1. COST EFFECTIVE BUILDING
MATERIALS
SARTHAK KAURA

31. FLY ASH BRICKS:
• CONTAINS CLASS C FLY ASH AND WATER.
•COMPRESSED AT 4000 PSI
•CURED FOR 24HRS IN A 150 DEGREE F STEAM BATH THEN TOUGHENED
WITH AN AIR ENTERTAINMENT AGENT.
•THE BRICKS LASTS FOR MORE THAN 100 FREEZE THAW CYCLES.
•REDUCES MERCURY POLLUTION OF CALCIUM OXIDE IN CLASS C FLY ASH.
•IT IS A SELF CEMENTING BRICK
•COSTS 20% LESS THAN TRADITIONAL CLAY BRICK.
•ADVANTAGES:
•HIGH IN STRENGTH
•NO BREAKAGE DURING TRANSPORT
•LOW CONSUMPTION OF MORTAR
•LOW WATER PENETRATION
•GYSUM PLASTER CAN BE DIRECTLY APPLIED WITHOUT BACKING IT WITH
LIME PLASTER.
•DO NOT REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER FOR 24HRS.
•SPRINKLING OF WATER BEFORE USE IS ENOUGH
•DISADVANTAGES:
•MECHANICAL BOND STRENGTH IS WEAK
•LIMITATION OF SIZE ONLY MODULAR SIZE CAN BE PRODUCED.LARGE SIZE
WILL HAVE MORE BREAKAGES.
COST:Rs 1.5- Rs 3

32. CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT:
•CONSUMES ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE ENERGY OF THE BURNT BRICKS.
•THE WALL THICKNESS CAN BE REDUCED
•SAVES MORTAR CONSUMPTION
•THE PRESENCE OF A CORE ALLOWS STEEL REINFORCING TO BE INSERTED INTO THE
ASSSEMBLY GREATLY INCREASING ITS STRENGTH
•GREAT ABILITY TO RESIST LATERAL FORCES SUCH AS WIND LOAD AND SEISMIC
FORCES
•THESE UNITS ARE USED AS BOTH STRUCTURAL AND NON STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
AND HAVE BEEN THE PREFERRED BUILDING BLOCKS IN THE WESTERN WORLD
•THEY ARE FAST REPLACING TRADITIONAL BRICKS
•CONCRETE MASONRY BLOCKS CAN BE:
HOLLOW OR SOLID
LOAD BEARING OR NON LOAD BEARING
LIGHT WEIGHT OR DENSE
•THESE BLOCKS ARE USED IN LOW AND HIGH RISE BUILDINGS,FOR BASEMENTS
,EXTERIORS AND INTERIOR WALLS AND PARTITIONS
ADVANTAGES:
•ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
•PREVENTS OUTSIDE TEMP. FROM ENTERING THE INTERIOR
•LOWER INSURANCE PREMIUMS
•SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION
•FIRE,MOLD ,WINDAND TERMITE RESISTANT
•CHEAPER THAN WOODEN FRAMES
•DURABLE

33. •DISADVANTAGES:
• NO INSULATION
•OFFERS UNPLEASANT ASTHETICS
•COST:
•4”- Rs 22 BASE PRICE FOR HOLLOW AND SOLID
•6” Rs 25
•8” RS 28
SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY
•SOIL MIXED WITH 5% AND ABOVE CEMENT AND PRESSED IN HAND OPERATED
MACHINES AND CURED WELL AND THEN USED IN THE MASONRY
•DOSNT REQUIRE PLASTERNG ON BOTH SIDES OF THE WALL
•ENERGY EFFICIENT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
•15 TO 20% OVERALL ECONOMY ACHEVED
•ADVANTAGES:
•SELF HEALING PROPERTY
•ALLOWS UTILIZATION OF LOCALLY AVAILABE MATERIALS
•COST EFFECTIVE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT
•DISADVANTAGES:
•LOWER SPECIFIC WEIGHT THAN RIPRAP
•DURABILITY DEPENDENT ON CLOSELY CONTROLLED CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS
•AFFECTED BY WET OR COLD WEATHER

34. Foundation
A dump made out of boulders, brick bats, quarry waste and cement is a
good alternative toconventional-size stone masonry. Even concrete waste can be recycled for
this purpose.
Walls
Regular table moulded bricks used in rat trap masonry require less mortar
joint and bricks; hence lower costs. Cement concrete blocks are cost-
effective compared to conventional brickwork.
We have terracotta hollow blocks with different designs that are
exposable in masonry. This is a good option provided they are not
plastered and painted.
Conventional-sized stones that are not elaborately dressed in combination
with bricks in composite masonry can work out really well.
While the stone face can be exposed, the brick face can be plastered
and painted. Light-weight cement-based blocks made out of cinder
contribute to economy in framed and high-rise structures.

35. Where suitable quality soil is available, soil stabilised blocks made in-situ
are a welcome option. They are made using soil, quarry dust and cement
and can be used for load-bearing walls.
They have a finish and colour that can be left without plastering. This
material is not only cost-effective but also eco-friendly.
Precast concrete wall units that can be assembled on site are an option in
large scale constructions. They save time and thus cost. Bamboo is
renewable as well as cost cutting.
Roofs
Composite roofs made out of filler slabs can cut concrete and steel costs.
Terracotta blocks that are designed for roofs can be adopted. Precast
beams and roof slab elements in RCC are widely used under suitable
conditions. Also, there are materials like ferrocement and fibre reinforced
concretes that can be explored. These units can be thin and can take
different forms. With practically adaptable design options, one can arrive
at cost-effective roofing elements.

36. Wood
If one can recycle old wood for doors and windows, it saves a lot of money.
Choosing aluminium and steel options are much cheaper than wood. Door
frames made of concrete are available which are durable and involve less
maintenance. In some situations, less expensive wood used for packing can
be reused for panelling, railing or flooring.
Hardwood that is enamel painted is less expensive compared to polished
teakwood.Flooring
Locally available natural stones that are pre-polished are a good option.
Other economical options are cement-based tiles, ceramic tiles and clay
tiles. In-situ mosaics and cement floorings are also possible. Thin granite tiles
made out of wasted granite works out really economical both in material
and labour costs.

37. MORE MATERIALS FOR WALLS:
COB:
CONSISTS OF CLAY,SAND ,STRAW AND WATER
POSITIVE POINTS:
•FIREPROOF
•RESISTANT TO SEISMIC ACTIVITY
•PROVIDES EXCELLENT THERMAL MASS
•INEXPENSIVE
•NEGATIVE POINTS :
•24INCH THICK WALL
•LARGE OVERHANGING ROOF
COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK(CEB):
CONSISTS OF DIRT AND NONEXPENSIVE CLAY
CEB BLOCKS ARE INSTALED ONTO THE WALL BY HAND AND A SLURRY
MADE OF A SLURRY MADE OF A SOUPY VERSION OF SAME DIRT/CLAY
MIX WITHOUT AGGREGATE IS SPREAD OR BRUSHED VERY THINLY.
POSITIVE POINT:
•LOW MOISTURE CONTENT
•DRYING TIME IS MUCH SHORTER
•SOUND RESISTANT
•FIRE RESISTANT
•INSECT RESISTANT

38. VINYL REPLACEMENT WINDOWS:
Vinyl windows represent the largest portion of market share in the replacement window
industry. There is a variety of reasons for this all of them contributing to make vinyl the
preferred material for windows. Vinyl is a material that can be extruded which is an
important attribute. A well built window frame will have a great deal of hollow areas to it.
The reason for this is there needs to be adequate width to the frame in order to bridge
the thickness of the exterior wall, for the sides top and bottom. If the window were made
in a solid fashion it would be overly expensive, be incredibly heavy, and believe it or not
would not present with insulating properties as good as air.
In the manufacturing process the frame of a vinyl window is created by extruding raw
vinyl into complex shapes and chambers to provide the necessary size and strength.
Thus from a manufacturing process stand point vinyl works extremely well.
Another aspect to vinyl is its ability to resist heat transfer. What this means is if it's cold
outside the vinyl does a good job of resisting the heat inside your home from being
transferred to the out side. Conversely, if you are in a hot area, and are expending
money keeping your home cool, vinyl will perform well by keeping that heat out, and the
cool in.
The only downside to vinyl is that there is a limitation on color selection. There are
windows produced in different colors, but not all manufacturers bother with that, primarily
because of concerns regarding fading.

39. Vinyl Windows - Pricing and Installation Cost Notes
•Vinyl Window installation cost estimates typically require an onsite inspection -
in most cases estimates are free, but will be accompanied by a strong sales
pitch.
•Cost ranges account for variations in contractor skill, job location and seasonal
contractor wage rates.
•Expect to pay an additional 5% - 14% in material and installation costs for
complex installation configurations and patterns.
•The homewyse installation cost estimate does not include costs for framing the
rough opening, interior trim molding, decorative fittings.
•The homewyse cost estimates includes all typical costs for delivery, simple
frame modification and fitment, exterior flashing and trim, weatherstriping and
accurate fitting to opening.
•Higher priced Vinyl Windows may include features such as higher grade
material of construction, more durable finishes, superior joinery, smoother
operation and more energy efficient glass systems.
•Vinyl Window installation costs will approach the high end of the range in or
near major metropolitan areas.
•Save money on the total project by having multiple vendors bid on the same,
complete description of Vinyl Window work for your project.
•Save money on installation costs by being flexible on project scheduling -
schedule your project during slow periods for the installer.
•Save money on material by shopping online or by choosing discountinued, odd
lot, remnant or incorrectly ordered items from your retailer.

40. Vinyl Wall Base
Installation
one-inch long.
Fold back wall base to pre-form the corner. The toe is to be rolled upwards which will
assist in
contouring. The top edge of the cove base should fit tight against the wall’s surface and
the wall base
toe should be rounded and sitting flat against the floor.
Install the wall base corner as usual.
Installation of Job-Site Formed Inside Corners
Install either piece directly into the corner as normal.
Position wall base for other side of corner without adhesive on the adjoining wall
approximately oneinch from the inside corner.
Set dividers to corresponding width of gap.
Slowly move the dividers downward in a straight vertical motion allowing one edge of
the dividers to
follow the profile of the installed wall base.
After the profile has been transferred, use a utility knife to cut the pattern on the
uninstalled wall base.
Install the wall base corner as usual.
Installation of Wall Base
Install all corners prior to the installation of any wall base.
Cut wall base to desired length and fit tightly against corners.
Spread adhesive with a 1/8” saw
tooth spreader or disposable cartridge nozzle evenly on the back of
the base or wall surface while not spreading within 1/4" from the top of the wall base.
Apply the wall base in a manner that does not stretch the wall base. Stretching can cause
the wall
base to return to its original length and cause gapping.
It is important to always roll the base in the direction of the last piece installed. This practice
will ensure
a tight fit at the seams.

42. The mezzanine floor often projects itself from the walls and does not
completely close the view of the ceiling from the floor immediately
below. In short, a mezzanine floor and the floor below it share the same
ceiling. Mezzanine floors are often located between the ground floor
and the floor above, but it is not unusual to have mezzanine floors in the
upper floors of a building.
Mezzanine flooring:

43. Mezzanine Floor Cost: Mezzanine floors are very cost effective, especially
when compared to relocating a business, even when a floor requires fire
rating or planning permission.
Mezzanine Floor Installation:Mezzanine Flooring with P.K Storage Solutions
should be straightforward to install with most average sizes structures
being installed in under 7 days Depending on size and location. Also on
many installations current operations won’t be effected while the floor is
being constructed.
Mezzanine Planning Permission: Most mezzanines don’t require planning
permission due to there size however even if they do it’s not a
complicated process.
Mezzanine Building Regulations/Fire Rating:Mezzanine floors do require
building regulations and just like planning permission this isn’t a
complicated or expensive or even stressful process. Building regulations
and fire rating is a fairly simple but in-depth subject however until then or if
you require information now speak to a P.K Storage Solutions mezzanine
floor installer expert