ACC Limited is India's largest cement manufacturer, established in 1936. It was among the first companies in India to commit to environmental protection. ACC is now part of the global Holcim Group. Key demand drivers for ACC's cement are infrastructure development, growth in commercial and industrial sectors, and increased housing demand due to population and income growth. The document discusses ACC's corporate governance, liquidity and solvency ratios, profitability ratios, efficiency ratios, and stock price history. It concludes that ACC cement has a strong brand image and reputation for quality but must continue innovating to maintain competitive advantage.
The ppt speaks about the term 'Capital Structure', its factors influencing, the theories and its basic assumptions which make the topic easy to decode and understand.
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
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Net Operating Income Approach
It proposes that -
Capital structure does not matter in determining the value of firm
It suggests that the value of firm remains same and is not affected by the change in debt composition of financing
Increase in debt composition results in increased risk perception by investors
Thus, firm appears to be more risky with more debt as capital which results in higher required rate of return by investors
The weighted average cost of capital and market value of firm remains same with increased cost of equity
Assumptions -
There are only two sources of financing – Debt & Equity
Value of equity is calculated by deducting the value of debt from total value of firm
Value of firm is EBIT / Overall cost of capital
WACC remains constant and with an increase in debt, the cost of equity increases
Dividend payout ratio is 1
No taxes & No retained earning
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Subscribe to DevTech Finance
The ppt speaks about the term 'Capital Structure', its factors influencing, the theories and its basic assumptions which make the topic easy to decode and understand.
This analysis is an important tool used to optimize the capital structure for highest earnings for shareholders
It helps in understanding the sensitivity of EPS at given level of Earning before Interest & Tax under different sources of financing
It helps in analyzing how capital structure decision is important to raise the value of firm
An optimal financing structure minimizes the cost of capital and maximizes the earnings
Earning Per Share under different Capital structure plans
Plan 1 ( Only Equity Shares )
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 2 ( Equity Shares & Debt )
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate))/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 3 (Equity, Debt & Preference Shares)
EPS = ((EBIT −Interest) (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Plan 4 (Equity shares & Preference Shares)
EPS = (EBIT (1−Tax rate)−Pref. Dividend)/(No. of Outstanding Shares)
Thank You For Waching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
Watch out full video on youtube-
https://youtu.be/Suf9NAMW6Jg
Net Operating Income Approach
It proposes that -
Capital structure does not matter in determining the value of firm
It suggests that the value of firm remains same and is not affected by the change in debt composition of financing
Increase in debt composition results in increased risk perception by investors
Thus, firm appears to be more risky with more debt as capital which results in higher required rate of return by investors
The weighted average cost of capital and market value of firm remains same with increased cost of equity
Assumptions -
There are only two sources of financing – Debt & Equity
Value of equity is calculated by deducting the value of debt from total value of firm
Value of firm is EBIT / Overall cost of capital
WACC remains constant and with an increase in debt, the cost of equity increases
Dividend payout ratio is 1
No taxes & No retained earning
Thank you for Watching
Subscribe to DevTech Finance
AGENDA
Introduction
Types of cement
Economic status
Top 5 Globally
Top 5 Nationally
SWOT
Impact
Future
Introduction
What is Cement?
Raw materials
Origin
Basic ingredient for the construction industry
This ppt was presented for a district level inter college paper presentation competition conducted by Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology. The event was conducted within three days of the announcement of the IMPLEMENTATION OF GST by THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.The topic is "Effect of GST on Various Sectors". The team comprises of myself, Mr.Ajay, Mr. Akhil Naga Surya, Mr.Prasanna. We won the first prize in the competition. We presented under the topic, "Effect of GST on Paint & Cement Sectors of Indian Economy".
Financial statement analysis(cement and finance sector).Pratyush Kumar
This presentation contains the Financial Statement Analysis of Ambja cements, Ultra Tech Cements, JM fianancials, Reliance Capital Ltd.
Analysis includes calculation of various financial ratios and their explation.
AN ASSAIGNMENT ON FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS OF M.I. CEMENT FACTORY LIMITEDIwate University
Financial analysis is the selection, evaluation, and interpretation of financial data, along with other pertinent information, to assist in investment and financial decision-making.
In our study we will try to measure the risk and profitability of M.I. Cement Factory Limited by the financial ratio analysis.
M.I. cement factory was introduced on 11 December, 1994 under the Companies Act 1994 as a public Limited company. The plant, equipped with world famous O’Sepa Separator, initially went into operation with the daily production capacity of 600 metric tons in the year 2000 and marketed its product with the brand name Crown cement. From the very beginning, it has maintained an uncompromising policy of producing high quality cement. As a result, it has gained huge popularity in the market. Due to increase of demand, the company has set up its second unit with the production capacity of 800 metric tons per day in 2002 and third unit with capacity of 1400 tons per day in 2007.
Gradually with the increase of demand the management undertook further expansion program for 4th unit of the plant raising the total production capacity to 5800 metric tons per day. The 4th unit expansion would be completed within 2011.
In our study we have shown the statement of financial position, statement of comprehensive income, liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, profitability ratio and their analysis.
An exhaustive one step solution for builder or a works contractor to migrate to GST. An excel-based tool which facilitates the calculations of project profitability, the effect of anti-profiteering clause on us and on our vendors, back calculation of sales price from targeted profit in current regime vs in GST regime, loss/profit potential of the individual project and many more useful features. It contains the facility of multi GST implementation date and ease of use.
Precautions in GST for Construction / Project Sectorsandesh mundra
Points of precautions are compiled after comparing expected GST provisions and current taxation conflicts. Attempt is made to touch all the conflicting grounds that exists in present scenario and there expected impact and effect in awaiting GST regime. Emphasis is given on Construction and Real estate sector. Issue and concerns are highlighted in order to handle these issues with caution.
Cement Industry, Indian Cement Economy, Marketing, Environment, Cement Policies, Cement Income, Cement Employment, Cement Industry and Economic Growth, Global Cement Position
The file explains a brief overview on the Indian Cement Industry in the year 2013-14. The file explains the global scenario of the Indian Cement Industry, Major organisations and the Major players in the Indian Market and their market s
A financial ratio (or accounting ratio) is a relative magnitude of two selected numerical values taken from an enterprise's financial statements. Often used in accounting, there are many standard ratios used to try to evaluate the overall financial condition of a corporation or other organization. Financial ratios may be used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders (owners) of a firm, and by a firm's creditors. Financial analysts use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies.[1] If shares in a company are traded in a financial market, the market price of the shares is used in certain financial ratios.
Ratios can be expressed as a decimal value, such as 0.10, or given as an equivalent percent value, such as 10%. Some ratios are usually quoted as percentages, especially ratios that are usually or always less than 1, such as earnings yield, while others are usually quoted as decimal numbers, especially ratios that are usually more than 1, such as P/E ratio; these latter are also called multiples. Given any ratio, one can take its reciprocal; if the ratio was above 1, the reciprocal will be below 1, and conversely. The reciprocal expresses the same information, but may be more understandable: for instance, the earnings yield can be compared with bond yields, while the P/E ratio cannot be: for example, a P/E ratio of 20 corresponds to an earnings yield of 5%.
Values used in calculating financial ratios are taken from the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows or (sometimes) the statement of retained earnings. These comprise the firm's "accounting statements" or financial statements. The statements' data is based on the accounting method and accounting standards used by the organization.
Ratios
Profitability ratios
Liquidity ratios
Activity ratios (Efficiency Ratios)
Debt ratios (leveraging ratios)
Market ratios
Capital budgeting ratios
Financial ratios quantify many aspects of a business and are an integral part of the financial statement analysis. Financial ratios are categorized according to the financial aspect of the business which the ratio measures. Liquidity ratios measure the availability of cash to pay debt.[2] Activity ratios measure how quickly a firm converts non-cash assets to cash assets.[3] Debt ratios measure the firm's ability to repay long-term debt.[4] Profitability ratios measure the firm's use of its assets and control of its expenses to generate an acceptable rate of return.[5] Market ratios measure investor response to owning a company's stock and also the cost of issuing stock.[6] These are concerned with the return on investment for shareholders, and with the relationship between return and the value of an investment in company’s shares.
Financial ratios allow for comparisons
between companies
between industries
between different time periods for one company
between a single company and its industry average
Ratio Analysis in financial statements (KK MAHESH PU COLLEGE)Nikhil Priya
There are many standard ratios used to evaluate the overall financial condition of an enterprise. These ratios maybe used by managers within a firm, by current and potential shareholders and by a firm's creditors. Financial analyst use financial ratios to compare the strengths and weaknesses in various companies.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. HISTORY
ACC Limited is India’s foremost cement manufacturer with a
countrywide network of factories and marketing offices.
Established in 1936, ACC has been a pioneer and trend-setter
in cement and concrete technology.
Among the first companies in India to include commitment to
environment protection as a corporate objective. ACC is the
most preferred cement brand name in India.
ACC is now part of the worldwide Holcim Group.
3. KEY DEMAND DRIVERS
INFRASTRUCTURE
• Construction linked sector account for 8.3% of 12th plan spend
~850bn.
• Infrastructure development - Roads, Ports, Power, etc
COMMERCIAL / INDUSTRIAL
• High growth in retail, commercial and institutional sector in urban
and semi-urban areas
• High growth in industry segment
HOUSING
• Populaltion growth and rising percapita income
• Mass urbanization of ~250 Million people over next ~20 years
• Thrust by Govt. on Rural / low cost / mass housing.
4.
5. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
ACC had systems in place for effective strategic planning and
processes, risk management, human resources development
and succession planning
The Company’s core values are based on integrity, respect for
the law and strict compliance thereof, emphasis on product
quality and a caring spirit.
The Shareholders-Investors Grievance Committee was formed
way back in 1962 and the Compensation Committee was
convened since 1993.
6. It is the continuous endeavour of the Board of Directors to
achieve the highest standards of Corporate Governance
through the adoption of a strategic planning process.
The Annual Reports, press releases and other communication
have always made full disclosures on various facets of
importance to the stakeholders, particularly with regard to
information relating to financial matters.
As part of their pledge to support the effort to help reduce the
carbon footprint of our Country,They have circulated an appeal
to their shareholders by agreeing to receive documents such as
Annual Reports and other related details by electronic mail
instead of physical copy.
7. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
CURRENT RATIO : It is a measure of liquidity calculated by
dividing current assets by current liabilities.
Current Ratio = Current Assets/Current Liabilities
QUICK RATIO/ACID-TEST RATIO : It is the ratio between quick
current assets and current liabilities.
Quick Ratio =Quick Assets/Current Liabilities
DEBTORS TURN OVER RATIO : It is determined by dividing the
net credit sales by average debtors outstanding during the year.
Debtors Turn Over ratio=Net Credit Sales/Average debtors
8. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
CREDITORS TURN OVER RATIO : It is a ratio between net
credit purchases and the average amount of creditors
outstanding during the year.
Creditors Turn Over Ratio=Net Credit Purchases/Average
Creditors
9. SOLVENCY RATIOS
DEBT –EQUITY RATIO : It measures the ratio of long-term
or total debt to shareholder equity.
Debt –Equity Ratio=Long Term Debt/Shareholder’s Equity
OR
Debt –Equity Ratio=Total Debt/Shareholder’s Equity
DEBT TO TOTAL CAPITAL RATIO :It indicates the extent to
which assets are financed by owners fund .
Debt To Total Capital Ratio=Long-Term Debt/Permanent
Capital
OR
Debt To Total Capital Ratio=Total Debt/Total Assets
10. SOLVENCY RATIOS
PROPRIETARY RATIO : It indicates the extent to which
assets are financed by owners fund.
Proprietary ratio=(Proprietor’s Funds/Total Assets)*100
DIVIDEND COVERAGE RATIO : The ratio is the ratio of net
profits after taxes(EAT) and the amount of preference
dividend.
Dividend Coverage=EAT/Preference Dividend
FIXED CHARGE COVERAGE RATIO :It measures the
firm’s ability to meet all fixed payment obligations.
Fixed Charge Coverage Ratio =
EBIT+LeasePayment/Interest+Lease payments+(Preference
Dividend+Instalment of Principal)/(1-t)
11. SOLVENCY RATIOS
DEBT-SERVICE COVERAGE RATIO(DSCR):It is the ability
of a firm to make the contractual payments required on a
scheduled basis over the life of the debt.
DSCR= n (EAT+Interest+Depriciation+OA/ Instalment)
t 1
12. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
GROSS PROFIT RATIO: By comparing Gross Profit
percentage to Net Sales we can arrive at the Gross Profit
Ratio.
Gross Profit Ratio = (Gross Profit / Net Sales ) x 100
Alternatively:
Gross Profit Ratio = [ (Sales – Cost of goods sold)/ Net Sales]
x 100.
NET PROFIT RATIO: It is expressed as:
( Net Profit / Net Sales ) x 100
RETURN ON ASSETS:It is expressed as:
(Net Profit after Taxes / Total Assets)
13. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
RETURN ON CAPITAL EMPLOYED:
( Net Profit before Interest & Tax / Average Capital
Employed) x 100
(Average Capital Employed is the average of the equity
share capital and long term funds provided by the owners
and the creditors of the firm at the beginning and end of the
accounting period.)
RETURN ON EQUITY CAPITAL(ROE):
(Net Profit after Taxes / Tangible Net Worth)
PRICE EARNING RATIO:
(Market Price Per Equity Share/Earning Per Share)
14. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
EARNING PER SHARE:
(Net profit after Taxes and Preference Dividend/ No. of
Equity Shares)
CASH EARNING PER SHARE:
(Net profit available to equity owners+ Depreciation
+Amortisation+ Non cash expense / Number of equity
shares outstanding)
16. EFFICIENCY RATIOS
WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO:
(Cost of goods sold/Net Working capital)
Where:
(Net Working Capital=Current Assets-Current Liabilities)
18. CONCLUSION
The finding of the survey is enough proof to show that ACC
cements ranks high in quality, composition etc., It is observed
that ACC cement has a maintained better product image
among the person who have used it and are using it.
But in a competitive field one should not satisfy himself with
present performance. In order to maintain higher competitive
efficiency there should be continuous product planning and
market improvement.
ACC cement producer and their dealers may consider the
preference analysis report and suggestions for achieving
higher standards of marketing performance in the future.