Logical channels
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Logical channels are divided into traffic channels and control channels. Traffic channels (TCH) transmit data and voice, while control channels (CCH) handle signaling and control. CCHs include broadcast, common, and dedicated channels. Broadcast CCHs like FCCH, SCH, and BCCH transmit general network information. Common CCHs include PCH, RACH, and AGCH for paging, accessing the network, and assigning dedicated channels. Dedicated CCHs comprise SDCCH, SACCH, and FACCH for call setup and handover signaling. TCHs include full rate, half rate, and enhanced full rate channels for various data and voice transmission rates.
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GSM channels (fast, slow, stand-alone dedicated control channel), broadcast, common control or signalling channel
Gsm physical and-logical_channels
GSM uses a combination of FDMA and TDMA to divide up radio resources on the air interface. It defines physical channels based on frequency and timeslot, and logical channels to carry different types of data and signaling information. Logical channels include traffic channels to carry user data and various signaling channels like broadcast, common, and dedicated control channels which are used to enable network operations like cell broadcasts, paging, call setup, and handovers. Key physical channel structures include TDMA frames, multiframes, superframes, and hyperframes which are used for synchronization between base stations and mobile stations.
It802 d mobilecommunicationspart4
1) GSM uses paired radio frequency channels between 890-915 MHz for mobile to base station communication and 935-960 MHz for base station to mobile communication, with a 45 MHz gap between the pairs. Each channel is spaced at 200 KHz.
2) A GSM time slot is 577 microseconds long, with a burst of data transmission lasting 546.5 microseconds during each slot. This provides a data rate of approximately 33.8 kbps per time slot.
3) GSM defines different types of logical channels, including traffic channels (TCH) to carry user voice and data, and control channels like broadcast control channel (BCCH), paging channel (PCH), and dedicated
GSM Channels Air Interface GSM Channels Air Interface
- CDMA allows multiple users to communicate over the same frequency channel by using unique code sequences. Each user is assigned a code and any data transmitted is mixed together on transmission. The receiving device can separate the signals based on the individual codes.
- GSM uses frequency division duplexing with different frequency bands for the uplink and downlink. The uplink band ranges from 890-915 MHz and the downlink from 935-960 MHz. Frequency carriers are spaced at 200 kHz intervals.
- The main components of GSM architecture are the mobile station, base station subsystem (BTS and BSC), and mobile switching center. Logical channels in GSM include traffic channels, broadcast channels, paging channels
Chap 2. lte channel structure .eng
This document provides an overview of the LTE physical channel structure and procedures between the eNB and UE. It describes the LTE architecture and introduces the main physical channels including downlink channels like PBCH, PDCCH, PDSCH and uplink channels like PUSCH, PUCCH, PRACH. It explains the channel mapping and provides examples of the initial access procedure and synchronization signal transmission. Key concepts covered are radio interface protocol stacks, channel coding, multiple access, and reference signals.
4G-Fourth Generation Mobile Communication System
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This document describes properties of the radio path in GSM including fast fading caused by multipath propagation which results in problems like inter-symbol interference. It discusses solutions like frequency hopping, channel coding, and antenna diversity. It also describes logical channels in the air interface like traffic channels and control channels, and different burst types like synchronization bursts, normal bursts and access bursts used to transmit different logical channels.
Wcdma p&o-c-en-channel structure-3-40
The document summarizes the channel structure in UMTS systems. It describes the different types of channels including physical channels, transport channels, and logical channels. It then provides details on specific uplink and downlink physical channels, such as the dedicated physical channels (DPDCH, DPCCH), common pilot channel (CPICH), primary common control physical channel (P-CCPCH), and synchronization channel (SCH). The functions of different protocol layers including L1, MAC, RLC, and RRC are also summarized.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
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办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(osu毕业证书)美国俄勒冈州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
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Data Driven Maintenance | UReason Webinar
Discover the latest insights on Data Driven Maintenance with our comprehensive webinar presentation. Learn about traditional maintenance challenges, the right approach to utilizing data, and the benefits of adopting a Data Driven Maintenance strategy. Explore real-world examples, industry best practices, and innovative solutions like FMECA and the D3M model. This presentation, led by expert Jules Oudmans, is essential for asset owners looking to optimize their maintenance processes and leverage digital technologies for improved efficiency and performance. Download now to stay ahead in the evolving maintenance landscape.
Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdf
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
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Logical channels
- 1. Logical Channels – The physical channels (one timeslot per radio channel) shown in the previous slides represent the entity transmitted through the Air interface – Each physical channel is used to trasmit a logical channel with different functions – Logical channels can be divided in 2 main groups – Traffic CHannel (TCH) – used to transmit both data and voice payload – Control CHannel (CCH) – used for signalling and control
- 2. Logical Channels FCCH=Frequency Correction CHannel SCH=Synchronisation Channel BCCH=Broadcast Control CHannel PCH=Paging CHannel RACH=Random Access CHannel AGCH=Access Grant CHannel SDCCH=Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel SACCH=Slow Associated Control CHannel FACCH=Fast Associated Control CHannel TCH/F=Traffic CHannel Full rate TCH/H=Traffic CHannel Half rate TCH/E=Traffic CHannel Enhanced Full rate LOGICAL CHANNELS COMMON CHANNELS DEDICATED CHANNELS Common CONTROL CHANNELS FCCH SCH BCCH PCH RACH AGCH SDCCH SACCH FACCH TCH/F TCH/H Dedicated CONTROL CHANNELS TRAFFIC CHANNELS TCH/E Broadcast CONTROL CHANNELS
- 3. Control Channels – Broadcast Control Channels – broadcasted (wireless point-to-multipoint) by the BTSs – they contains general information about the network – three different types of broadcasted channels are identified – Common Control Channels – used to transmit control information for the set up of a point-to-point connection – three different types of common channels are identified – Dedicated Control Channels – assigned to a specific connection for signalling exchange (set up, send measurements reports and handover) – three different types of dedicated channels are identified
- 4. Broadcast Control Channels (1) Frequency Correction CHannel (FCCH) – pure sine wave not modulated, used for the frequency correction – the MS searches for this channels when it is switched on Synchronisation CHannel (SCH) – after the locking to the frequency the MS synchronises with the SCH and identifies the 6 adjacent BTSs – SCH contains – the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) of the BTSs – it is used to measure the strength of the signal broadcasted by the BTSs – TDMA frame number (used for ciphering)
- 5. Broadcast Control Channels (2) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) – used to broadcast common information about the BTS to all subscribers located within the coverage area of that specific BTS – it is composed by 184 bits – it carries the BTS available frequencies – list of all frequency carriers used inside a cell – it takes the frequency hopping sequence – inside a cell the MS can broadcast over different frequencies – the order of these changes is called frequency hopping sequence – it carries the surrounding cell information – information about frequency carriers used in adjacent cells – it reports the channel combination – it defines how the eleven (twelve) logical channels are mapped into the physical channels (this mapping varies cell by cell)
- 6. Common Control Channels Paging Channel (PCH) – BTS uses to page a MS – a downlink channel only Random Access Channel (RACH) – MS uses RACH – to respond to the PCH – to request a dedicated control channel – it can be used for e.g. mobile originated calls – an uplink channel only Access Grant Channel (AGCH) – used to answer to a RACH access request and to assign a Stand alone Dedicated Control CHannel (SDCCH) – a downlink channel only
- 7. Dedicated Control Channels (1) Stand alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH) – bi-directional channel – used for signalling procedures during – transmission of short messages – authentication – location updates – call set up – assignment of TCH Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH) – associated at each SDCCH and TCH – used to – transmit sometimes short messages – transmit measurement reports – control MS power – time alignment
- 8. Dedicated Control Channels (2) Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH) – used during handover – it is mapped into a TCH – physically replaces one TCH burst each 20 ms of speech (steal mode)
- 9. Traffic Channels (1) Traffic Channel, Full Rate – bi-directional channel – used for user data transmission – user bit rate – voice 13 kb/s – data 9.6 kb/s, 4.8 kb/s, 0.3 2.4 kb/s Traffic Channel, Half Rate – bi-directional channel – used for data transmission – user data bit rate – voice 6.5 kb/s – data 4.8 kb/s , 0.3 2.4 kb/s
- 10. Traffic Channels (2) Traffic Channel, Enhanced Full Rate – bi-directional channel – used for user information transmission – user bit rate – voice 13 kb/s – it guarantees a better quality compared with the quality ensured by the TC Full Rate – data 9.6 kb/s, 4.8 kb/s, 0.3 2.4 kb/s