These alternate building materials can be used when it meets the respective specifications in the code of practice. Here some new materials and technology is discussed as well and a list many alternate materials for foundation, roof and walls are presented with details of each.
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Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
Low cost housing refers to houses that are inexpensive to build. IT doesn't mean that the houses will be inexpensive to live in.
The goal of low-cost housing is to save money while also maintaining buildings quality.
Following Properties Reduces Cost of Construction:
Locally available materials .
Improved skills and technology.
Without sacrificing the strength, performance and life of the structure.
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
MEANING OF MIX DESIGN
GRADE OF CONCRETE.
FACTORS INFLUCING THE CHOICE OF MIX DESIGN.
MATHODS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN
MIX DESIGN BY INDIAN STANDARD METHOD.
It is used as a mould for a structure in which fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently.
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It is all about sustainable buildings or green buildings and a brief study of some sustainable building materials we can use for making a building sustainable and green.
you would be aware about the different types of special concrete being used in india.All these types of concrete are being produced by ultratech concrete, for more details visit www.ultratechconcrete.com/concrete_types.html
Providing the Sustainability with the Pozzuolana Concrete Used in FoundationZuhal Şimşek
To provide concrete industry and sustainability development, the amount of cement which releases harmfull gases
and wastes while being produced should be reduced. Because using less cement than the amount which is gained
as a result of mixture calculation cannot provide necessary performance in the point of resistance, it should be
predicated that using the materials which are appraised by changing places with the concrete which has
connective quality to provide sustainability. In this study it is aimed to increase the strength by providing
impermeability of underground building elements and to provide resistance by the puzzlans which are added in
the mixture of concrete by changing places for sustainable environment. To prove impermeability for sustainable
environment, a certain percentage of pozzuolanas added to the concrete mix by switching through cement.
Permeability of pressure water, capillarity and compressive strength evaluation tests were carried out.on
concrete specimens with pozzuolana additive.
Keywords: Foundation, building material, water isolation, sustainability
Providing the Sustainability with the Pozzuolana Concrete Used in FoundationZuhal Şimşek
To provide concrete industry and sustainability development, the amount of cement which releases harmfull gases
and wastes while being produced should be reduced. Because using less cement than the amount which is gained
as a result of mixture calculation cannot provide necessary performance in the point of resistance, it should be
predicated that using the materials which are appraised by changing places with the concrete which has
connective quality to provide sustainability. In this study it is aimed to increase the strength by providing
impermeability of underground building elements and to provide resistance by the puzzlans which are added in
the mixture of concrete by changing places for sustainable environment. To prove impermeability for sustainable
environment, a certain percentage of pozzuolanas added to the concrete mix by switching through cement.
Permeability of pressure water, capillarity and compressive strength evaluation tests were carried out.on
concrete specimens with pozzuolana additive.
Keywords: Foundation, building material, water isolation, sustainability
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Underground Construction provides construction, technical and management services to its customers. The company specializes in power, communications, airport fueling and heavy engineering. Since laying its first pipe in 1936, Underground Construction has completed thousands of projects throughout the United States.
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Self-curing concrete is achieved by means of replacing a part of aggregate by lightweight aggregate or adding chemical admixtures. The self-curing process of concrete takes place from inside to outside, thus reducing the autogenous shrinkage and self-desiccation, especially for the high-performance concrete with relatively low water/binder ratio.
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Trenchless construction. Trenchless construction includes such construction methods as tunneling, microtunneling (MTM), horizontal directional drilling (HDD) also known as directional boring, pipe ramming (PR), pipe jacking (PJ), moling, horizontal auger boring (HAB) and other methods for the installation of pipelines and cables below the ground with minimal excavation.
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A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is a tension structure (similar in many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The suspension cables are embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the simple span, the ribbon is stressed in traction, which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple suspension spans tend to sway and bounce).
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The process of self-healing of cracks or self-filling up of cracks by the help of bacterial reaction in the concrete after hardening is known as Self-Healing Concrete. It can be observed that small cracks that occur in a structure of width in the range of 0.05 to 0.1mm gets completely sealed in repetitive dry and wet cycles.
The typical deflection diagrams shown in figures 1 and 2 indicate that all the high strength concrete beams had adequate ductility and Structural Behaviour of High Strength Concrete Beams 135 showed substantial deflections at failure. The ulti- mate deflections shown in Table 3 were measured prior to failure as near to collapse as possible.
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Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is a lightweight, precast, foam concrete building material suitable for producing concrete masonry unit (CMU) like blocks. Composed of quartz sand , calcined gypsum , lime , cement , water and aluminum powder , AAC products are cured under heat and pressure in an autoclave .
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A submerged floating tunnel, also known as submerged floating tube bridge, suspended tunnel, or Archimedes bridge, is a proposed design for a tunnel that floats in water, supported by its buoyancy. The tube would be placed underwater, deep enough to avoid water traffic and weather, but not so deep that high water pressure needs to be dealt with—usually 20–50 m is sufficient. Cables either anchored to the Earth or to pontoons at the surface would prevent it from floating to the surface or ...
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The bundled tube structure meant that "buildings no longer need be boxlike in appearance: they could become sculpture." Hybrids. Hybrids include a varied category of structures where the basic concept of tube is used, and supplemented by other structural support(s).
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marble slurry dust as cement additive , The research on the use of marble dust in concrete , , disadvantages of marble dust and quarry dust additive in concrete; Chat Now; disadvantage of using quarry dust in concrete
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Computer Ethics: Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behavior of a group or individual. Therefore, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of computers. Some common issues of computer ethics include intellectual property rights (such as copyrighted electronic content), privacy concerns, and how ...
CIVIL SEMINAR REPORT :USE OF GEOGRIDS IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT. Geogrids can also prevent aggregate penetration into the subgrade, depending on the ability of the geogrid to confine and prevent lateral displacement of the base/sub-base. However, the geogrid does not prevent intrusion of subgrade soils up into the base/sub-base course,...
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Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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2. INTRODUCTION
● Discovery of natural inorganic binders like pozzolanic materials lead to the use of
lime-pozzolana (LP) cement for construction purposes. Experience of using LP
cement paved the way for the invention of Portland cement in 1824. Portland
cement and steel brought revolutionary changes in the construction practices
from early part of 20th century. Then plastics and plastic products entered the
construction industry.
● Thus, the new materials, which are available for use in construction, have many
advantages over conventional materials being used presently.
● The demand for building materials has been continuously rising with the
increasing need for housing both in rural and urban areas. Commercial
exploitation of traditional building materials by various industries has aggravated
the situation. It has, therefore, become necessary to think over this problem
seriously and to provide some sustainable solution to make the alternative
materials available to solve the housing problem.
3. ● The government of India is committed to the cause of bringing about rapid
and sustainable development in rural as well as urban areas.
● Bricks, cement, steel, aluminium, plastic products, paints, polished stone,
ceramic products, etc. are the commonly used materials of construction
today.
● These materials are energy intensive and are transported over large
distances before being used for construction. The following points require
attention, regarding the use of modern building materials: Energy consumed
in the manufacturing processes – energy intensity; Problems of long distance
transportation; Natural resources and raw materials consumed; Recycling
and safe disposal; Impact on environment, and Long-term sustainability.
● Thus the issues related to energy expenditure, recycling, biodegradable,
environmental and sustainability with respect to future demand need to be
addressed during the manufacture and use of any new building material.
4. Issues on Energy, Environment, Sustainable
Construction and Buildings
● Indian construction industry is one of the largest in terms of economic
expenditure, volume of raw materials/natural resources consumed, volume of
materials and products manufactured, employment generated, environmental
impacts, etc. Large variety of materials are manufactured and consumed in the
construction industry. It has been estimated that 22% of green house gas (GHG)
emissions is contributed by the construction sector in India. There is an ever-
increasing demand for building materials.
● For example demand for houses has doubled in about two decades from 1980.
Compounded growth rates of 2.5%, 5% and 5% has been assumed for bricks, steel
and cement respectively to compute the projected demand. In case of brick-
making activity, at present topsoil equivalent of 300 mm from 100,000 hectares
(1000 sq km) of fertile land, 22 × 106 tonne of coal and 10 × 106 tonnes of
biomass are consumed annually. We have an arable land area of 1.62 × 106 sq km
comprising alluvial soils, black soil, red soil, laterite soil and desert soil. Alluvial,
laterite and red soils are suitable for brick making.
5. ● Area under the soils suitable for brick making may not exceed 50% of the
arable land. Brick-making activity to meet the present and future demand can
result in consuming the 300 mm depth fertile topsoil of arable land in about 90
years (assuming 2.5% compounded growth rate). Similarly the pressure on raw
materials like limestone to manufacture cement and energy requirements to
produce these materials has to be addressed.
● Production of building materials has slowly and steadily moved from highly
decentralized and labor-intensive methods and processes to centralized,
machine-dependent industry mode.
● Centralized mode of production necessitates hauling of raw materials and
distribution of finished materials over great distances. These activities again
require expenditure of fossil fuels for transportation.
● Transportation of raw and finished building materials is another key issue that
can contribute to cost of materials, increased energy requirements and
environmental issues. Sustainability of the present mode of production,
consumption and distribution of building materials and currently adopted
construction practices is questionable.
6. Need For Sustainable Alternatives
● Steel, cement, glass, aluminium, plastics, bricks, etc. are energy-intensive materials,
commonly used for building construction. Generally these materials are transported
over great distances. Extensive use of these materials can drain the energy resources
and adversely affect the environment. On the other hand, it is difficult to meet the
ever-growing demand for buildings by adopting only energy efficient traditional
materials (like mud, thatch, timber, etc.) and construction methods. Hence, there is a
need for optimum utilization of available energy resources and raw materials to
produce simple, energy efficient, environment friendly and sustainable building
alternatives and techniques to satisfy the increasing demand for buildings. Some of
the guiding principles in developing the sustainable alternative building technologies
can be summarized as follows: Energy conservation; Minimize the use of high energy
materials; Concern for environment, environment-friendly technologies; Minimize
transportation and maximize the use of local materials and resources; Decentralized
production and maximum use of local skills; Utilization of industrial and mine wastes
for the production of building materials; Recycling of building wastes, and Use of
renewable energy sources.
● Building technologies manufactured by meeting these principles could become
sustainable and facilitate sharing the resources especially energy resources more
efficiently, causing minimum damage to the environment.
7. Alternate Building Materials
● A large number of viable alternative building technologies have been
developed and disseminated over a period of 2.5 decades. Some of these
building technologies are: Stabilized mud blocks, Steam cured blocks, Fine
concrete blocks, Rammed earth blocks, Mud concrete blocks, Lime–
Pozzolana cements, Soil-lime plaster, Composite mortars for masonry,
Composite beam and panel roofs, Reinforced brickwork/tile-work roof,
Ferro cement and ferroconcrete roofing systems, Unreinforced masonry
vaults and domes, Ribbed slab construction, Filler slab roofs, Rammed earth
foundations, Reinforced block-work lintels and precast chejjas, Solar passive
cooling techniques and Containment reinforcement for earthquake-
resistant masonry.
8. Advantages
• Better functional efficiency.
• Cost effectiveness.
• Better durability.
• Ease of construction.
• Better finish.
• Minimum waste.
• Less maintenance cost.
• Minimum defects.
• Less energy intensive.
9. Features of Eco-friendly materials
• Renewable Source.
• Reuse of Waste product.
• Low Embodied Energy.
• Local Availability.
• Reduction in air, land and water pollution.
• Durability & Life span.
• Aids Energy Efficiency in buildings.
• Durability & Life span.
• Biodegradable.
10. Stabilized Mud Blocks
● These are dense solid blocks compacted using a machine with a mixture of soil,
sand, stabilizer (cement/lime) and water. After 28 days curing, the stabilized mud
blocks (SMB) are used for wall construction.
● Two block sizes (305 × 143 × 100 mm and 230 × 190 × 100 mm) have been
standardized.
● These blocks are 2.5 to 2.8 times bigger in volume when compared with locally
available conventional burnt clay bricks. Compressive strength of the block greatly
depends upon the soil composition, density of the block and percentage of
stabilizer (cement/lime).
● Sandy soil with 7% cement can yield blocks having wet compressive strength of 3–
4 MPa.
● High strength for the block can be obtained by increasing the quantity of
stabilizer. Major advantages of SMB are: (a) energy efficient, do not require
burning, 70% energy saving when compared to burnt bricks, (b) economical, 20–
40% savings in cost when compared to brick masonry, (c) plastering can be
eliminated, and (d) better block finish and aesthetically pleasing appearance.
11.
12. BAGASSE – CEMENT BUILDING BOARDS
● Numerous composites (Medium Density Reconstituted Boards) have already
been developed using different natural and synthetic and man-made fibers in
polymer matrix.
● Most of the boards are being used for replacing wood and other conventional
reconstituted wood products.
● Some of these fibers have also been used for making high density fiber-board
using cement (inorganic) as binder. The development is aimed to develop
building boards and door shutter using Bagasse fiber.
● Building board is suitable for partitioning, paneling etc.
13. The developed product and process are prototype and laboratory level
respectively. The physical-mechanical behavior of the developed building board
(prototype) passes most of the requirements of general purposes high density
board and is cost effective too.
14. ARHAR STALK – CEMENT BOARD
● Composites have great potential in replacing wood in building industry, but
their development is associated with problems related to their processing,
production and performance.
● The work carried out is intended to explore the possibilities of using fibrous
biomass such as Arhar Stalks, Groundnut Shells etc. for the production of
composite materials.
● Composite panels developed using Arhar Stalks meet the requirements of
ISO, BS, and BIS specifications.
● The output of this article will help utilize fibrous biomass and preserve
environment due to conservation of wood in building and construction
industry.
15.
16. COIR – CNSL BOARD
● The Coir-CNSL Board is a wood alternative which can be used for surfacing,
door and window shutters, partitioning, false ceiling, paneling, furniture,
cabinets, packaging etc.
● It is a single layer flat pressed class Medium Density Fiber (MDF) Board.
● It has low water absorption, negligible change in dimensions due to water
absorption, workable with normal wood working tools, paintable, pre-
laminable, nailable and screwable, passes IS-3087.
● The board is eco-friendly and can replace wood or re-constituted wood by
100%.
17.
18. STEAM CURED BLOCKS
● A mixture of lime, industrial waste products like fly ash or expansive soils like
black cotton soil and sand can be compacted into a high-density block. Lime
reacts with fly ash/clay minerals forming water insoluble bonds imparting
strength to the block. These reactions are slow at ambient temperatures (~
30°C) and hence steam curing for about 10 h at 80°C can accelerate these
reactions leading to high strength for the block.
● The process involves:
● (a) mixing of raw materials like lime, cement, fly ash or black cotton soil, sand
and water in a mixer,
● (b) converting the mixture into a dense block using soil block press, (c) Stacking
the blocks in a steam chamber and steam curing for 10–12 h.
● Blocks of any convenient size can be manufactured. Compressive strength of
the block depends upon the composition of the mix, density of the block and
percentage of stabilizer (cement/lime).
19. Causes of Poor Acceptability of Alternative Building Materials
• Lack of knowledge about new materials.
• Non-inclusion in various National codes and specifications.
• In-appropriate environment for research and development.
• Non-availability of proper forum for promoting new materials.
• Ineffective and improper publicity.
• Unawareness among users.
• Poor competition among new material manufacturers.
• Higher price structure of new materials.
• Lower emphasis on research on eco-friendly materials.
• Negative attitude of engineers/ architects towards non-scheduled items.
• Lower confidence on quality.
• Negligible technological thrust for wider acceptance and adoption.
20. •A combination like 25% fly ash, 6% lime and 2% cement can yield blocks
having wet compressive strength of > 6 MPa.
•This kind of strength will be sufficient to construct 3–4 storey load-
bearing buildings with spans in the range of 3–4 m. Blocks of higher
strength can be easily achieved by adjusting the mix proportions.
•It should be noted here that the block quality is much superior when
compared to local burnt bricks and SMB.
•Advantages of using these blocks are: (i) Ideal process for a small-scale
or cottage industry, (ii) utilization of industrial waste products like fly ash
and problematic soils like black cotton soil and high clay soils, (iii) energy
efficient and environment friendly, and (iv) higher strength for the blocks.
21. CONCLUSION
● Alternative eco-friendly building materials and technologies at various
levels will not only reduce the cost of construction but will also ensure no
depreciation of world’s natural wealth.
● Now there is a need to put in organized efforts in the direction of using eco-
friendly materials by replacing traditional materials. It is desired a positive
role to be played by various government agencies, leading engineers and
technologists, major users and entrepreneurs to bring sustainable
development process in construction industry.
22. REFERENCES
1. OTI, J.E., KINUTHIA, J.M and BAI, J., 2009c. Unfired clay bricks: from
laboratory to industrial production, Proceedings of ICE, Journal of
Engineering sustainability (in press)
2. OTI J.E, KINUTHIA, J.M and BAI J., 2008b. Developing unfired stabilized
building materials in the UK, Proceedings of ICE, Journal of Engineering
Sustainability, 161(ES4), pp.211-218, DOI: 10.1680/ensu.2008.161.4.211.
3. JAYASINGHE C and KAMALADASA N., 2007. Compressive strength
characteristics of cement stabilized rammed earth walls. Construction and
Building Materials, 21(1), pp.1971-1976. OTI J.E, KINUTHIA J.M and BAI J.,
2008a. Using Slag for Unfired-clay Masonry Bricks, Proceedings of ICE,
Journal of Construction materials, 161(CM4), pp.147-155, DOI:
10.1680/coma.2008.161.4.147.