Satellite communications systems allow communication between two points on Earth via satellites. A signal is transmitted from an earth station to a satellite, which then relays the signal to another earth station. Satellites provide large area coverage and can bypass terrestrial networks. They are used for voice calls, television, radio, internet access, and more. Higher frequency bands like Ku-band provide more flexibility than C-band but are more susceptible to rain fade. Modern systems use modulation techniques like QPSK and 8-PSK along with error correction coding to optimize bandwidth use on satellites.
A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them across the company's backbone network. ... A centrex is a digital switch at the central office that manages to switch for the private company from the central office.
The Presentation is as per the syllabus of the subject ”Digital Communication” of B.E. VIth Semester of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra, India
Contents are
Digital Communication System
Line Coding
Scrambling
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
This is my mini project on bandwidth. Its the best i could do and if theres any enquires on my powerpoint slide show, please let me know lol :)
thankyou.
A digital switch is a device that handles digital signals generated at or passed through a telephone company central office and forwards them across the company's backbone network. ... A centrex is a digital switch at the central office that manages to switch for the private company from the central office.
The Presentation is as per the syllabus of the subject ”Digital Communication” of B.E. VIth Semester of Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Maharashtra, India
Contents are
Digital Communication System
Line Coding
Scrambling
Satellite Link Design:
EIRP, Transmission Losses, Free-space transmission, System noise temperature and G/T ratio, Noise figure, Design of downlinks, Design of uplink, Design of specified C/N: combining C/N and C/I values in satellite links, Overall C/No, Link design procedure.
This is my mini project on bandwidth. Its the best i could do and if theres any enquires on my powerpoint slide show, please let me know lol :)
thankyou.
A leading bank with over 780 branches across the United States had problems with monitoring network traffic across the Enterprise and in finding out the most resource-intensive applications. This Slideshare explains how they solved the challenge with ManageEngine NetFlow Analyzer by monitoring real-time network traffic based on flow data and found out application-wise bandwidth usage.
ATI Courses Satellite Communications Essential Introduction Professional Deve...Jim Jenkins
ATI Courses Satellite Communications- An Essential Introduction course sampler. In this course concepts are explained at a basic level, minimizing the use of math, and providing real-world examples. Several calculations of important concepts such as link budgets are presented for illustrative purposes, but the details need not be understood in depth to gain an understanding of the concepts illustrated. The first section provides non-technical people with the technical background necessary to understand the space and earth segments of the industry, culminating with the importance of the link budget. The concluding section of the course provides an overview of the business issues, including major operators, regulation and legal issues, and issues and trends affecting the industry. Attendees receive a copy of the instructor's new textbook, Satellite Communications for the Non-Specialist, and will have time to discuss issues pertinent to their interests.
ATI Courses Professional Development Short Course Applied Measurement Engin...Jim Jenkins
How do you know your test measurements are valid? Since NIST traceability actually guarantees little about your test data, how do you know? Could you prove validity to your customer? What is the right measurements solution for your testing requirements? Is it really as simple as the vendors say? What is your real cost of invalid, ambiguous data causing retest or, worst of all, hardware redesign?
This course is for engineers, scientists, and managers who must use systems to understand experimental test measurements on a daily basis. Learn how to design, buy and operate effective automated measurement systems providing demonstrably valid test data, the first time.
Fundamental & underlying engineering principles governing the design and operation of effective automated systems are demonstrated experimentally.
COMPARISON OF SISO & MIMO TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONJournal For Research
This paper compares MIMO vs SISO and mention difference between SISO and MIMO techniques. These are techniques based on number of antennas used at the transmitter and the receiver. SISO has been in use since the invention of wireless system.MIMO concept has been recently added to the wireless system. There are different MIMO algorithms which have been developed for two main reasons to increase coverage and to increase the data rates. SISO means Single Input Single Output while MIMO means Multiple Input Multiple Output.
¿Sabías que un avión, una vez que despega y hasta que aterriza, va a pasar 95% del tiempo fuera de rumbo?
Imagínate, El piloto, antes de salir, prepara el VUELO y define un PLAN con la intención de desplazarse de manera óptima entre origen y destino.
El PLAN de VUELO marca con precisión una ruta aérea a seguir. Pero es sólo eso, una expectativa. La realidad del proceso es otra.
Desde que el avión despega, digamos que desde Caracas, hasta que aterriza en New York, por ejemplo, el piloto va a encontrar que se desvía constantemente del camino inicial que se ha propuesto.
El avión comienza a desviarse de la línea recta virtualmente trazada en el aire. Unos kilómetros más adelante, un cambio de presión atmosférica induce otras variaciones en la trayectoria.
Así y constantemente durante el trayecto del VUELO, el avión se mueve y se sale de curso.
¿Cómo es que UNA GRAN NAVE que pasa el 95% del tiempo fuera de curso logra aterrizar, EXACTAMENTE en el destino que había determinado?
¿Qué le permite al avión “dar en el blanco” aun cuando no logra mantenerse por mucho tiempo en su línea de VUELO?
Una de la cosas que hace el Piloto INICIALMENTE es corregir y verificar constantemente la ruta de la NAVE, INSERTANDO a la computadora de VUELO estas correcciones.
¿Sabias qué le permite corregir al piloto?... No puedes hacer nada ante lo que no eres consciente. Sólo puedes ENDEREZAR aquello que te das cuenta que está desviado y automatizarlo en tu computadora de VUELO, es decir, a tu MENTE INCONSCIENTE…
Yo soy Jairo Rosales
DWDM-RAM:Enabling Grid Services with Dynamic Optical NetworksTal Lavian Ph.D.
Packet-switching technology
Great solution for small-burst communication, such as email, telnet, etc.
Data-intensive grid applications
Involves moving massive amounts of data
Requires high and sustained bandwidth
DWDM
Basically circuit switching
Enable QoS at the Physical Layer
Provide
High bandwidth
Sustained bandwidth
DWDM based on dynamic wavelength switching
Enable dedicated optical paths to be allocated dynamically
Module 4
Wireless Wide Area Networks and LTE Technology Design Private and public leased networks. Video conferencing, television and radio broadcast transmissions. Wireless WAN, Cellular Networks, Mobile IP Management in Cellular Networks, Long-Term Evolution (LTE) Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) with LTE, Characterization of Wireless Channels.
Improvement of signal coverage using wcdma signal repeater for 3 g systemsIjrdt Journal
Wireless communication has become an indispensable technology for the society. In broadband wireless data transmission technique, 3G cellular systems are expected to provide high data rate and less probability of error. This repeater finds application in areas of poor signal coverage and connectivity. The repeater consists of a patch panel antenna for receiving WCDMA signals from the base station and amplifying the signals using a wideband RF amplifier. The signals are then retransmitted to the weak coverage area using a directional Yagi-Uda antenna. The antenna characteristics such as return loss and VSWR are measured using a Network analyzer. The component of the repeater are mounted in a stand and the performance of the entire unit was evaluated using a WCDMA generator, act as a base station, transmitting at 869 MHz and 5dBm output power. A spectrum analyzer with WCDMA analyzer is used as a receiver, the RF signal level and constellation plots with error vector magnitude are determined
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
2. INTRODUCTION
Satellite communications systems exist because earth is a sphere.
Radio waves travel in straight lines at the microwave frequencies
used for wideband communications.
Satellites are important in: voice communications, video & radio
transmission, navigation (GPS),remote sensing (maps, weather
satellites) etc.
They cover large areas.
Inherent broadcast.
Inherent capability of by-passing the whole terrestrial system.
3. HOW DO SATELLITES WORK?
Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio
broadcast but are too far away to use conventional means.
The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their
communication.
One Earth Station transmits the signals to the satellite. Up link
frequency is the frequency at which Ground Station is
communicating with Satellite.
The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down
to the second earth station. This frequency is called a Downlink.
4. ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATIONS
LARGE COVERAGE
HIGH QUALITY
HIGH RELIABILITY
HIGH CAPACITY
FLEXIBILITY
SPEED OF INSTALLATION
EMERGENCY COMMUNICATION
5. APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
TELEPHONE
SATELLITE TELEVISION
FIXED SERVICE SATELLITE
DIRECT BROADCAST SATELLITE
MOBILE SATELLITE TECHNOLOGIES
SATELLITE RADIO
SATELLITE INTERNET ACCESS
MILITARY USES
6.
7. Ku Band
The Ku band is a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that ranges from 10.95-
14.5 GHz
More flexibility
For the End users Ku band is generally cheaper and enables smaller antennas
The satellite operator's Earth Station antenna do require more accurate position
control when operating at Ku band than compared to C band.
8. C Band
Range : 4 – 8 GHz
At frequencies higher than 10 GHz in heavy rain fall areas, a noticeable
degradation occurs
The C-band perform better in comparison with Ku band under adverse weather
conditions
The Ku band satellites typically require considerably more power to transmit than
the C-band satellites.
9. •Available bandwidth is limited and insufficient to meet demand
• Existing capacity is usually running at maximum capacity
– As a result it is often unusable
– Universal flat lining during working hours
•The cost of bandwidth is extremely high
•Expanding bandwidth capacity is limited due to finances, supply,
technology
THE BANDWIDTH CHALLENGE
10. optimizing the traffic
advanced modulation techniques to reduce the
bandwidth allocated to a given service
HOW TO REDUCE BANDWIDTH
11. Who Benefits from BANDWIDTH OPTIMIZATION SOLUTIONS
SATELLITE SERVICE PROVIDERS
MARITIME INDUSTRIES
OIL and GAS COMPANIES
CONSTRUCTION and MINING INDUSTRY
MILITARY and GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS
DISASTER RECOVERY , EMERGENCY AID
BROADCASTING COMPANIES
14. MODULATION TECHNIQUES
Modulation is the process by which information is conveyed by
means of an electromagnetic wave.
The power and bandwidth necessary for the transmission of a
signal with a given level of quality depends on the method of
modulation.
1. QPSK
2. 8-PSK
15. QPSK v/s 8PSK
QPSK occupies 1/2 of the bandwidth of BPSK whereas 8PSK uses 1/3rd
of the bandwidth that BPSK for a given bit rate
With a 8PSK capable satellite receiver you can demodulate QPSK as
well as 8PSK
8PSK makes better use of bandwidth than QPSK
8PSK is not as phase-tolerant as QPSK and has a slightly longer
acquisition time
16.
17. UP/DOWN CONVERTER
Up converter accepts IF signal in the 70±18 MHz band
Convert to an RF signal in 5.925-6.425 GHz band
Down converter accepts RF signal in 3.7-4.2 GHz band
convert to an IF signal in 70±18 MHz band
Same transponder is used for transmitter and receiver channels
18. HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER
Obtain Necessary EIRP (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power) from an earth
station
Three types:
- klystron power amplifier(KPA)
- traveling wave tube amplifier(TWTA)
- solid state power amplifier(SSPA)
For large power of the order of few kilowatts, traveling wave tube amplifiers
(TWTAs) or Klystron are used
Klystrons amplifiers are used in ONGC
Klystrons have narrow instantaneous bandwidth around 40MHz tunable over
500MHz range
TWTAs have wide bandwidth typically around 500MHz
19. LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER
Amplify very weak signals
Located very close to the detection device
Placed at the front-end of a radio receiver circuit
The effect of noise from subsequent stages of the receive chain is reduced
Low NF (like 1db)
Large enough gain (like 20db)
Large enough intermodulation and compression point (IP3 and P1dB)
The gain of the LNA That is used in satellite earth station, ONGC is 60db
20. Modems
Modems currently in use at ONGC :
- DMD15 Universal Satellite Modem
- DMD20 Universal Satellite Modem
21. DMD15 Universal Satellite Modem
Main Features:
•BPSK and QPSK modulation.
•9.6 Kbps to 8.448 Mbps in 1 bps steps.
•Configuration, monitor and control features are fully user-programmable.
•Excellent spurious performance.
•Fully-compliant with IESS 308/309.
•Industry standard I/O interfaces.
•Customize for closed network applications.
•50-90,100-180 MHz IF in 1 Hz steps.
22. DMD20 Universal Satellite Modem
Highlights:
•BPSK/QPSK/OQPSK/8-PSK/8-QAM/16-QAM Operation
• 2.4 Kbps to 20 Mbps in 1 bps Steps
• FEC - Viterbi, Reed-Solomon, Sequential, Trellis, Turbo Product Code, Low
Density Parity Check Code
• Configuration, Monitor and Control Features Fully User-Programmable
• Excellent Spurious Performance
• Fully Compliant with IESS 308/309/310/314/315
•Industry-standard Universal Interface Module
•50 to 90 MHz and 100 to 180 MHz IF, and 950 to 2050 MHz L-Band in 1 Hz Steps
• Standard Features Include: Reed-Solomon,Asynchronous Overhead, Satellite
Control Channel and Automatic Uplink Power Control
23. The required occupied bandwidth is
B = k ( Rb / m )(1/ r )
Where,
Rb = information bit rate
m = number of bits per symbol
r = code rate
K = bandwidth expansion factor used
to minimize intersymbol interference
25. Link Power Budget
25
Transmission:
HPA Power
Transmission Losses
(cables & connectors)
Antenna Gain
EIRP
Tx
Antenna Pointing Loss
Free Space Loss
Atmospheric Loss
(gaseous, clouds, rain)
Rx Antenna Pointing Loss
Rx
Reception:
Antenna gain
Reception Losses
(cables & connectors)
Noise Temperature
Contribution
Pr
26. Link Budgets
The transmission formula can be written in dB as:
The calculation of received signal based on transmitted
power and all losses and gains involved until the receiver is
called “Link Power Budget”, or “Link Budget”.
The received power Pr is commonly referred to as “Carrier
Power”, C.
26
rrotherrapolaptar LGLLLLLLEIRPP
27. Why calculate Link Budgets?
System performance tied to operation
thresholds.
Operation thresholds Cmin tell the minimum
power that should be received at the
demodulator in order for communications to
work properly.
Operation thresholds depend on:
Modulation scheme being used.
Desired communication quality.
Coding gain.
Additional overheads.
Channel Bandwidth.
Thermal Noise power.
27
28. Simple Link Power Budget
28
Parameter Value Totals Units Parameter Value Totals Units
Frequency 11.75 GHz
Transmitter Receive Antenna
Transmitter Power 40.00 dBm Radome Loss 0.50 dB
Modulation Loss 3.00 dB Diameter 1.5 m
Transmission Line Loss 0.75 dB Aperture Efficiency 0.6 none
Transmitted Power 36.25 dBm Gain 43.10 dBi
Polarization Loss 0.20 dB
Transmit Antenna Effective RX Ant. Gain 42.40 dB
Diameter 0.5 m
Aperture Efficiency 0.55 none Received Power -98.54 dBm
Transmit Antenna Gain 33.18 dBi
Slant Path Summary
Satellite Altitude 35,786 km Transmitted Power 36.25 dBm
Elevation Angle 14.5 degrees Transmit Anntenna Gain 33.18 dBi
Slant Range 41,602 km EIRP 69.43 dBmi
Free-space Path Loss 206.22 dB Path Loss 210.37 dB
Gaseous Loss 0.65 dB Effective RX Antenna Gain 42.4 dBi
Rain Loss (allocated) 3.50 dB Received Power -98.54 dBm
Path Loss 210.37 dB
29. BANDWIDTH OPTIMIZATION
Transponder bandwidth is usually the most expensive resource
in a satellite communication link. For maximum efficiency, a
satellite link should be engineered to balance bandwidth and
power.
Available bandwidth can be optimized by using one of the
following techniques:
•Using higher modulation
•lower order FEC technique
•Increased Antenna size
Our project is based on using higher order modulation
techniques for efficient utilization of available bandwidth.
30. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION
In communication forward error
correction(FEC) a system of error control for data
transmission, whereby the sender adds systematically
generated redundant data to its messages, also known as
an error-correcting code (ECC).
The carefully designed redundancy allows the receiver to
detect and correct a limited number of errors occurring
anywhere in the message without the need to ask the sender for
additional data. FEC gives the receiver an ability to correct
errors without needing a reverse channel to request
retransmission of data.
31. Benefits of Forward Error
Correction (FEC)
Reduce bandwidth by 50%.
Increase data throughput by a factor of 2.
Reduce antenna size by 30%.
Reduce transmitter power by a factor of 2.
Provide 3dB more link margin.
32. if we have bandwidth to spare, then use a lower order modulation or a
higher rate FEC (like 1/2 or 2/3) to spread the signal out.
If we have power to spare then use a higher order modulation and/or
lower rate FEC (like 3/4 or 7/8).
Ideally use all of both the available bandwidth and power simultaneously
to obtain the highest user information rate.
Bandwidth-Power Trade-Off
33. RESULTS
The following results were derived from these calculations:
Bandwidth requirement has been reduced by a considerable
amount when 8PSK is used as compared to QPSK.
Different FEC rates used also has an effect on the bandwidth
requirement of the transmission and receiving link.
By using a proper combination of modulation technique
and FEC rate we can achieve efficient utilization of
bandwidth.
34. Allocated Bandwidth
Bandwidth, Allocated Bandwidth or Occupied Bandwidth is the
frequency space required by a carrier on a transponder.
E.g. : a duplex E1 (2.048 Mbps) circuit with 8-PSK modulation, FEC
rate 3/4 and 1.4 spacing requires:
Bandwidth = data rate/(no. of bits per symbol * FEC)* frequency
spacing * 2 [for duplex circuit]
B = 2.048 / (3 * 0.75) * 1.4 * 2 = 2.548 MHz
For a 36 MHz transponder, 2.548 MHz corresponds to 7.078%
bandwidth utilization.
35. Power Equivalent Bandwidth
Power Equivalent Bandwidth (PEB) is the transponder power used
by a carrier, represented as bandwidth equivalent.
PEB calculation example:
• Transponder EIRP = 37 dBW
• Output Backoff (OBO) = 4 dB
• Available EIRP = 37 – 4 = 33 dBW = 10^3.3= 1995.26 Watts
• Transponder Bandwidth = 36 MHz
• Power Available / MHz = 1955.26 / 36 = 55.424 W
• If a carrier uses 24 dBW, then
PEB = Power used by your carrier/transponder saturated power
PEB = 10^2.4/ 55.424 = 4.532 MHz
This corresponds to 12.59% of available transponder power.
36. CONCLUSION
In the design of a communication system, the choice of modulation is of
fundamental importance and always involves tradeoffs between power and
bandwidth.
In the past, frequency spectrum was relatively plentiful but the power
available on a satellite was limited. Today, the equation has been reversed.
Spectrum is now scarce.
More spectrum efficient forms of digital modulation such as 8PSK and
16QAM are becoming more attractive, even though the power
requirements are higher.
Coupled with powerful coding methods such as concatenated Reed
Solomon/Viterbi coding, these methods offer the prospect of enhanced
spectral efficiency with virtually error-free digital signal transmission.