Multiplexing & DE Multiplexing( Time Division Multiplexing(TDM) & Frequency Division Multiplexing(FDM))
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2. During sampling, the amplitude of an analog signal is measured at regular intervals and assigned a digital code. This process is called quantization and results in quantization distortion from approximating the original signal.
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1) The document discusses small-scale fading in mobile radio propagation. Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and describes rapid fluctuations in a radio signal over a short time period or travel distance.
2) It introduces the impulse response model used to model multipath channels. The received signal is a combination of multipath components that arrive at different times with different amplitudes and phases.
3) It discusses parameters used to characterize mobile multipath channels including mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, maximum excess delay, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time. These parameters describe the time dispersion and time-varying nature of the channel.
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1) MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication capabilities. This allows for increased data rates and signal strength.
2) Traditional wireless systems use a single antenna at both ends (SISO) while MIMO can have multiple at both, known as MISO, SIMO, or fully multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO).
3) MIMO provides higher capacity through spatial multiplexing and increases spectrum efficiency. The Shannon capacity can increase linearly with the number of antennas or data streams.
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Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) are techniques that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. FDM divides the frequency spectrum into multiple non-overlapping bands, with each signal being assigned its own unique frequency band. TDM involves dividing time into intervals and assigning each signal transmission time in turn. FDM is used for analog signals as they have continuous frequencies, while TDM is used for digital signals which operate in discrete time intervals. Both techniques improve bandwidth utilization by allowing multiple users to share the capacity of a transmission medium.
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- Course objectives like analyzing analog communication systems, understanding generation and detection of analog modulation techniques, and analyzing noise performance.
- Course outcomes like describing modulation/demodulation schemes and comparing analog modulation schemes.
- A syllabus covering topics like linear modulation schemes, angle modulation schemes, analog pulse modulation schemes, transmitters and receivers, and noise sources and types.
- Details of the course include lesson plans with topics, outcomes, textbooks, and introductions to modules on concepts like amplitude modulation and its time/frequency domain representations.
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CDMA is a digital cellular standard that allows multiple users to access the same radio frequency channel simultaneously through the use of unique code sequences. Users are separated by spreading their transmitted signals across the frequency band using pseudo-random codes. CDMA provides advantages over other multiple access techniques like FDMA and TDMA such as increased capacity, soft handoffs between cells, and covert operation due to its noise-like signals. The IS-95 standard introduced CDMA to cellular networks and specified the use of orthogonal codes to separate signals and a 1.25 MHz channel bandwidth to support multiple simultaneous voice calls.
Chap 4 (large scale propagation)
This document discusses mobile radio propagation and propagation models. It begins by introducing how radio channels are random and time-varying. It then covers the free space propagation model and how received power decreases with distance. Reflection, diffraction, and scattering are described as the main propagation mechanisms. The two-ray ground reflection model is presented to model propagation over large distances. Diffraction is explained using the knife-edge diffraction model. Fresnel zones and diffraction gain are also defined.
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This document discusses bandwidth utilization and multiplexing techniques. It begins by explaining that bandwidth is a precious commodity in communication and that bandwidth utilization aims to make wise use of available bandwidth. It then discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM). For each technique, it provides examples and applications. It also covers digital carrier systems like T1, T2, T3 and discusses the North American digital multiplexing hierarchy.
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Introduction to basics of wireless networks such as
• Radio waves & wireless signal encoding techniques
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• Wireless internetworking devices
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This document summarizes key propagation models including Okumura, Hata, and COST231 models. It describes the models' parameters and equations. The Okumura model is empirical and based on extensive measurements in Japan. It accounts for factors like frequency, distance, and antenna heights. The Hata and COST231 models extend Okumura's validity to other frequencies and environments through curve-fitting. The document also explains how to extract data from the models' graphs using a web tool and simulate the models in MATLAB.
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QAM is a digital modulation technique that encodes data by varying both the amplitude and phase of carrier waves. It can carry higher data rates than schemes using just amplitude or phase. QAM is used widely in applications like digital cable TV, wireless networks, and video broadcasting. Higher order QAM uses more points in its constellation diagram, allowing more bits per symbol but making the signals more susceptible to noise.
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This document provides an overview of microwave engineering and describes key concepts such as transmission lines, scattering parameters, couplers, and filters. The objectives are to provide the basic theory of microwaves and examine applications in modern communication systems. Microwave engineering involves the design of systems like radar, satellite communications, and wireless networks that operate in the microwave frequency range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
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The document discusses massive MIMO technology. It defines massive MIMO as using a very large number of antennas at base stations to serve many users simultaneously. Key benefits include high spectral and energy efficiency. It explains that massive MIMO differs from conventional MU-MIMO by benefiting greatly from excess antennas. The document also covers topics like TDD vs FDD operation, pilot contamination issues and potential mitigation techniques, and synergies with mmWave networks.
Pcm
1. PCM uses time division multiplexing to transmit multiple telephone calls over a single transmission line by sampling each call and transmitting the samples in brief time slots.
2. During sampling, the amplitude of an analog signal is measured at regular intervals and assigned a digital code. This process is called quantization and results in quantization distortion from approximating the original signal.
3. Non-uniform quantization, called companding, is used to provide more quantization levels for smaller amplitudes that are more common in speech, improving the signal-to-noise ratio across all amplitudes.
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What are the differences between FDMA, CDMA and TDMA?
How they work?
Adv and DisAdv of them.
Real life applications etc
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This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
wireless communications
1) The document discusses small-scale fading in mobile radio propagation. Small-scale fading is caused by multipath propagation and describes rapid fluctuations in a radio signal over a short time period or travel distance.
2) It introduces the impulse response model used to model multipath channels. The received signal is a combination of multipath components that arrive at different times with different amplitudes and phases.
3) It discusses parameters used to characterize mobile multipath channels including mean excess delay, RMS delay spread, maximum excess delay, coherence bandwidth, Doppler spread, and coherence time. These parameters describe the time dispersion and time-varying nature of the channel.
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1) MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve wireless communication capabilities. This allows for increased data rates and signal strength.
2) Traditional wireless systems use a single antenna at both ends (SISO) while MIMO can have multiple at both, known as MISO, SIMO, or fully multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO).
3) MIMO provides higher capacity through spatial multiplexing and increases spectrum efficiency. The Shannon capacity can increase linearly with the number of antennas or data streams.
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Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM) are techniques that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals over a single medium. FDM divides the frequency spectrum into multiple non-overlapping bands, with each signal being assigned its own unique frequency band. TDM involves dividing time into intervals and assigning each signal transmission time in turn. FDM is used for analog signals as they have continuous frequencies, while TDM is used for digital signals which operate in discrete time intervals. Both techniques improve bandwidth utilization by allowing multiple users to share the capacity of a transmission medium.
Multiplexing & types
Multiplexing combines multiple signals into a single transmission medium. There are several types of multiplexing including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). FDM combines analog signals onto different frequencies. TDM divides the transmission signal into time slots and allocates each signal to a time slot. WDM combines multiple optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths of laser light. CDM combines signals by using spread spectrum technology and coding.
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This document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple signals across a single data link. It describes frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) and time-division multiplexing (TDM). FDM is an analog technique that combines analog signals by allocating individual frequency bands to each signal. TDM is a digital technique that combines multiple low-rate digital channels into a single high-rate channel by interleaving signals based on time slots. The document compares the advantages and disadvantages of FDM and TDM, noting that FDM is used for analog signals which have frequency, while TDM is used for digital signals which are time-dependent.
In internetworking, Multiplexing is a process in which multiple data.pdf
In internetworking, Multiplexing is a process in which multiple data channels are combined into
a single data or physical channel at the source. Multiplexing can be implemented at any of the
OSI layers. Conversely, demultiplexing is the process of separating multiplexed data channels at
the destination. In this way student data & class assignment data can be combined & separated.
Types of Multiplexing
There are two basic forms of multiplexing used:
Time Division Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing works by the multiplexor collecting and storing the incoming
transmissions from all of the slow lines connected to it and allocating a time slice on the fast link
to each in turn. The messages are sent down the high speed link one after the other. Each
transmission when received can be separated according to the time slice allocated.
Theoretically, the available speed of the fast link should at least be equal to the total of all of the
slow speeds coming into the multiplexor so that its maximum capacity is not exceeded.
Two ways of implementing TDM are:
Synchronous TDM
Synchronous TDM works by the muliplexor giving exactly the same amount of time to each
device connected to it. This time slice is allocated even if a device has nothing to transmit. This
is wasteful in that there will be many times when allocated time slots are not being used.
Therefore, the use of Synchronous TDM does not guarantee maximum line usage and efficiency.
Synchronous TDM is used in T1 and E1 connections.
Asynchronous TDM
Asynchronous TDM is a more flexible method of TDM. With Asynchronous TDM the length of
time allocated is not fixed for each device but time is given to devices that have data to transmit.
This version of TDM works by tagging each frame with an identification number to note which
device it belongs to. This may require more processing by the multiplexor and take longer,
however, the time saved by efficient and effective bandwidth utilization makes it worthwhile.
Asynchronous TDM allows more devices than there is physical bandwidth for.
This type of TDM is used in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) works by transmitting all of the signals along the same
high speed link simultaneously with each signal set at a different frequency. For FDM to work
properly frequency overlap must be avoided. Therefore, the link must have sufficient bandwidth
to be able to carry the wide range of frequencies required. The demultiplexor at the receiving end
works by dividing the signals by tuning into the appropriate frequency.
FDM operates in a similar way to radio broadcasting where a number of different stations will
broadcast simultaneously but on different frequencies. Listeners can then \"tune\" their radio so
that it captures the frequency or station they want.
FDM gives a total bandwidth greater than the combined bandwidth of the signals to be
transmitted. In order to prevent signal overlap t.
ITFT_multiplexer
For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must somehow be divided, giving each signal a portion of the total bandwidth
Dcn 3
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Multiplexing Techniques
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MULTIPLEXERS
Multiplexing is a scheme that sends multiple signals over a single transmission medium. There are four main types: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). FDM uses different frequency bands to separate signals. WDM uses different wavelengths of light to separate signals on optical fibers. TDM divides time into slots and allocates each signal a time slot.
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This document discusses different techniques for bandwidth utilization, including multiplexing and spreading. It describes multiplexing as a set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link when the bandwidth of the medium is greater than what is needed by a single device. It then discusses various multiplexing techniques in more detail, including frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time-division multiplexing (TDM). For each technique, it provides examples to illustrate how they work.Multiplexing
Multiplexing is a technique that combines multiple signals into one signal over a shared medium. There are three main types of multiplexing: frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). FDM separates signals by allocating different frequency bands to different channels. TDM separates signals by allocating different time slots to different channels. WDM separates signals by using different wavelengths of laser light for different channels and allows bidirectional communication over one fiber strand.
Multiplexing
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
CDMA full documents
The tutorial is designed for all those readers who are planning or pursuing the CDMA course to make their career in this field. However, it is also meant for the common readers who simply want to understand − what is CDMA Technology?
Multiplexing changes(2)
Multiplexing allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link using techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM combines signals by allocating each a different frequency band. WDM is similar but uses light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels. TDM is a digital process that combines data by allocating time slots, with synchronous TDM assigning fixed slots and asynchronous TDM allowing flexible slot allocation.
Multiplexing
The document discusses different techniques for multiplexing, which is the sharing of a transmission medium by multiple signals. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM) including synchronous and statistical TDM, wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). TDM techniques like T-1 and ISDN use synchronous multiplexing to transmit multiple digital signals over a single circuit simultaneously.
Bandwidth utilization
Multiplexing is a set of techniques that allow the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a data link by combining or dividing the signals. There are three main multiplexing techniques: frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), and time-division multiplexing (TDM). FDM and WDM are analog techniques that combine analog signals onto different carrier frequencies or wavelengths. TDM is a digital technique that divides the transmission link into sequential time slots and assigns each signal to a different time slot, allowing multiple signals to be sent on the same link. Multiplexing helps utilize the full bandwidth of a link when the individual signal bandwidths are lower than the link bandwidth.
Ch5
The document discusses different types of multiplexing techniques used to share transmission mediums. It describes frequency division multiplexing which assigns different non-overlapping frequency ranges to signals transmitted simultaneously. It also describes synchronous and statistical time division multiplexing which divide transmission time among users in a continuous or variable manner. Finally, it briefly mentions wavelength division multiplexing which assigns different wavelengths to signals on fiber optics and code division multiplexing used in mobile communications.
Multiplexing
This document discusses multiplexing techniques. It defines multiplexing as allowing simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. Multiplexing combines multiple analog or digital signals into one signal using a multiplexer device. Common multiplexing techniques include time-division multiplexing (TDM), frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), space-division multiplexing (SDM), code division multiplexing (CDM), and wave division multiplexing. TDM is explained in more detail as a digital technique that combines data by allocating time slots to each sending and receiving device.
Multiplexing FDM and TDM
This slide gives an introduction to the need of multiplexing . The two basic types of multiplexing are Frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing. These slide provides with the basics of both . How these techniques work and what is the difference between them
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- 1. TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM) AND FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM)
- 2. Fig. 10-1: Concept of multiplexing
- 3. Transmitting two or more signals simultaneously can be accomplished by setting up one transmitter-receiver pair for each channel, but this is an expensive approach. A single cable or radio link can handle multiple signals simultaneously using a technique known as multiplexing. Multiplexing permits hundreds or even thousands of signals to be combined and transmitted over a single medium. Cost savings can be gained by using a Multiplexing and DE multiplexing
- 4. 6.4 Bandwidth utilization is the wise use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals. Efficiency can be achieved by multiplexing; i.e., sharing of the bandwidth between multiple users. Note
- 5. 6.5 6-1 MULTIPLEXING Whenever the bandwidth of a medium linking two devices is greater than the bandwidth needs of the devices, the link can be shared. Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the (simultaneous) transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. As data and telecommunications use increases, so does traffic. Frequency-Division Multiplexing Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Synchronous Time-Division Multiplexing Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing Topics discussed in this section:
- 8. 6.8 Figure 6.3 Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
- 9. FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING • Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of channel • Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency • Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard bands) • e.g. broadcast radio • Channel allocated even if no data
- 12. 6.12 Figure 6.4 FDM process
- 13. 6.13 Figure 6.5 FDM DE multiplexing example
- 14. 6.14 Figure 6.6 Example 6.1
- 20. 6.20 WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals. Note
- 21. 6.21 Figure 6.10 Wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM)
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