This document provides an overview of titanium, including its physical properties, production process, uses as a building material, and examples of architectural applications. Titanium is a strong yet lightweight transition metal that is extracted from ores through a chlorine process and then purified. It has high strength, corrosion resistance, and is lighter than steel. Some key uses of titanium in architecture include cladding for buildings, structures like stadiums and theaters, and applications where corrosion resistance is important like chemical plants. It can be formed and fabricated into parts for its aesthetic and durable properties in construction.

1. Titanium
Advance Building Materials
Yash Kotgirwar|114AR0032

2. Introduction
 Transition Metal (Ti)
 Titanium was found in 1970. It is named after the Titans,
earth giants in ancient Greek Mythology.
 Titanium is the fourth abundant metal on earth crust (~
0.86%) after aluminium, iron and magnesium.
 It is not found in its free, pure metal form in nature but
as oxides, i.e., llmenite (FeTiO3) and Rutile (TiO2).
 It has a similar strength as steel but with a weight nearly
half of steel.

3. Ores
 The ore is mined in Brazil, India, Canada, Norway, South Africa and
Australia.
 The two types of ore are Rutile and Ilmenite.
 These ores of found near beach areas in form of sand deposits.
 Other ores include anatase and brookite, a metamorphosed ore from
ilmenite

4. Physical Properties
 Lustrous, metallic white in colour
 High strength-to-weight ratio
 Low density and ductile (especially in an
oxygen free environment)
 Relatively high melting point of 1725°C
 Low electrical and thermal conductivity
 Specific gravity of 0.451
 Slightly paramagnetic
 60% denser than aluminium but more
than twice as strong
 Not as hard as some grades of heat-
treated steel
 Ultimate tensile strength of 434 MPa

5. Production
Extraction Process Melting Process Casting Process Forming Process Heat Treatment
Kroll Extraction
Process
Electro Slag
Refining
Vacuum Arc
Re-heating
Electron Beam
Melting
Induction Skull
Melting
Plasma Arc
Melting
Investment
Casting
Laser Fabrication
Rolling
Extrusion
Forging

6. Extraction of Titanium
 Ore is treated with gaseous chlorine and
coke to yield TiCl4.
 Magnesium is used to reduce TiCl4 into
titanium sponge form.
 This is known as the Kroll Process
 Titanium sponge is then melted in
vacuum furnaces to form ingots or slabs.
Kroll Process

7. Extraction of Titanium
Titanium ingots
Titanium slabs

8. Melting Processes
VacuumArcRemeltingProcess
 Sponge and alloying elements are blended together
and then hydraulically pressed to produce blocks
(briquette).
 The briquettes are welded together to produce first
melt electrode or ‘stick’.
 The electrode is double or triple melted in the VAR
furnace to produce sound ingot.
VAR Process

9. Titanium Alloys
 Alloys are majorly made with Aluminium, Molybdenum,
Cobalt, Zirconium, Tin etc.
 Alloys are mainly of 4 types
 Alpha phase alloys- lowest strength,formable,weldable
 Alpha plus Beta alloys-high strength
 Near alpha alloys- medium strength , good creep
resistance
 Beta phase alloys-high strength, lacks ductility

10. Titanium Alloys
 Commercially pure (CP) titanium alpha and near alpha titanium
alloys
-heat treatable and weldable
-Medium strength, good creep strength, good corrosion
resistance
-Used in airframes, chemical desalination and
marine parts, heat exchangers, aircraft engines, etc.
Heat exchanger Forged aircraft parts
 Alpha-beta Titanium alloys
-Heat treatable, good forming properties
-Medium to high strength, good creep strength
-Used in rocket motor cases, blades and disks of aircraft
turbines and compressors, structural forgings,
components of advanced jet engines, high pressure cryogenic
vessels
 Beta Titanium alloys
-Heat treatable and readily formable
-Very high strength, low ductility
Blades of aircraft
turbines High pressure
cryogenic vessel

11. Characteristics-Building Material
 Unparalleled corrosion resistance
-forms stable oxide films
-suited to application in coastal areas
-corrosion resistant to corrosive gases
-resists acid rain
 Great strength
-as strong as steel
-highly workable
 Light weight
-less burden on structure
-ease of fabrication
 Aesthetics
-anodic oxidation
 Environmentally sound
-human friendly metal
 Workability
-formability
-weldability
-bonding and adhesion

12. ArchitecturalApplications

13. NationalGrandTheatre,
China
Surface: Roll dull was used in
the titanium composite
material

14. TaipeiArena,Taiwan
First building in Taiwan where titanium was being used .

15. HotelMarquesdeRiscal,Spain
Lustrous colourful titanium cladding on the exterior.

16. KyushuOilDome,China

17. HangzhouGrantTheatre,China

18. KyushuNationalStadium,China

19. UNMCTower,Nebraska
Gold tinted titanium-exterior cladding

20. FujiTelevisionHeadquarter

21. GuggenheimMuseum.Bilbao

22. Other Applications
Aircraft and jet
engines Chemical plants Tanker trucks
Vehicles Daily use productsMedical prosthetics

23. References
▪ A. Anjali, A. Vasudha. Titanium: A New Generation Material for Architectural Applications. Accessed 11th October,
2018.
Retrieved from https://www.toho-titanium.co.jp/en/products/solution.html
▪ Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal. Features of Titanium Building Material. Retrieved from http://www.nssmc.com/
▪ Chen, J.; Poon, C.S. Photocatalytic
construction and building materials: From fundamentals to applications. Build. Environ. 2009, 44, 1899-1906.

24. Thank you!