This document discusses various low-cost and alternative building materials that can be used for construction of low-cost housing in India. It categorizes materials as natural (such as compressed earth blocks, bamboo, straw) or man-made (such as fly ash bricks, ferrocement). It provides details on the properties and production processes of these materials. The conclusion states that using modern techniques to improve strength of local materials can help address housing needs in a cost-effective manner, while also promoting use of industrial wastes. Proper training of local artisans is needed for effective utilization of alternative construction methods.
Sustainable Building Materials in Kerala – An OverviewIDES Editor
Kerala, God’s own country is blessed with immense
natural resources. It’s high time that the state’s natural
resources being utilized effectively. While sustainable
development is the need of the hour, we have to take lead in
initiating activities that would minimize the exploitation of
our natural resources resulting in their effective utilization.
This paper narrates an overview of innovative building
materials especially using natural fibres available in Kerala
and discusses the feasibility of utilising such fibres in the
context of sustainable building materials in Kerala. The paper
also discusses how these materials can be effectively utilized
to reduce the huge investment in the construction industry.
Natural fibre has emerged as a renewable and cheaper substitute to synthetic materials such as
glass, carbon and aramid, which are used as reinforcements. The chemical composition of natural fibres may
differ with the growing condition and test methods even for the same kind of fibre, hence the need to develop
fiber using bamboo from Nigeria to carry out this research. In this work, the objective was to develop,
investigate and analyze the physical properties of long bamboo fiber obtained locally from Nigeria. Fresh
bamboo was obtained and the fibre extracted using maceration method. Different physical properties of the long
bamboo fibre were determined to ascertain their applicability. It was found that the pH values of the solution
before and after extraction were 3.0 and 4.0 respectively. Thedensity of the dry bamboo (1.11g/cm
3
) is slightly
above that of water and that of the long bamboo fibre was found to be 0.5580 g/cm
3
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
Bamboo as a Building Material – its Uses and Advantages in Construction Works Splitting of Bamboo. The bamboo canes are split into halves or quarter sections using... Shaping of Bamboo. Even though bamboos are naturally circular in form but if they are grown in... Bending of Bamboo. Bamboos can be ...
use of bamboo in construction
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo as construction material
bamboo for building
bamboo building supplies
bamboo for construction
bamboo as structural material
how to build using bamboo
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Sustainable Building Materials in Kerala – An OverviewIDES Editor
Kerala, God’s own country is blessed with immense
natural resources. It’s high time that the state’s natural
resources being utilized effectively. While sustainable
development is the need of the hour, we have to take lead in
initiating activities that would minimize the exploitation of
our natural resources resulting in their effective utilization.
This paper narrates an overview of innovative building
materials especially using natural fibres available in Kerala
and discusses the feasibility of utilising such fibres in the
context of sustainable building materials in Kerala. The paper
also discusses how these materials can be effectively utilized
to reduce the huge investment in the construction industry.
Natural fibre has emerged as a renewable and cheaper substitute to synthetic materials such as
glass, carbon and aramid, which are used as reinforcements. The chemical composition of natural fibres may
differ with the growing condition and test methods even for the same kind of fibre, hence the need to develop
fiber using bamboo from Nigeria to carry out this research. In this work, the objective was to develop,
investigate and analyze the physical properties of long bamboo fiber obtained locally from Nigeria. Fresh
bamboo was obtained and the fibre extracted using maceration method. Different physical properties of the long
bamboo fibre were determined to ascertain their applicability. It was found that the pH values of the solution
before and after extraction were 3.0 and 4.0 respectively. Thedensity of the dry bamboo (1.11g/cm
3
) is slightly
above that of water and that of the long bamboo fibre was found to be 0.5580 g/cm
3
In recent years, a great deal of interest in concrete leads to the most frequently used sustainable construction material. Using of natural fiber as fiber reinforcement effectively improved strength, ductility and durability requirements of high performance cement composites. Regretly, natural fibers are dumped as agricultural waste (e.g. coconut, bamboo, wood or chips, bast fiber, leaf fiber, seed and fruit fibers, etc), so can be easily available low cost. The applications of natural fiber for sustainable construction material design can be done as filler or masonry composites, reinforcement, thermal conductivity, cementations/binder, etc. Previous and current researchers focusing the natural fiber to improve the properties of lightweight composites still required a lot of investigations to make it improved. However, the present work consists of the availability of natural fiber waste substance, sustainable construction materials are evaluated for their physico-mechanical properties of sustainable construction materials, method of production and environmental impact of several materials. No doubt, the application of natural fiber provides a solution to conservation of natural resource and energy.
Bamboo as a Building Material – its Uses and Advantages in Construction Works Splitting of Bamboo. The bamboo canes are split into halves or quarter sections using... Shaping of Bamboo. Even though bamboos are naturally circular in form but if they are grown in... Bending of Bamboo. Bamboos can be ...
use of bamboo in construction
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo as construction material
bamboo for building
bamboo building supplies
bamboo for construction
bamboo as structural material
how to build using bamboo
interesting civil engineering topics
seminar topics pdf
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
civil engineering ppt
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Use of Bamboo for Sustainable Housing Construction in Developing CountriesPremier Publishers
The study examined the use of bamboo as a sustainable building material combined with other material like mud to produce houses. Methodology of study was descriptive and qualitative which included review of literature on bamboo, participatory observation and in-depth interviews with local artisans and building owners. Structured questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents while purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical tool to obtain percentages, rankings and relative significance index (RSI). Findings reveal that most of the low-income group are able to build their houses through the use of bamboo at a reduced cost, while others not in support of the use of bamboos are yet to have their houses. Also, the use of modern method of building houses completely with bamboo and its by-products is missing due to lack of technological know-how. The study recommends advocacy enlightenment, training of professionals and artisans on the modern use of bamboo in all aspects of building; change of orientation/perception on the use of locally available materials for building construction.
Organic Shaped Buildings with Bamboo Bamboo as building material is not constantly use into organic shaped building. The reference shape of bamboo building mostly come from wooden building which is generally constructed using simple frame structure.
Organic Building Shape: Described by Renzo Piano’s firm as an ‘organic creature‘, the slug shaped new building rises up cheekily above the traditional 19th century neoclassical facade which contains its entrance. So that it can be seen (but only ..
bamboo as construction material
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo for building
bamboo used for construction
bamboo for construction
how to build using bamboo
bamboo building supplies
best bamboo for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Techn...ijtsrd
The natural fibers like Banana, Coir, Cotton, Sisal and Jute have attracted the attention of scientists and technologist for application in consumer goods, low cost housing and other civil structures. Nonwoven products are taking the place of many woven and knit materials because of their lower cost and lighter weight. Nonwoven fabrics are also predominate in the geotextiles industry because of their higher permeability, better friction and construction survivability compared to that of woven products point out Niir Board (2000). The fibres apart from low cost and renewable in nature, it is more attractive as reinforcing material for composite says Billie. J. Collien et al., (2001). The use of natural material gives the user or a designer more inspiration and indicates the flow and performance of a product.A study was conducted in three districts of Southern part of Tamil Nadu namely Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi to find out the preference of nonwoven made up of natural fibres such as Jute, Coir, Banana and blends which were low cost and locally available fibers. Seven nonwoven samples were prepared by needle punching process from the selected natural fibers such as Jute, Coir, Banana as 1st, 2nd & 3rd samples Coir and Jute, Coir and Banana, Banana Jute as 4th, 5th, 6th samples and Jute Coir Banana as 7th sample. The study revealed that the country fishermen and company owners were concerned with marine environment and they preferred to select nonwoven made of natural fibres at affordable cost. Dr.Sr.Mary Gilda | Dr.V.Subramaniam"Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3573.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/clothing-and-textiles/3573/preparation-of-nonwoven-fabrics-using-natural-fibers-by-needle-punching-technology/drsrmary-gilda
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.[6] In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Use of Bamboo for Sustainable Housing Construction in Developing CountriesPremier Publishers
The study examined the use of bamboo as a sustainable building material combined with other material like mud to produce houses. Methodology of study was descriptive and qualitative which included review of literature on bamboo, participatory observation and in-depth interviews with local artisans and building owners. Structured questionnaires were administered to 50 respondents while purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS version 22 statistical tool to obtain percentages, rankings and relative significance index (RSI). Findings reveal that most of the low-income group are able to build their houses through the use of bamboo at a reduced cost, while others not in support of the use of bamboos are yet to have their houses. Also, the use of modern method of building houses completely with bamboo and its by-products is missing due to lack of technological know-how. The study recommends advocacy enlightenment, training of professionals and artisans on the modern use of bamboo in all aspects of building; change of orientation/perception on the use of locally available materials for building construction.
Organic Shaped Buildings with Bamboo Bamboo as building material is not constantly use into organic shaped building. The reference shape of bamboo building mostly come from wooden building which is generally constructed using simple frame structure.
Organic Building Shape: Described by Renzo Piano’s firm as an ‘organic creature‘, the slug shaped new building rises up cheekily above the traditional 19th century neoclassical facade which contains its entrance. So that it can be seen (but only ..
bamboo as construction material
bamboo building materials for sale
bamboo for building
bamboo used for construction
bamboo for construction
how to build using bamboo
bamboo building supplies
best bamboo for construction
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics pdf
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
seminar topic for civil engineering pdf
Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Techn...ijtsrd
The natural fibers like Banana, Coir, Cotton, Sisal and Jute have attracted the attention of scientists and technologist for application in consumer goods, low cost housing and other civil structures. Nonwoven products are taking the place of many woven and knit materials because of their lower cost and lighter weight. Nonwoven fabrics are also predominate in the geotextiles industry because of their higher permeability, better friction and construction survivability compared to that of woven products point out Niir Board (2000). The fibres apart from low cost and renewable in nature, it is more attractive as reinforcing material for composite says Billie. J. Collien et al., (2001). The use of natural material gives the user or a designer more inspiration and indicates the flow and performance of a product.A study was conducted in three districts of Southern part of Tamil Nadu namely Kanyakumari, Tirunelveli and Thoothukudi to find out the preference of nonwoven made up of natural fibres such as Jute, Coir, Banana and blends which were low cost and locally available fibers. Seven nonwoven samples were prepared by needle punching process from the selected natural fibers such as Jute, Coir, Banana as 1st, 2nd & 3rd samples Coir and Jute, Coir and Banana, Banana Jute as 4th, 5th, 6th samples and Jute Coir Banana as 7th sample. The study revealed that the country fishermen and company owners were concerned with marine environment and they preferred to select nonwoven made of natural fibres at affordable cost. Dr.Sr.Mary Gilda | Dr.V.Subramaniam"Preparation of Nonwoven Fabrics using Natural Fibers by Needle Punching Technology" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-6 , October 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd3573.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/home-science/clothing-and-textiles/3573/preparation-of-nonwoven-fabrics-using-natural-fibers-by-needle-punching-technology/drsrmary-gilda
In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of Tiki culture. In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up simple suspension bridges, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.
Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.[6] In the Philippines, the nipa hut is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of housing where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. In Japanese architecture, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental and/or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
A Study on Strength of Reinforced Flyash with Randomly Distributed FibersIJERD Editor
Flyash is a waste produced from thermal power stations, which contributes to environmental
pollution. It is a waste material that can be utilized in construction of roads and embankments. Randomly
distributed fiber reinforced soils have recently attracted increasing attention in geotechnical engineering. One of
the most promising approaches in this area is use of flyash as a replacement to the conventional weak earth
material and fiber/coir as reinforcement will solve two problems with one effort i.e. elimination of solid waste
problem on one hand and provision of a needed construction material on other. Disposal of a variety of wastes
in an eco friendly way is the thrust area of today’s research. This paper investigates to determine the optimum
percentage of waste plastics/coconut coir with flyash material by conducting direct shear and CBR tests. It was
observed that from the laboratory test results, the optimum percentage of waste plastics and coconut coir with
flyash material are 0.3% and 0.2% respectively and also flyash with waste plastics shows better performance as
compared to flyash with coconut coir.
GEO TECH TEXTILES
HOME TECH TEXTILES
BUILD TECH TEXTILES
All types and uses and properties given for better understanding
Please share the response either its helpful or not ?
An Overview of Rha And Scba Clay BricksIJERA Editor
Burnt clay brick is one of the major and widely used building units in construction around the world. The manufacturing of burnt clay bricks using waste materials can minimize the environmental overburden caused by waste deposition on open landfills and would also improve the brick performance at low production cost leading to more sustainable construction. These wastes utilization would not only be economical, but may also help to create a sustainable and pollution free environment. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the waste addition produced from two major crops: sugarcane and rice in clay bricks manufacturing.
The high cost of materials for anyconventional
building is a major factor that affects the housing delivery
worldwide. This has necessitated research for alternative cost
effective materials in construction. The paper aims at analyzing
characteristic compressive and tensile strength of coconut shells
of concrete produced. By partial replacement using crushed,
granular coconut shells as a substitute for conventional coarse
aggregate in M20 grade concrete. The cube and cylinder are
casted, tested then physical and mechanical properties are
determined. In this studies, three different concrete mixes with
different the combination of natural material content namely
0%, 25%, 50%. Three samples specimen will be prepare for each
concrete mixes. The parameters will be tested are compressive
strength, tensile strength.
This paper analyzed an investigation on the behavior of
concrete specimens produce from coconut shell aggregate. A total
of 36 specimens with varying percentage of replacement were
casted and tested. The attempt is made to prove in all respect the
serviceability and durability, experimental study is satisfying and
can be implemented in rural areas by considering all technical
aspect
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
1. LOW COST HOUSING -VIII
NATURALMATERIALS& MANMADEMATERIALS
ASSIGNMENT-I
SUBMITTED BY : SATYENDRA PATEL , BARCH 4TH YEAR
2. Green building has taken off in recent year with many builders and new home owners looking for new and different
methods of construction that can potentially offset energy cost. Construction of low cost housing by using the low
cost building materials increases the access to buildings by low income group peoples. Low cost housing can be
achieved by use of efficient planning and project management, low cost materials, economical construction
technologies and use of alternate construction methods available. The profit gained from use of such methods can
decrease the cost of construction and make the low cost housing accessible to all. The use of low cost alternate
building materials also prevents the rise of construction cost due to use of scarce building materials which eventually
increase the cost of the project. Some alternative building material can be made out of natural materials, while others
can help to lower energy costs of the occupant once built. Regardless of what the goal of the builder is, alternative
building material and their use is on the
1. INTRODUCTION
2. ECO FRIENDLY AND ALTERNATIVE BUILDING AND MATERIALS
In addition to the conventionally used materials there are various alternative technologies and materials developed by
various research organizations, innovators and manufacturers in India that are beneficial in the housing construction.
As part of this Information collected has been provided in the subsequent sections. Low cost Housing materials can
be broadly classified into natural materials and manmade materials according to the source of the building materials.
Information collected has been provided in the subsequent sections. Low cost Housing materials can be broadly
classified into natural materials and manmade materials according to the source of the building materials.
3. NATURAL MATERIALS
Random-straw or Coconut Fiber Stabilized Soil
Straw-soil mix is an ancient construction material and has been used in many countries for years. Application of
modern geotechnical techniques to this material can further improve both strength and durability
3. Results with silty clay using the standard AASHTO Compaction procedure applied with the tensile test show that for
1% by weight of straw, the tensile strength increase three times than that soil with no straw and also the soil-straw
mix gives a high ductility behavior. The percent of straw increase to the tensile strength increase reaches an optimum
condition approximately around 1.6% by weight and further increases of straw will decrease tensile strength. From
wet-dry test results, the coconut fiber gives better durability. If a sulfur coating is applied to the compacted straw-soil
mix, better water resistance is gained. Straw-soil mix can also simulate the soil root system.
After China, India is the second largest in bamboo production. Coupled with China, it holds 50% of the world’s total
share of bamboo production. Of the total 136 species of bamboo occurring in India, 58 species spread out over 10
genera are endemic to the north eastern part of India alone (Sharma, 1987). The forest area, over which bamboos
occur in India, on a conservative estimate, is about 9.57 million hectares, which constitutes about 12.8% of the total
area under forests (Bahadur and Verme, 1980). Its widespread availability and rapid growth in areas of China, Japan
and India has made this grass an interesting structural material due to its affordability, easy assembly and relatively
long durability. A bamboo hut was constructed in 1955 which was treated with 4 percent Coca and since it has no
deterioration. But bamboo culms offer some disadvantage like Bamboo has a circular profile which makes it
inherently difficult to connect other members. Also Bamboo has no support in the middle as it is hollow there, hence
it cannot be subjected to high compressive forces perpendicular to the culms face. Some ongoing bamboo product
are: Corrugated Bamboo Roofing Sheet: A successful roofing material with a development of traditional material
comes from Bamboo Board. It is ecofriendly, light- weight, strong and durable and has minimal fire hazard when
compared to thatch and other roofing materials. These sheets can be used for roofing, walling, door and window
shutters and other components in building construction.
Earth :
the oldest building material known to mankind. But its widespread use is hindered due to the limitations like water
penetration, erosion of walls at level by splashing of water from ground surfaces, attack by termites and pests, high
maintenance requirements etc. These limitations can be overcome by using compressed earths block and non-
erodible mud plaster. 1) Compressed Earth Block
Bamboo :
4. The compressed earth block is the developed form of molded earth block, more commonly known as the adobe block.
This technology offers an economic, environment friendly masonry. Stabilized earth blocks are manufactured by
compacting raw material earth mixed with a stabilizer such as cement or lime using manual soil press. 2) Nonerasable
Mud Plaster Central Building Research Institute, India has developed an economical but effective process to protect
mud walls by applying non-erodible mud plaster. Non-erodible mud is prepared by mixing bitumen cutback (Bitumen
& Kerosene oil mixture) with a specified mud plaster. Nonedible mud plastered walls are resistant to water erosion.
Centre for Science for Villages, Wareham India has developed a technique of providing potter made tile lining to mud-
walls protecting them from rain and moisture.
Straw is basically an agricultural by-product which comprises only of the plant stalks (mostly cereals) after removal of
grain and chaff. Rice straw has the highest silica content making it the toughest amongst all other cereal straws. Straw
is considered as an environmental problem as its burning causes breathing problems. Straw and Straw bale have a
huge scope in India as it is one of the largest producers of straw bale. 46% of total land (32, 87,590 sq·km) of India is
agricultural land and out of a total population of 1, 17, 09, 38,000 people 58.4% are solely dependent upon agriculture
as a means of livelihood. So straw has high potential as an alternate building material. It is also fire resistant as it does
not support combustion, is thermally insulated, has sound and moisture insulation and is not toxic. The following are
the profiles of some construction alternatives constructed with straws and straw bales. Life Extended Thatch
Roofing: It is one of the locally available and environment friendly alternative for corrugated sheets. By treating it
with copper sulphate solution, its life can be extended by reducing the effect of biodegradability. Additional layer of
treatment on the roof surface using phosphorylated spray or CNSL oil imparts water proofing, fire resistance, termite
proofing and weathering resistance (Developed by CBRI/RRL-TVM). Improved Thatch Roofing: In order to decrease
the fire hazard of thatch roof and making it water repellent a treatment had been designed by the Central Building Re-
search Institute. It essentials the thatch layers are plastered with specified mud plasters making it durable and fire
resistant.
Straw :
5. From centuries, mankind has used the various natural fibers for a wide spectrum of applications ranging from
consumption to housing. In recent days many researchers have explored the possibilities of using the natural fiber
obtained from different plants, which includes bagasse, cereal straw, corn stalk, cotton stalk, knead, rice husk/rice
straw etc as an alternative building material. Due to the light weight, high strength to weight ratio, corrosion resistance
and other advantages, natural fiber based composites are becoming important alternatives for building materials for
use in civil engineering fields. A few of the important composites are summarized as under: Table 1. Cement fiber
composites are found to have superior properties as compared to concrete blocks. This is mainly due to addition of
fibers. The superior properties comprise of better workability, resistance to cracking, lighter weight, high fracture
toughness and a higher degree of flexibility. These properties make it a suitable material for use in low cost
construction. The performance profiles of some important fibers produced in India are as Table 2. 1. Bagasse Bagasse
is the fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Since bagasse is
a by-product of the cane sugar industry, the quantity of production in each country is similar to the quantity of
sugarcane produced. India has just over 500 sugar mills. With nine states (Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana in
the northern region; Maharashtra & Gujarat in the western region and Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka
Fiber Cement Composites :
MAN MADE MATERIALS
The Industrial Revolution introduced many foreign substances which were the byproducts of industries like fly ash
and rice husk and created problems for their disposal. But on further research into their properties it was observed that
these materials possess excellent pozzoloanic properties. Hence these can be used as alternative building materials.
Structural materials
A. Polymer-bamboo Reinforced Concrete
The problem of bamboo reinforced concrete includes high volume change, (expansion and shrinkage due to water
content), low bond strength between bamboo and concrete, low modulus which precipitate cracks at service loads in
tensile zone of concrete beams, and decay. Many researchers have attempted to use many techniques to improve this
low-cost material by use of bitumen, paint, cement, etc.
6. B. Pozzolona Material (fly ash/slag/calcined clay) as Blending Material with Cement
Up to 35% of suitable fly ash can directly be substituted for cement as blending material keeping the structural
considerations. Addition of fly ash significantly improves the quality & durability characteristics of the resulting
concrete. Use of blended cement has now become quite popular world over, from durability and environmental
benefits point of view. The advantages achieved with the use of blended cement in concrete are quite well
documented: Reduced heat of hydration, improved workability & ease of pumping, superior microstructure leading to
lower permeability, higher long term strength, better performance in aggressive environment (Sulphates, Chlorides
etc.), reduced risk of alkali silica reaction and higher electrical resistance leading to lesser chances of reinforcement
corrosion are some of the benefits of pozzolona material blends. While Portland pozzolona cement saves energy by
20%, lime pozzolona mixture shows up to 70% savings in energy
C. Recycled Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement can be made entirely of recycled scrap iron. This material is salvaged from automobiles,
appliances, and steel-reinforced structures, which include reinforced concrete pavements, bridges, and buildings. In
general, steel reinforcement bars can be rolled out from either of the following: used scrap rails, automobile scrap or
defense scrap, defectives from steel plants, scrap generated from ship breaking or discarded structures, ingots from
induction furnaces, tested billets from mini steel plants and main producers
D. Ferro Cement and Precast Components
Precast Components are 85% recyclable, have low carbon dioxide generation and are energy efficient. They are
ecofriendly, cost effective and easy to install. With use of precast components, wastes during operations are minimal,
curing is not required, and structures are waterproof due to less water cement ratio, plastering is not required from the
inner side of slabs and the components are corrosion proof. The components are also stronger than cast-in-situ
structures, have longer life and have better load bearing capacity. Precast aerated/cellular concrete walling blocks and
roofing slabs when used in multi-storied structures reduce weight, resulting in more economic design of structure, can
be worked and handled easily, have high fire resistance rating and provide better insulation.
7. BRICK AND BLOCKS
Need for building materials is growing at an alarming rate and in order to meet the demand for new buildings,
new ways and techniques must be evolved. Manufacturing of building materials like bricks/blocks, cement, steel,
aggregates, etc. consumed in bulk quantities, puts great pressure on natural resources (raw materials) and energy
requirements. The use of alternative materials for bricks should be encouraged in order to preserve precious fertile
top soil. Described below are a few examples of alternative materials for bricks/blocks.
A. Fly Ash
The mineral residue produced by burning coal and the fine glass powder recovered from its gases is called Fly Ash.
The major constituents of fly ash are silica, alumina and iron [11]. Coal fired electricity generating plants are the
primary producers of fly ash nowadays. Fly Ash can be substituted for many constituents in building materials making
it the ideal choice for alternate building material. Some of them are discussed as under
B. Rice Husk
India is one of the world’s largest producers of white rice contributing about 20% of world’s total rice production.
The state of West Bengal ranks first in terms of area under production whereas Punjab has the highest productivity
in the country. 1) Low Cost Sand Crete Block The rice husk ash produced using charcoal from rice husk is
pozzoloanic and therefore is suitable for use in block making. 2) In Concrete The rice husk ash is a highly siliceous
material that can be used as an admixture in concrete if the rice husk is burnt in a specific manner
ROOFINGS
Roofing is an essential ingredient of any house and in India several roof cladding materials are in use including burnt
clay/ Mangalore tiles, thatch, corrugated sheets of galvanized iron, aluminum and asbestos cement, etc. Of these, for
semi permanent structures corrugated sheets are preferred. Building Materials & Technology Promotion Council
(BMTPC) and Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute (IPIRTI) have jointly developed a technology
for manufacturing Bamboo Mat Corrugated Sheets (BMCSs)
Bamboo matt corrugated roofing sheets
8. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION :
Using modern geotechnical technology which can improve the strength and durability of much of the existing low-cost
material should be encouraged. In this study, alternate construction materials were studied and the potential of these
materials to be used as al- ternate building materials is brought out. Depending on the availability of the materials in a
particular region, these materials can be selected as transportation consists of approximately 30% of total construction
budget. In most developing countries, the challenge is to organize and initiate measures that promote these materials as
well as train local artisans and masons in the construction techniques involving these materials. There have been several
attempts at local levels to make use of bamboo, mud or natural fibers but it still lacks scientific precisions and proper
techniques to be used precisely. Also the usage of industrial wastes still needs study on their better usage toxicity. These
materials if studied and developed properly hold the key to address the current housing needs.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad871e/ad871e10.htm [
2] Building Materials in India: 50 Years, TN Gupta, bmtpc, 253-254.
[3] Building Materials in India: 50 Years, TN Gupta, bmtpc, 270-271.
[4] L. Dinachandran Singh, “Low Cost Housing Using Stabi- lized Mud Blocks,” 2007.
[5] G. Leake, K. Toole, P. Divis and C. Torres, “Sánchez Bamboo as a Solution for Low-Cost Housing and Storage in Pabal
(India),” 19 February 2010.
[6] P. Bhattarai, “Straw Bale in Building Construction and Its Future in India,” International Journal for Modern Engi- neering
Research, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2012, pp. 422-426.
[7] R. Sarkar, “Post Earthquake Housing Construction Using Low Cost Building Materials,” 4th International Confer- ence on
Earthquake Engineering, Taipei, 14-15 October 2006
[8] A. Rai and C. N. Jha, “Natural Fibre Composites and Its Potential as Building Materials,” 2004.
[9] A. L. Moslemi, “Technology and Market Consideration for Fiber Cement Composite,” 11th International Inor- ganic Bonded
Fiber Composite Conference, Madrid, 4-7 November 2008.
[10] Science Tech Entrepreneur, “Green Building Materials for Low Cost Housing,” 2009.
[11] Fly Ash Brick. www.wikipedia.com
[12] J. Sunu, “Eco-Friendly Inorganic Bonded Sandwich Pan- els (Aerocon Panels): Production Properties and Applica- tions,” 11th
Inorganic Bonded Fiber Composite Confer- ence, Madrid, 4-7 November 2008