This document discusses concepts and methods related to low-cost housing. It defines low-cost housing as reducing construction costs without compromising building strength or performance. Common methods discussed for reducing costs include using locally available materials, traditional construction techniques, reducing plinth heights and wall thicknesses, and decreasing architectural features. However, the document notes that reducing costs by sacrificing quality, durability or maintainability is a misconception. True economy is achieved through efficient management of resources and adopting high-quality, locally-appropriate designs and materials.

1. Dr K M Soni
Chief Engineer, WZ-I, CPWD, Mumbai

2. Definition
 It is considered a concept of reduction in the cost
of construction without sacrificing the strength
required for the performance of the building.
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3. Concept
 it is said that it is a misconception that low cost
housing is based on inferior specifications, low
quality and produces sub standard work.
 It is said that it is a misconception that low cost
housing is only for the poor.
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4. Low cost housing
 For low height structures ?
 For low income group ?
 For public
 Even for government housing
 For simple structures ?
 For rural housing?
Or
 For all type of structures?
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5. Value Engineering
 Value engineering also adopts methods of
adopting design, materials and labour just
suitable for the structure and achieving economy
in overall construction.
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6. Acceptance of low cost housing
concept
 low housing concept has still not been accepted
by majority of architects and engineers.
 Possible reasons:
 Simple (architectural features make it costly)
 Low specifications (rich specifications make it
costly)
 Low acceptability among middle income group and
high income group people
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7. Discussion on low cost housing
 Deliberated only during financial recession.
 Budget is the main constraint
 Budget, a constraint to whom?
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8. Examples
 When mass housing is required and financial
resources are limited like Indira Awas Yojana or
similar other schemes.
 When mass housing schemes are required after
natural disasters, particularly due to limited time
and funds available for construction.
 When recession is there and lower middle class
finds difficult to purchase the flats due to their
financial constraints.
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9. Commonalities
 common in all above situations is financial
constraint
 for poor or lower middle class people.
(may not be acceptable to many engineers who are
believers of low cost housing but is a reality.)
Why don’t we talk about low cost Metro, low cost
flyovers, low cost bridges, low cost airports etc.
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10. Inference
 Low cost housing reflects that it is the housing of
low cost and though it may have nothing to do for
whom the housing is made but general concept is
that low cost housing is for poor and it is very
difficult to change the existing concept. Some of
the engineers and administrators have started
calling it as affordable housing which is again for
them who cannot afford a good house at a higher
cost.
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11. So, one way is let us accept it that low cost
housing is for the poor masses and develop
design and specifications accordingly and
for general housing deliberate on economic
housing.
Or
go on calling low cost housing as a
misconcept that it is for poor masses only.
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12. Common methods adopted in
low cost housing as per
available literature
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13. Reduce the type and depth of
foundation
 Depth anywhere from 50 to 60 cms for isolated
footings
 Provide isolated footings in place of raft
foundation
 Provide raft foundation in place of pile
foundation
 Highly non technical ideas
 Please do not try without proper evaluation
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14. Reduce the wall thickness
 From 230 mm to 150 mm
 Adopted in unauthorised and non engineered
construction for load bearing construction
 Adopted by some private builders in framed
construction for all internal and external walls
 Non technical idea
 Can not be adopted due to technical, maintenance,
comfort considerations
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15. Reduce the plinth height
 In few years the road level comes at par with
plinth level and plinth disappears.
 Non technical idea
 Has many functional problems
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16. Use of mud/soil stabilised blocks
 May have @ 5% cement
 Can be used after the economy is established
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17. Use of some other materials
 Mud
 Thatch
 Stone
 Frameless doors
 Mud plaster
 Low cost housing in such case will need to be
divided further in rural and urban low cost housing
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18. Use of hollow cement concrete
blocks
 Substitute of clay bricks
 Economics depend upon local availability
 If the economy is established, they can be used
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19. Use of wood substitutes
 Depends upon availability and type of wood and
substituted materials
 Wood substitutes are now largely adopted in all
type of construction
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20. Use of pre cast slabs/jack arch
roofing
 Not suggested for earthquake prone areas
 Economy depends on local availability of
materials and labour
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21. Use of single stack system,
reduction of traps, low width
shafts etc.
 Not advisable considering maintainability.
 Maintenance difficult.
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22. Use precast lintels or brick arch
lintels
 Please do not try in earthquake region
 Saves cost if bricks are locally/economically
available while cement/concrete are not available
locally and are costly
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23. Plinth area of building
 Reduce the area of the unit or its components
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24. Use of locally available materials
 Best way of economy in terms of materials,
labour, transport and even management.
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25. Statement of Laurie Baker (1975)
 All the building materials should be found within
five miles of the site.
 Low cost techniques should not be considered
only for the poor
 our aim should be to design simplest of buildings
for all
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26. Specifications
 Specifications play an important role in deciding
the cost of housing. Interior and finishing works
may have a large variation in cost depending upon
the specifications adopted.
 For example if in Chennai, sand stone cladding,
marble flooring, are provided and in Delhi,
granite flooring and textured coating are
provided.
 Some of the occupants tend to alter specifications
even before they occupy the house on their own
and some after looking to their neighbours.
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27. Reduction in cost
 Reduction in cost is possible by sacrificing
something.
 Aesthetic
 Uniqueness
 Durability
 Function
 maintainability
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28. Architectural features and design
 Architectural features added in a building may
not be required from any other consideration but
will add to the cost and may not fit to low cost
housing concept
 Design of various components may not be
optimum as per the requirements
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29. Design
 Economic design
 Future considerations
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30. Life cycle costs
 It is a mistake to define a low cost house based on
initial cost of construction without giving any
consideration of maintenance or life cycle of the
structure.
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31. Factors to be considered for
economic housing
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32. Use of locally available materials
 Base price is low
 Transportation cost is low
 Local workers know their use and fixing/
installation hence economic
 Saves the time
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33. Make use of traditional methods
 Traditional methods are time tested
 Traditional methods are economic
 Traditional methods are based on local materials
 Local workers have the knowledge of using
Traditional methods
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34. Use of free natural resources
 Air
 Light
 To minimize cost of initial construction and
thereafter maintenance cost
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35. Reduction in labour cost
 Through use of local materials
 Through use of local techniques
 Through use of more skilled labour
 Through use of small tools
 Through mechanization
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36. Reduction in time of construction
 Better planning
 Through use of small tools
 Through mechanization
 Quality construction
 Better management
 Reduction in wastage
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37. Reduction in transport, handling
and storage cost
 Use of local materials
 By following “Just in time” approach for
 Materials
 Avoid storage, multiple handling, storage, wastage,
theft, dead stock
 Close co-ordination
 Use of prefabricated/precast members
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38. Reduction in wastage
 Adoption of Total Quality Management policy
 Better planning
 Better execution
 Better management of resources
 by following just in time approach
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39. Plan for reduction in maintenance
cost
 Reduce life cycle costs
 Plan for natural lighting
 Plan for use of other natural benefits
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40. Management of men, materials,
machinery and money
 Management of money, machinery and materials
 Management of workers
 Management of managers
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41. Basis of economics
 Use of economies of scale
 Reduce fixed costs
 Convert some of the Fixed costs to semi variable
costs
 Horizontal expansion of the associated activities
with marketing strategies
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42. Low quality concept
 cost of low quality of work and low quality
architects, structural designers, and contractors
including skilled workers will also lead to cost
reduction. In fact, these cost reductions are
misconcepts of economy particularly to the house
considering its life cycle, to the society and the
nation but adopted widely.
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43. Fair way
 Economy in construction can be achieved by
management of men, materials, money and
machinery and adopting locally available
materials and techniques with the concepts of
economics and total quality management.
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44. Conclusions
 Low cost housing is considered housing
constructed with low budget. The definition
should have been the housing with minimum cost
even if budget is available. Thus concept should
then be valid for small or big, single or
multistoried and EWS or bungalow construction
and all type of construction.
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