This document discusses various building materials including mud and clay, rock, wood, brick and block, concrete, metal, glass, onyx, shera board/plank, and corian. It provides details on the composition and properties of each material as well as how they have been used historically and in modern construction. The materials discussed range from natural substances like mud, rock, and wood to modern manufactured materials like concrete, metal, glass, and corian.

1. Building
Materials
Name – Palak Kothari
Cadence academy
3rd year

2. 1. MUD AND CLAY
• The amount of each material used leads to different styles of buildings.
The deciding factor is usually connected with the quality of the soil being
used.
• Larger amounts of clay usually mean using the cob/adobe style, while low
clay soil is usually associated with sod building.
• The other main ingredients include more or less sand/gravel and
straw/grasses.
• Rammed earth is both an old and newer take on creating walls, once made
by compacting clay soils between planks by hand, now forms and
mechanical pneumatic compressors are used.
• Soil and especially clay is good thermal mass; it is very good at keeping
temperatures at a constant level.
• Homes built with earth tend to be naturally cool in the summer heat and
warm in cold weather. Clay holds heat or cold, releasing it over a period of
time like stone.
• Earthen walls change temperature slowly, so artificially raising or lowering
the temperature can use more resources than in say a wood built house,
but the heat/coolness stays longer.
• Peoples building with mostly
dirt and clay, such as cob, sod,
and adobe, resulted in homes
that have been built for
centuries in western and
northern Europe as well as the
rest of the world, and continue
to be built, though on a smaller
scale.

3. 2. ROCK
• Rock structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the
longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available.
• There are many types of rock through out the world all with differing
attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses.
• Rock is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main
draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy density
is also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard to keep warm without
using large amounts of heating resources.
• Dry-stone walls have been built for as long as humans have put one stone
on top of another.
• Eventually different forms of mortar were used to hold the stones together,
cement being the most commonplace now.
• The granite-strewn uplands of Dart moor National Park, United Kingdom,
for example, provided ample resources for early settlers.
• Circular huts were constructed from loose granite rocks throughout the
Neolithic and early Bronze Age, and the remains of an estimated 5,000 can
still be seen today.
• Granite continued to be used throughout the Medieval period (see Dart
moor longhouse) and into modern times. Slate is another stone type,
commonly used as roofing material in the United Kingdom and other parts
of the world where it is found.
• Mostly stone buildings can be seen in most major cities, some civilizations
built entirely with stone such as the Pyramids in Egypt, the Aztec pyramids
and the remains of the Inca civilization.

4.  TYPES OF ROCKS

5. 3. WOOD
• Wood is a product of trees, and sometimes other fibrous plants, used for
construction purposes when cut or pressed into lumber and timber, such
as boards, planks and similar materials.
• It is a generic building material and is used in building just about any type
of structure in most climates.
• Wood can be very flexible under loads, keeping strength while bending,
and is incredibly strong when compressed vertically.
• There are many differing qualities to the different types of wood, even
among same tree species.
• This means specific species are better for various uses than others. And
growing conditions are important for deciding quality.
• Historically, wood for building large structures was used in its unprocessed
form as logs.
• The trees were just cut to the needed length, sometimes stripped of bark,
and then notched or lashed into place.
• In earlier times, and in some parts of the world, many country homes or
communities had a personal wood-lot from which the family or community
would grow and harvest trees to build with.
• These lots would be tended to like a garden.
• With the invention of mechanizing saws came the mass production of
dimensional lumber.
• This made buildings quicker to put up and more uniform. Thus the modern
western style home was made.

7. 4. BRICK AND BLOCK
• A brick is a block made of kiln-fired material, usually clay or shale, but also
may be of lower quality mud, etc. Clay bricks are formed in a molding (the
soft mud method), or in commercial manufacture more frequently by
extruding clay through a die and then wire-cutting them to the proper size
(the stiff mud process).
• Bricks were widely used as a construction material in the 1700, 1800 and
1900s. This was probably due to the fact that it was much more flame
retardant than wood in the ever crowding cities, and fairly cheap to
produce.
• Another type of block replaced clay bricks in the late 20th century. It was
the Cinder block. Made mostly with concrete.
• An important low-cost material in developing countries is the Sancerre
block, which is weaker but cheaper than fired clay bricks.

8. 5. CONCRETE
• Concrete is a composite building material made from the combination of
aggregate (composite) and a binder such as cement.
• The most common form of concrete is Portland cement concrete, which
consists of mineral aggregate (generally gravel and sand), Portland cement
and water.
• After mixing, the cement hydrates and eventually hardens into a stone-like
material.
• When used in the generic sense, this is the material referred to by the
term concrete.
• For a concrete construction of any size, as concrete has a rather low tensile
strength, it is generally strengthened using steel rods or bars (known as
rears). This strengthened concrete is then referred to as reinforced concrete.
• In order to minimize any air bubbles, that would weaken the structure, a
vibrator is used to eliminate any air that has been entrained when the liquid
concrete mix is poured around the ironwork.
• Concrete has been the predominant material in this modern age due to its
longevity, formability, and ease of transport.

9. 6. METAL
• Metal is used as structural framework for larger buildings such as
skyscrapers, or as an external surface covering.
• There are many types of metals used for building. Steel is a metal alloy
whose major component is iron, and is the usual choice for metal structural
construction. It is strong, flexible, and if refined well and/or treated lasts a
long time. Corrosion is metal’s prime enemy when it comes to longevity.
• The lower density and better corrosion resistance of aluminum alloys and
tin sometimes overcome their greater cost. Brass was more common in the
past, but is usually restricted to specific uses or specialty items today.
• Metal figures quite prominently in prefabricated structures such as the
Quonset hut, and can be seen used in most cosmopolitan cities. It requires
a great deal of human labor to produce metal, especially in the large
amounts needed for the building industries.
• Other metals used include titanium, chrome, gold, silver. Titanium can be
used for structural purposes, but it is much more expensive than steel.
Chrome, gold, and silver are used as decoration, because these materials
are expensive and lack structural qualities such as tensile strength or
hardness

10. 7. GLASS
• Clear windows have been used since the invention of glass to cover small
openings in a building. They provided humans with the ability to both let
light into rooms while at the same time keeping inclement weather outside.
• Glass is generally made from mixtures of sand and silicates, and is very
brittle.
• Modern glass “curtain walls” can be used to cover the entire facade of a
building. Glass can also be used to span over a wide roof structure in a
“space frame”.

11. 8. ONYX
• Onyx is an ideal material for customer-facing parts that need to look good
while standing up to industrial requirements.
• Onyx is based on a remarkably tough nylon, but also provides parts with
stiffness equal to or greater than any pure thermoplastic material available
for professional 3d printers. It’s easy to print and far more rigid in
assemblies.
• Onyx can be used alone, or further reinforced with embedded continuous
carbon fiber, Kevlar, or fiberglass layers - parts truly transcending the limits
of conventional 3d printed plastic.
• The following is useful information regarding printing with onyx:
1. Parts printed using onyx are ready for use right off the print bed.
2. Onyx has a heat deflection rating of 145°c
3. Parts printed in onyx warp far less than parts printed in nylon

12. 9. SHERA BOARD / PLANK
• SHERA Board is a non-asbestos fiber-cement building board composed of
Portland cement, cellulose fiber and refined sand. Using a manufacturing
process called autoclave,
• SHERA board acquires the strength, durability of cement plus easy
workability and dimensional stability.
• SHERA Boards come in various formats and can be used in a wide variety
of building applications.
• SHERA Boards are:
1. Weather resistant
2. Immune to water damage
3. Fire resistant
4. Provides sound insulation
5. Shatter resistant
6. Low shrinkage
7. Flexible
8. High degree of workability
9. Termite resistant
• Recessed Edge Boards• Decorative Boards

13. 10. CORIAN
• Corona is a type of premium decorative surface.
• The expiration of DuPont’s patent on solid surfaces helped facilitate a
number of direct solid surface competitors to Corian.
• Non-porous
• Stain resistant
• Seamless appearance: in the fabrication process, joints can be made
nearly invisible by joining the relevant pieces with corian's own color-
matched two-part acrylic adhesive.
• The pieces are clamped tightly together in order to express any excess
adhesive. After the adhesive dries, the area is sanded and polished to
create a near-seamless joint. This seamless appearance is a signature
characteristic of the material.
• Repairable and renewable: cuts and scratches can be buffed out with a
scotch-brite pad or orbital sander.
• Thermoform able: flexible when heated, Corian can be shaped and molded
into generally limitless forms which can be used in commercial and artistic
projects through a process called thermoforming.
• Heat resistance: the material is heat resistant up to 100 °c (212 °f), but can
be damaged by excess heat. DuPont recommends the use of trivets when
the material is installed in kitchens.
• Scratches: the material can be scratched, with scratches particularly
noticeable on darker colors.
• Corian does not lose its visual appearance or fade for many years,
sometime decades.

15. • In woodworking, veneer refers to thin slices of wood and sometimes bark,
usually thinner than 3 mm (1/8 inch) that typically are glued onto core
panels (typically, wood, particle board or medium-density fiberboard) to
produce flat panels such as doors, tops and panels
for cabinets, parquet floors and parts of furniture. They are also used
in parquetry.
• Plywood consists of three or more layers of veneer. Normally, each is glued
with its grain at right angles to adjacent layers for strength.
Veneer beading is a thin layer of decorative edging placed around objects,
such as jewelry boxes.
• Veneer is also used to replace decorative papers in Wood Veneer HPL.
Veneer is also a type of manufactured board.
11. WOOD VENEER

16.  TYPES OF VENEERS
• RAW veneer has no backing on it and can be used with either side facing
up. It is important to note that the two sides will appear different when a
finish has been applied, due to the cell structure of the wood.
• PAPER BACKED veneer is as the name suggests, veneers that are
backed with paper. The advantage to this is it is available in large sizes, or
sheets, as smaller pieces are joined together prior to adding the backing.
This is helpful for users that do not wish to join smaller pieces of raw
veneers together. This is also helpful when veneering curves and columns
as the veneer is less likely to crack.
• PHENOL BACKED veneer is less common and is used for composite, or
artificial wood veneers. Due to concern for the natural resource, this is
becoming more popular. It too has the advantage of being available in
sheets, and is also less likely to crack when being used on curves.
• LAID UP veneer is raw veneer that has been joined together to make larger
pieces. The process is time-consuming and requires great care, but is not
difficult and requires no expensive tools or machinery. Veneers can be
ordered through some companies already laid up to any size, shape or
design.
• RECONSTITUTED VENEER is made from fast-growing tropical species.
Raw veneer is cut from a log, and dyed if necessary. Once dyed, the sheets
are laminated together to form a block. The block is then sliced so that the
edges of the laminated veneer become the “grain” of the reconstituted
veneer.
• WOOD ON WOOD Also called 2-ply is a decorative wood veneer face with
a utility grade wood backer applied at an opposing direction to the face
veneer.[

17.  ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
1. Recyclability and renewability: Wood has the least impact on total energy
use, greenhouse gases, air and water pollution, solid waste and ecological
resource use. Seventy percent less energy is required in the use of wood
compared with any other building materials.
2. Sustainability: Using veneer extends the use of a piece of timber. The wood
that might be used in one solid piece a few visible cm wide can cover a far
greater area when used as a veneer.
3. Toxicity: Nontoxic; veneer stores carbon and also maximizes the use of
harvested wood.
 BUYING VENEERS
1. Wood veneers are typically sold by the square foot. With the ability to join
veneers, even small pieces are usable, resulting in very little waste.
2. Many sources sell small packets of veneers that are sequence matched
and are ideal for small projects. These make experimenting and practicing
much more economical.
3. It is also possible to buy plywood and other substrates with veneered faces
for larger projects consisting of casework.
 ADVANTAGES OF USING VENEERS
1. Compared to wood, one of the primary advantages of using veneer is
stability. While solid wood can be prone to warping and splitting, because
veneer is made of thin layers of wood glued together, the chances of
splitting or cracking are reduced.
2. Some projects built using wood veneer would not be possible to construct
using solid lumber, owing to expansion and contraction caused by
fluctuation of temperature and humidity.

18. 12. ARTIFICIAL TURF
• Artificial turf is a surface of synthetic fibers made to look like natural grass.
It is most often used in arenas for sports that were originally or are
normally played on grass.
• However, it is now being used on residential lawns and commercial
applications as well. The main reason is maintenance—artificial turf stands
up to heavy use, such as in sports, and requires no irrigation or trimming.
• Domed, covered, and partially covered stadiums may require artificial turf
because of the difficulty of getting grass enough sunlight to stay healthy.
• Artificial turf does have its downside, however: limited life, periodic
cleaning requirements, petroleum use, toxic chemicals from infill, and
heightened health and safety concerns.

19.  LANDSCAPE
• Since the early 1990s, the use of synthetic grass in the more arid western
states of the United States has moved beyond athletic fields to residential
and commercial landscaping
 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
• Both the rubber granules (often made from recycled waste tires) and
the synthetic fibers of artificial turf are subject to wear and can
be washed into the environment.
• Second only to tire and road wear particles (TRWP) that make up a large
portion of the fine road debris, the rubber granulate from artificial turf infill
constitutes a significant source of rubber pollution.
• Fragments from the artificial reeds make their way into the environment
as micro plastics pollution in both marine as well as soil environments
 MATERIALS USED
• Some artificial turf uses infill such as silicon sand and/or granulated rubber,
referred to as "crumb rubber". Some granulated rubber is made
from recycled car tires and may carry heavy metals which can leach into
the water table.
• As early as 2007, a moratorium on the use of ground-up rubber tires in
fields and playgrounds was recommended based on health concerns.
• As of 2013, the EPA called for further studies to monitor the impact of
particulate matter from fields and playgrounds that use artificial turf.

20. 13. ALABASTER
PHYSICAL HEALING :
• Alabaster is a well-known crystal
which heals its wearer against
tension, headache, lack of
concentration and problems related to
painful joints.
• It is believed that these crystals can also be used to lighten up the
hormonal imbalance in the body. Psychologically, it is considered that
alabaster stones can prevent its wearer from an outburst of emotions and
anger. This stone is also used for easing anxiety and nervousness.
• Alabaster crystals have a strongly purifying effect on the vegetative
nervous system. Controlling anger and diminishing temper are some of the
beneficial traits of Alabaster crystals.
SPIRITUAL HEALING :
• While meditating with the Alabaster crystals, a person expands the ability
to forgive others and even him. Alabaster inspires positivity when it is used
at home.
• It is believed that if a person wears this crystal, a light of peace starts
nurturing into the body of its wearer.
• Alabaster is considered as a fantastic healing stone for any psychological
disorders.
• This stone is used majorly to lessen the fear into the wearer and helps him
to resolve disturbance and problems. Alabaster is known as the protective
stone that teaches its wearer how to be calm and grow stronger.

21. METAPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• Alabaster is the massive variety of Gypsum, which occurs in transparent
crystals with swallow-tailed structures. In fact, this stone can actually be
used for chalk markings.
• The absorption quality of Alabaster helps in draw energies, which are
negative by their nature.
• For hundreds of years, Alabaster has been used in naturopathy as
conventional medicine. The Greeks and Romans had already recognized
Alabaster’s special qualities, which consist of gypsum and plaster.
• When it is mixed with water, the plaster becomes as hard as stone, and
then it is used for carving. The hardness of Alabaster on Moth's scale is in
between 1.5 to 2.
• These stones are hydrated calcium sulphate in monoclinic prismatic
crystallization.
• These crystals are not related to any particular star sign.
ALABASTER COLOR
• This gemstone is found white in color, but sometimes grey to black
(transparent) according to the structure.
• Alabaster may also be yellowish, reddish or sand colored in appearance

22. 14. HDF (HIGH DESNSITY FIBER BOARD)
APPLICATION
• HDF-High Density was developed for use where physical property integrity
and surface finish are important. The average density of more than 820
kg/m3 (51 lb/ft3) ensures high core strength and face density.
• HDF-High Density can substitute veneer cross bands in hardwood
veneered plywood's by providing a superior smooth surface to reduce
potential surface defects such as telegraphing of expensive, thin surface
veneers. Its high internal bond is able to withstand most hot-press
conditions.
ENVIRONMENT
• As with all our products, you can also request 100% FSC (Forestry
Standards Certification) wood be used to make your high density panel.
• Low Formaldehyde
• Our HDF High Density products are also available with low formaldehyde
emissions, to meet the Japanese JIS (F Three Star) and F standard. Other
emission levels can be obtained to meet a range of formaldehyde emission
requirements, just ask your Sales Representative.
• The high quality surface of HDF-
High Density also makes an
excellent white board substrate
allowing application of paint or
laminate.

23. 15. WOOD WOOL
 Wood Wool panels continue to
transform the construction industry –
more than 110 years after they were
first patented.
 Thermal insulation is important to
improve in door climate and save
energy in a building. The use of
thermal insulation materials are, how
ever, of ten limited in developing
countries.
• FIRE RESISTANCE
1. The intense heat of a building fire can affect not only the material being
burned but the structural components of the building itself causing
significant damage to its structure and endangering the safety of its
occupants.
2. To protect against such risks, it is important to employ high quality fire
resistant materials in the building construction.
• THERMAL INSULATION
1. There are a wide variety of solutions for thermal insulation applications,
including multilayer panels that combine wood wool insulation with rock
mineral wool or foam insulation to ensure excellent thermal insulation for
living and work spaces.
• SUSTAINABILITY
1. Wood wool insulation boards are made depending on availability from
PEFC certified spruce wood that originates in carefully managed forests.

24. • NOISE ABSORPTION
1. The open surface structure of wood wool insulation boards provides
outstanding acoustical insulation properties. And offers a variety of
acoustic insulation solutions, some of which combine the wood wool
boards with mineral wool insulation that also exhibits excellent sound
absorption properties.
• AESTHETICS
1. Wood wool panels are naturally attractive and so provide both an effective
insulation solution as well as an aesthetically striking finish for car parks,
technical rooms, offices, recreational establishments and many other
applications.
• DURABILITY
1. An assortment of durable wood wool insulation solutions for every
application. And all of our wood wool products meet the international EN
quality standards.
 ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
1. Sound absorption Wood wool slabs have good sound absorption, which
makes them suitable for all kinds of public gathering places, industries, etc.
2. The sound absorption normally in creases some what with in creased
thickness, especially for low frequencies.
3. Sound absorption is also affected by proximity to other materials, while
painting the slabs has only slight effect shows sound absorption at different
frequencies both for a free-standing slab, such as a suspended slab, and
for a slab next to a hard material, such as a wood wool slab against cast
concrete.

25. • Epoxy resins are some of the
best resins currently available on
the industrial market.
• Mechanical properties and
resistance to thermal stress and
resistance to degradation over
time, recommend for use in most
industrial environments against
corrosion.
16. EPOXY
• Epoxy covering a mass range of applications and can be used as adhesive
masses for walls, carbon fiber, fiberglass, metal, plastics etc. By adding
additional filler materials (glass, porcelain), epoxy resin gains superior
mechanical and thermal properties.
 PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES
• Performance properties held by epoxy are:
1. Biocompatibility
2. Environmentally friendly
3. Flame resistant
4. Food Safe
It has excellent gap filling properties. Epoxy is resistant to cold, radiation, and
steam. The superior performance of epoxy remains when exposed to adverse
environmental conditions.

26.  PROPERTIES OF EPOXY
1. The primary reason for epoxy’s popularity is its superb mechanical strength.
Welding is often the only alternative. Epoxy is nearly always cheaper and
faster than welding.
2. Epoxy also has excellent resistance to chemicals. After setting, there is no
worry of a chemical reaction that will weaken the seal.
3. It also resists heat. That resistance makes it ideal for electronics and
electrical systems and other industrial applications.
4. Those who use epoxy are aware of the superb mechanical strength and low
curing contraction.
5. They also know the epoxy resins are well-balanced industrial materials and
suited to a broad range of applications.
6. Engineers are faced with concerns about heat dissipation, electrical
insulation, adhering dissimilar substrates, light weighting, sound
dampening, vibration, and reduction corrosion.
7. Appearance has to be considered, as well as, assembling costs. Epoxy is
an adhesive formulation that meets all of those concerns. Its thermal and
electrical properties, strength, and durability are what epoxy is noted for.
8. Those properties along with the resistance to immersion and hostile
chemical vapor are the reason epoxy often is chosen by engineers.

27. • Gypsum board, commonly known
as drywall, is the technical
product name used by
manufacturers for a specific
board with a gypsum core and a
paper facing. Gypsum board is
the premier building material for
wall, ceiling, and partition
systems
17. GYPSUM BOARD
 GYPSUM PLASTERS
 PLASTER OF PARIS
• Setting time ~5-20 min.
• Used for sculpturing, ornamental work, small repair works.
 HARD WALL PLASTER
• Setting time ~1 hr
• Compressive strength ~7 MPa
• Admixtures result in increased plasticity & setting time & reduced shrinkage
• Can be used for plastering walls
• Production of prefabricated structural units
• Masonry bricks & blocks
 FLOORING, HARD FINISH PLASTER
• Setting time ~1-16 hrs
• Compressive strength > 7 MPa
• in residential, institutional, and commercial structures and is designed to
provide a monolithic surface when joints and fastener heads are covered
with a joint treatment system.

28. • Gypsum often serves as a fire proofing material even though its strength is
destroyed by long continuous heat. It forms a powder covering the surface
which acts as an effective insulator.
• Gypsum products tend to disintegrate when exposed to moisture.
Therefore, they should not be used for exterior work & for moist interiors.
 PROPERTIES
 FIRE PROPERTIES
• Due to the natural composition of Gypsum, gypsum plasterboards are
inherently fire resistant.
• The chemical formulation of Gypsum is CaSO4.2H2O - Calcium Sulphate
Dehydrate.
• In nature, Gypsum occurs in the form of crystals.
• The presence of water in Gypsum (H2O), one square meter of
plasterboard of 15 mm thickness contains around 3 liters crystal water.
• Through the action of fire, the crystal water evaporates and a protective
layer of Gypsum is formed.
• Behind this layer, the material under fire attack, remains at constant
temperature around 100oC as long as water is released from the Gypsum.
• The inclusion of glass fibers in Gypsum boards enhances their fire
protection performance by maintaining the integrity of the board in a fire.
• Gypsum is a powerful fire retardant element in the construction sector due
to its non-combustibility and ability to delay for up to 4 hours - according to
the number of plasterboards in the corresponding system - the progression
of fire.

29.  ACOUSTIC PROPERTIES
• The Gypsum Industry has a beneficial impact on noise reduction as it
produces special acoustic grade plasterboard which offers greater sound
extinction which can be applied where a particularly high performance is
required.
• Drywall systems provide effective sound insulation because they are
designed to provide a physical barrier to sound, incorporate a sound break
and minimize reverberation.
• Between the two sides of the partition there is an air cavity, which
interrupts the flow of sound.
• Because the two sides of the partition are separate it is harder for impact
sound to pass through.
• These characteristics mean that a typical drywall partition in a house can
be only 75mm thick. A comparable masonry wall would need to be 110mm
thick to achieve the same sound performance.
 THERMAL PROPERTIES
• Lightweight building techniques (plasterboard on framework) can supply
excellent thermal performance since the construction has a cavity that can
be filled with the required amount of insulation.
• The interior plasterboards protect the insulating material and contribute,
together with the vapour barrier, in preventing indoor humidity from getting
in, or being trapped in, the insulation material.
• Gypsum equilibrates humidity and heat peaks
• Gypsum is capable of storing humidity when a room is humid and
automatically releasing this humidity if the indoor air becomes too dry.
• Plasterboards have also a “heat-storing” ability. Small temperature
increases are absorbed and radiated back later when the temperature in
the room decreases.

30.  AESTHETICS AND DESIGN
• A richness of forms can be created in plasterboard or stucco.
• For architects, building with gypsum products allows them to unleash their
creativity thus allowing them to answer, even more dramatically, to the
demands of their customer while remaining within an affordable budget.
• In short, Gypsum allows the creation of stunning interiors in any and all
styles, from the Classical to the Modern.
 EASE OF ISTALLATION
• One of the principal reasons for this rapidly growing popularity is ease of
installation.
• To construct an internal wall, for example, a frame is erected, plasterboard
is fitted to it, joints are filled, and the wall is created.
• The operation is clean, dry and uncomplicated.
• A gypsum finish can also be applied to the surface of the plasterboard in
order to achieve a superior finished appearance.