Foundation wall • The height of the foundation wall required for farm buildings depends on the soil condition of the site. • Deeper foundation is necessary in loose soil and shallow in firm rocky soil. • Generally the height for light farm building will vary from 18” to 30”. The thickness will vary from 9” to 12” • a. Material used o Foundation footing can be made of cement concrete or brick and cement mortar. o Concrete foundation is stronger and is called monolythick foundation. o Brick foundation is provided with stepped up increase in width towards the base. It is not so strong as concrete. o b. Method of putting foundation o Trenches of suitable size are put up to receive foundation. The base is hardened, made smooth and level. o Then the footing and foundation wall is put up to ground level. o The surface is smoothened and levelled again. o At this place, a 4% layer of damp proof course of asphalt or other material is introduced to prevent absorption of moisture (1) Wall materials A. Bricks a).Building bricks o They are made out of brick earth, which are 50 per cent clay and 50 per cent sand. o Rectangular blocks are prepared by molds and cut by machines. o Then they are heated in the Kiln at proper temperature. o Well made machine bricks will have standard dimensions of 9" x 4½ " x 3". o They will have uniform shape, colour and texture and will be sharp on angles. o They produce clear ringing sound when struck with hard objects. b).Vitrified paving bricks o These are hard, impervious and durable bricks paving more than 10 per cent of iron oxide. o They are heated at very high temperature to the point of vitification. o They are grooved on the outer surface and have a strong and hard finish. They are damp proof. o They are special bricks made for use as flooring in animal houses. c).Glazed bricks o These are small bricks made of china clay and finished with glaze or enamel on the outer surface. o They are used for providing sanitary finishes on walls and the places where hygienic condition and washable surfaces are necessary. o They are very costly bricks. B. Stones a).Granite:These are hard and natural stones. They may be black in colour or light Grey. o They are durable and weather resistance and are commonly used for the construction of walls and floors in animal buildings. o The surface should be of roughened periodically by chipping. ANIMAL PRODUCTION LSPM 201 LIVE-STOCK AND POULTRY MANAGEMENT 3(2+1) 32 b).Whin stones: o They are also hard rocks but not so durable and weather resistant as granites. o They are used for wall constructions and broken stones are uses as a common ingredient of cement concrete. o c).Sand stones o These are immature rocks of recent formation. They are not strong and durable and not used in heavy constructions. o They are capable of being dressed into different shapes and patterns. Hence, they are used for architectural works. C. Binding Materials a. Lime