generation ○ Use of Recycled Waste as Building Materials □ Waste produced can be used for the production of a material cheaper in cost ○ Use of Natural Low Cost Building Materials □ Natural materials are sustainable and environmental friendly □ Materials like stone , wood ,lime ,bamboo ,sand have low embodied energy ○ Use of Local Building Materials □ Reduces transportation dependence □ Suitable for local environment 3
- 4. Selection Of LowCost Building Material ○ Use of non-toxic Building Materials □ Materials to be free from any kind of toxins □ Higher air cycling required if any highly organic volatile compounds are used ○ Longevity, Durability and Maintenance □ Use of durable construction materials decreases the maintenance cost □ Low maintenance cost saves a lot of building operating costs ○ Recyclability and Reusability □ In a form so that it can be recycled or reused. Eg.Plastics ○ Biodegradability □ Decompose naturally when discarded □ Not produce toxic gases while decomposition 4
- 5. Building Materials Natural • RandomStraw or Coconut Fibres Stabilised Soil • Bamboo • Compressed Earth Block • Non –erodible Mud Plaster • Straw • Fibre Cement Composites • Bagasse Composite boards Man Made • Fly Ash • Coal Washery Rejects • Aerocon Panels • Ferro Cement 5
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- 7. Natural Random straw orCoconut Fibres Stabilised Soil 7 • Ancient construction material used in many countries • Have both strength and durability • Compacted material • 1% of straw increases the strength by three time as compared to no straw • Coconut fibres increases the durability • Sulphur coating enhances the water resistance
- 8. Natural Bamboo 8 • India isthe largest producer,50% of world production • Easily affordable • Easy assembly and long durability • High tensile strength, than steel • Fire resistant unto 4000 deg C • High elasticity hence used in earthquake prone areas • Low weight –easy for transportation and assembly
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- 10. Natural Compressed Earth Block 10 •Raw earth stabilised by cement or lime • Also known as Adobe bricks ,light in weight • Non toxic • Fire resistant ,Sound resistant • Low transportation cost • Insect resistant as they are very dense • Available in customizable sizes • Used in stucco work for exteriors Natural
- 11. Natural Non-erodible Mud Plaster 11 •Economical process of preventing mud walls from erosion • Mud mixed with bitumen and kerosene oil • Resistant to water
- 12. Natural Straw 12 • Fire resistant •Thermal insulation • Soil and Moisture insulation • Non toxic Life Extended Thatch Roofing • Treating with copper sulphate solution decreases the biodegradability • Treatment of roof surface with phosphorylated spray or CNSL oil imparts- o Water proofing o Termite resistance o Fire resistance o Weathering resistance Improved Thatched Roofing • CBRI advise to add mud platers in between to increase fire and water resistance
- 13. Natural Fibre Cement Composites 13 •Natural fibre used with cement as an alternative building material • Fibres used like bagasse , cereal straw, corn and cotton stalk ,kenalf /rice husk • Imparts o Light weight o High strength to weight ratio o Corrosion resistance o High fracture toughness o High flexibility o Resistance to cracking o Add workability
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- 15. Natural: Cement Composite Bagasse Cement-Boards and Panels 15 • Fibrous matter after sugar is extracted • Sugarcane bagasse and Portland cement is mixed • High density boards
- 16. Natural: Cement Composite Bagasse PVCBoards 16 • Sugarcane bagasse and PVC is mixed as a binder • Inherent self extinguishing property • Used in door shutters, sanitary fixtures, pipes, cable, cabinets
- 17. Natural: Bagasse PVC boards Juteand Coir 17 • Widely available in India Coir-CNSL Board o used for window and door shutter, partitioning, false ceiling, furniture etc. o Single layer flat pressed medium density board o Low water absorption, workable with wood tools o Paintable, pre laminable, screw able Coir-CNSL Thermal Insulation Board o Coconut fibres as reinforcing material o CNSL as natural binder o Low density for moderate thermal insulation
- 18. Natural: Bagasse PVC boards Juteand Coir 18 Jute-Coir Composites o Economic alternative for wood o Eg- coir ply boards with jute face veneer, coir plus waste rubber inside Coconut and Wooden Chips Roofing Chips o Coconut fibres and wooden chips soaked in water for 2 hours and then drained off o Mixed with cement and layed over corrugated mould kept under pressure for 8-10 hours o CNSL oil can also be used as a natural binder
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- 20. Man Made Fly Ash 20 •Mineral residue after burning burning coal and fine glass • Constitutes of silica, alumina and iron Fly Ash Bricks o Class C fly ash and water o Due to high calcium oxide its self cementing o Energy efficient o Lower water penetration, light weight, thermal insulation
- 21. Man Made Coal WasheryRejects Bricks • Left over after fluidised bed combustion • Uses water and reduces air and land pollution • Energy efficient • Red mud, coal ash, etc from large scale industries can be used • These are mixed with lime pozollona and cement to form bricks 21
- 22. Man Made Aerocon Panels •Inorganic bonded sandwich panels • 2 fibre cement sheets engulfing a Portland cement mix with fibres of silica's and micaceous aggregates • Light weight, thermal insulation, fire and sound resistant • Termite and weather resistant • Suitable for seismic or cyclone prone zones 22
- 23. Man Made Ferro Cement •Thin walled versatile high strength cement based composite material • Cement mortar reinforced with 2-3 layers of wire mesh • Light weight high strength 23
- 24. Plaster Fibre Reinforcedclay plaster o Natural or artificial fibre(polypropylene) o Achieve better sticking properties o Less Brittles 24 Calcium Silicate Plaster o Derived from Wollanstonite naturally occurring calcium silicate o Does not emit VOC or any other harmful gases o Gives a smooth finish
- 25. Roofing 25 Bamboo MattRoofing Corrugated Sheets o Better than clay and Mangalore tiles o Preferred for semi permanent structures
- 26. Construction Techniques Low CostConstruction Techniques
- 27. Usually stop atfloor level (30 or 40 cm above ground level.). Take them 45 cm higher and you have a ready made bed or seat! FOUNDATIONS When soil is poor and soft – it is usual to dig a wide trench and cover the bottom with concrete. On this a wide stone wall 50- 60cm is built on top of that. When the soil is strong and hard there is no need for either to concrete or the layer of thick stonework.
- 28. Another use forsplit building BAMBOO in LIMEconcreteisforfoundations,especially in sandy areas along the sea coast. Salt and saline will not affect or destroy either the concrete or the reinforcement. (Ordinary foundations will crack with shiftingsands.)
- 29. In some districtsstone is available, but only in small irregular lumps. These make very poor walls with no possibility of good bonding. Cracks soon develop. Make a metal (or wood) box (without top or bottom) about 45 cm long 23 cm wide and 15 cm high. Place in it the larger stones and then fill in, all round, with concrete made of the small stones. After drying and removing the box you have an excellent building block.
- 30. SPLIT STONE In somedistricts granite is split from large rocks to give posts and slabs. You can incorporate these stones as lintels, shelves, window “grills” and child-proof furniture. Short broken posts can usually be had at very low prices.
- 31. SUN DRIED BRICKS Thisis very old, well tried and tested mud brick system common in many parts of kerala. If properly made, these mud sun dried bricks are capable of being used for a two sto- rey house.
- 32. Mix soil withonlya littlewater - pick up as much as you can in your two hands and make a ‘roll’. Place these rolls closely together in rows; Then smooth one of the ends. Anyone can make this sort of a wall but you CANNOT MAKE A HIGH WALL. It is very good for curved or circular walls. COB
- 33. PRESSED BRICKS A hand operatedmachine compresses the earth into hard, smooth, strong bricks (the machine can be owned by the community or panchayat). These can be used for even three storey houses, though each storey must be protected form rain by overhanging slabs.
- 34. PISE (RAMMED EARTH) With aproperly made frame (which can be taken to pieces) rammed earth makes a very strong wall. It is essentially good for large, low, solid looking buildings or it can take the weight of heavy roofing such as reinforced concrete.
- 35. WATTLE ANDDAUB This systemof using mud for house building is more usualin india’s eastern states. It is mainly used in bamboo growing areas. It is particularly good and ‘safe’ in areas prone to earth tremors. It is also adaptable to any shape of building.
- 36. The RAT TRAPBOND is still mainly unknown in india, though used in england for the past several hundred years. It is as strong as the other bonds but uses 25% LESS bricks and mortar. Thermal insulation is very much better. Bricks are laid on edge, not flat. This creates a ‘bonded cavity’. RAT TRAP BOND
- 37. The CAVITYin theRATTRAP BOND wall ensures good insulation from heat and cold. This can be ruined by a poor mason carelessly slopping mortar into the cavitywhileheisbuilding. Toavoid this 1. Make sure the mortar is not too wet, and 2.Use a 3” wide strip of wood, laid over the central cavity and place the mortar on both sided of it.
- 38. BRICK JALI ‘Jali’ -formerly pierced stone panels – is one of india’s oldest methods of letting into a building filteredlightandventilationbut maintainingprivacyandsecurity. BRICK JALI can function in the same way – either as panels or as a complete load bearing wall.
- 39. There is theold “honey comb” pattern of ‘jali’ brick work. The holes can be extended vertically. Or there can be alternating sections of one row of holes followed by 2 or 3 rows of holes, then the single hole rowagain – And so on. Once these patterns have been used – a good mason can devise and enjoy doing many patterns.
- 40. Floor to ceiling,and column to column, large panels of jail can be ‘corrugated’ or ‘folded’ (for strength – and even for four and half inch brick walls) and given first class lighting and ventilation to corridors, class rooms, and even for large halls and auditoria. Bay ‘windows’ Make excellent beds in the hot weather.
- 41. The usual roundand segmental arches need shuttering or support during construction. The corbel arch needs no support and is extremely simple and easy to make. One quarter of a brick is extended out from the brick below it. The writer successfully used such ‘arches’ over openings up to 5 meters wide. CORBEL ARCH
- 42. ARCHES Arches can beof different shapes and sizes and are much less costly than r.C. Lintels. But while constructing them, some sort of frame work or support is necessary. In one building there may be arches of different sizes so make the frame for the smallest – and add a row or two of dry bricks (No mortar) for the larger arches.
- 43. FANCY SUNSHADES SERVE NOPURPOSE EXCEPT TO COLLECT LEAVES. THEYARE UNNECESSARYANDCOSTLY- SO DON’T USETHEM. DON’T USE PLASTER Unless it is really necessary. Put it all over a building and it accounts for about 10% of the total cost! Fungus grows on it outside. People finger it, and lean on it, inside. It either looks dirty and ugly or you have to repaint it every year at considerable cost. There are a few places where it is useful - kitchen, bathrooms, but elsewhere, neat brickworklooks better.
- 44. Doors do nothave to have frames, panels, etc. A few planks can be fixed together wi th strap hinges to form a strong door. A little bit of cutting can give a small pattern. The cost will be much less than half the cost of a normal door. DOORS
- 45. WINDOWS A window witha frame and a shutter, with glass, and perhaps a metal grill, is very costly. A simple 1” thick, 9” wide plank of wood, with a rounded protrusion at both ends, will fit into 2 strips of wood (30 or 35 cm long, 8 cm wide) and youhave a ‘window’! Even when it is open, no one can climb through the two 4 inch openings, so no grill is required. If a larger window is needed, put 2 or 3 in a row.
- 46. Certain types ofbuilding bamboo have approximately the same tensile strength as torsteel. See elsewhere, but steel will corrode in lime concrete (much cheaper than cement concrete) whereas bamboo reinforcement will not corode in lime concrete. Further more (and of great natural importance) lime and bamboo use practically no ‘energy’, while cement and steel are both energy intensive materials.
- 47. FILLER SLAB (Variable rodsize according to span) In the orthodox reinforced concrete slab the dead weight of its concrete is heavy. This weight can be lessenedby putting light weight material between the steel rods. The simplest ‘filler’ is to use two grade mangalore tiles. These have no structural strength value – they are mere ‘fillers’. Using them saves about 30% dead weight of the ‘slab’ – so less steel is needed – so much steel, sand, cement metal and cost is saved.
- 48. LOFTSAND BUNKS These sections showhow the ‘living space’ is increased without enlarging the total Floor area of a small house. When a sloping roof is asked for (or a sloping site makes a sloping roof more economical) there is usually quote a lot of spare space under the lower sloping parts and these can be used not only for shelves and storage but also for seats and beds.
- 49. Instead of using regularwalling system of lintel and window system ,jali work can help cost estimation. Climate considerations and use of local materials helps maintaining economy than general RCC practise
- 50. JACK ARCH ROOFS They areeasy to construct, save on cement and steel, are more appropriate in hot climates. These can be constructed using compressed earth blocks also as alternative to bricks for further economy.
- 51. References 51 Vidya.(2009).Alternative lowcost materials . Retrieved from https://www.google.co.in/search?safe=active&rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN803IN803&ei=_DV4W9yoH czsvAS1- YIo&q=alternative+low+cost+building+materials+pdf&oq=alternative+low+cost+building+m aterials+pdf&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0i22i30k1.60784.62871.0.63200.4.4.0.0.0.0.269.795.2- 3.3.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..1.3.792....0.94A-KEts084 J. Sunu, “Eco-Friendly Inorganic Bonded Sandwich Pan- els (Aerocon Panels): Production Properties and Applica- tions,” 11th Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composite Confer- ence, Madrid, Laurie Baker(1999),”A Manual for Cost Cuts for Acceptable Housing”, Retrieved from” https://www.google.co.in/search?safe=active&rlz=1C1CHZL_enIN803IN803&ei=q0d5W76PO of- vATul6lA&q=laurie+baker+construction+techniques+pdf&oq=laurie+baker+construction+tec hniques+pdf&gs_l=psy-ab.3..0j0i22i30k1.8882.9897.0.10251.4.4.0.0.0.0.262.478.2- 2.2.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..2.2.477...0i20i263k1.0.ZEhExNNq2mg”
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