The document discusses various building materials essential for construction, emphasizing the significance of sand, bricks, stones, and concrete in structure integrity. It also covers specific materials like lime, cement, and different roofing options, highlighting their properties, advantages, and uses in building design. Additionally, it outlines floor design considerations, including solid and deep litter floors, to promote hygiene and durability in animal housing.

1. BUILDING
MATERIALS
Dr. P. Ravikanth Reddy
MVSc, PhD
Guest Faculty
KBR College of Agriculture and Horticulture
Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University
Dr. YSR Horticulture University

2. GENERAL TERMS
Importance of Sand -
1. Brick - 1 part Sand + 1 part Clay
2. Mortar - 3 parts Sand + 1 part Cement or
3 parts Sand + 1 part Lime
3. Concrete - 2 parts Sand + 3 parts Gravel + 1 part Cement
Sand mining is destroying India’s rivers

3. Concrete
Mortar paste

4. I. FOUNDATION
II. SIDE WALLS
III. FLOOR
IV. ROOF OF THE BUILDING
Include two steps
(1) Footing and
(2) Foundation wall
(1) Footing - Cement concrete (Monolithic foundation) - Stronger
(2) Foundation wall - Brick and cement mortar.
I. FOUNDATION

5. Footing and Foundation

6. Concrete foundation

7. Both Brick and cement mortor

8.  Bricks, stones, and concrete.
 Washable walls.
 Height of walls up to 4 feet should be finished with smoother and
hard cement plaster for easy washing.
 Corners, sharp edges, and angles should be rounded to prevent
accidents and easy washing.
II. SIDE WALL
Mortar plastering

9. a) Building bricks
They are made out of brick earth, which are 50 per cent clay and 50 per cent sand.
Well made machine bricks will have standard dimensions of 9" x 4½ " x 3".
They will have uniform shape, colour and texture and will be sharp on angles.
b) Vitrified paving bricks
• These are hard, impervious and durable bricks paving more than 10 per cent of iron
oxide.
• They are heated at very high temperature to the point of vitrification.
• They are grooved on the outer surface and have a strong and hard finish. They are
damp proof.
• They are special bricks made for use as flooring in animal houses.
Bricks

10. Normal brick Vitrified brick

11. Vitrified bricks

12. c) Glazed bricks
These are small bricks made of china clay and finished with glaze or enamel on the
outer surface.
They are used for providing sanitary finishes on walls and the places where
hygienic condition and washable surfaces are necessary.
They are very costly bricks.
Glazed brick

13. Stones
a) Granite
 These are hard and natural stones. They may be black in colour or light
Grey.
 They are durable and weather resistance and are commonly used for the
construction of walls and floors in animal buildings.
 The surface should be of roughened periodically by chipping.
Granite stones

14. b) Whinstones
 They are also hard rocks but not so durable and weather resistant as
granites.
 They are used for wall constructions and broken stones and are used as
a common ingredient of cement concrete.
Whin stones

15. c) Sand stones
 These are immature rocks of recent formation. They are not strong and
durable and not used in heavy constructions.
 They are capable of being dressed into different shapes and patterns.
Hence, they are used for architectural works.
Sand stones Sand stones for architecture

16. Binding Materials
a ) Lime
It is prepared from limestone, which are heated and slacked with water.
The white powder that is produced is called lime.
Lime preparation
Lime stone mining

17. b ) Lime mortar
It is prepared by mixing one part of lime with three parts of pure sand
adding sufficient quantity of water.
Cement mortar (Replacing cement by lime provides lime mortar)

18. Polished limestone along with lime mortar Eroded
Lime mortar

19. c ) Cement
 It is prepared from 70% chalk and 30% clay, which is mixed with water
to form a creamy fluid.
 It is allowed to settle and then the sediment is collected dried and roasted
over kiln and ground into fine powder.
 It is greyish and bluish grey in colour. It is an efficient binding material
used for building bricks, stones and other materials.

20. d) Cement mortar
•Cement and sand in 1:3 ratios.
e) Cement concrete mixture

21. Roof
 High insulation value.
 Cheap materials should be used.

22. Roof Structure
Ridge - The upper line of the roof that joins the 2 roof pitches
Eves - Edges of the roof which overhang the face of a wall
Rafter - The pieces of timber which extends from the eves to the ridge
Purlin - Horizontal beam or bar used for structural support below the roof
RAFTER
EVES
RIDGE
PURLIN

23. i) Lean type roof
 These are simple roof with single slope adopted for shed type of
buildings.
 Roof ventilation cannot be provided in this pattern.
 In this type of roof one wall is higher than another one to give
necessary slope for roof. It is suitable for maximum space of 2-4
meter.

24. Lean type or shed type of roof – No ventilation
Battens - Frames for roofing
Rafter – Wooden piece/plates
between ridge and Eaves
Eaves – Overhang

25. ii) Gable roof
These are coupled roof with two slopes, roof ventilation can be
provided in this pattern the form of continuous ridge opening
protected by louvre board.
Louvre board ventilation

26. Roofing battens of Gable roof frame with Louvre board ventilation

27. Gable type of roof

28. iii) Monitor roof
 The roof has two slopes, but one overlaps other at the ridge of the
roof with a ventilation gap of one feet.
 In this roof ventilation can be provided in between two slopes.
 This also suitable for tropical buildings and it serves the purposes
of ventilating and lighting the building.
iv) Semi monitor roof
 Roof has 2 slopes but one overlap the other at the ridge of roof with
ventilating gap of 1 feet.

29. Monitor type of roof

30. Monitor type of roof

32. v) Gothic arch
 This is an arched roof providing greater roof space used for store
houses.
 Used for storage of feed.
Gothic type of roof

33. Gothic type of roof

34. Gambriel type of roof

35. Roofing materials
1. Tiles
2. Asbestos sheets
3. Aluminium sheets
4. Galvanized iron sheets
5. Thatched roof
6. Reinforced cement concrete

36. 1) Tiles
 They are cheap and easily available in most of the places. It conducts
heat rapidly. Hence it is suitable for hot climate.
 Wind or accident easily damages them. It has to be renewed
periodically. There are two types of tiles.
a) Pan tiles or Mangalore tiles
 These are rectangular tiles with grooves on outer surface
and two nibs on the inner surface.
 They are lied one at the side of the other to cover the roof.
Pan or mangalore tile

37. Pan or mangalore tiled roof

38. b) Country tiles
 These are semi-circular tiles of different shape and dimensions.
 They are used by keeping one over other in layers forming numerous
air pockets.
 They conduct less heat.
Country tiled roof
Air pockets

39. Wind damaged tile roof Fire damaged tile roof

40. 2) Asbestos sheet
 These are commonly used in poultry buildings.
 Asbestos sheets are prepared by mixing cement mixture with
varying quantities of vegetable fibers.
 They are available as sheets of different dimensions with corrugated
surfaces.
 Sheets are easily fixed to roof trusses and more durable than tiles.
But the houses under this roof will be hotter during summer.

41. Asbestos sheet – Hotter in summer

42. 3) Aluminum Sheets
 Corrugated aluminum sheets of different thickness and dimensions
are available in the market as roof coverings.
 They are 2 ½ feet width and varying length from 8 to 12 feet. They are
very light and can be easily fixed.
 The bright and polished surface of new sheets provides a reflective
insulation and keeps the animal houses cool during summer.
 They are expensive but have a greater resale value. They are rust
proof and therefore they are more durable.

43. Aluminium sheet – Cooler in summer

44. 4) Galvanized iron sheets
 These are iron sheets, which are galvanized on the surface and provided
with corrugation. They are available in standard dimension of 6 feet x 3
feet.
 Galvanized sheets are commonly used in animal houses but this sheet
keeps the house very hot during summer.
 It is suggested that sheet should be painted white on outer side to avoid
absorption of heat.
 They are strong and may be rusted after long use.

45. Galvanized Iron sheet – Hotter in summer

46. 5) Thatched roof
 Made of coconut or palmyra leaves
 Hay or straw can also be used
 Cheap and poor conductors of heat
 Keeps house cool in summer
 Non-durable and prone for fire accident

47. Thatched roof – Fire accident problems

48. 5) Reinforced Cement Concrete
 Mixture of cement, sand, small cresor stones with iron rods
 Very strong and durable
 Reduces heat inside the animal shed
 More expensive

49. Reinforced cement concrete roof

50. FLOOR
Design of floor
i) Solid floor
 It is a common floor with solid surface made out of different
materials such as cement concrete, vitrified paving brick, building
brick, stones and gravel.
 Such solid floors should be laid properly for good drainage.
 A slope of 1/40 to 1/60 is desirable towards the dung channel.
 Even surface with impervious quality is necessary to prevent water
stagnation.
 Proper cleaning and disinfection are essential to control diseases.

51. Concrete floor – corrugations and rough surface to prevent slipping

52. Building brick floor – Absorbs water and are easily worn out – Not good floor

53. Vitrified paving bricks – Durable and damp proof - Ideal

54. Granite flooring – Should be roughened to prevent slipperiness

55. ii) Deep litter floor
It is made of bedding material as dried layers.
Straw, paddy husk, saw dust, groundnut hulls, dried leaves are
spread on the floor used as litter materials.
It can be spread as layer of 4-6 inches thickness and can be
allowed to accumulate over a period of a month to 1 year.
The litter get mixed with excreta and decomposed.
The dried litter materials absorb the moisture. Hence bacterial
activity is controlled.
Excessive bacterial action in the deep litter is kept controlled by
addition of lime.

56. Deep litter system – Paddy straw