Ratio analysis is a technique that involves regrouping financial statement data through mathematical calculations of relationships between items. It allows measurement of a company's overall performance regardless of size. Ratios are classified into liquidity, solvency, efficiency, and profitability ratios. Liquidity ratios measure short-term financial obligations, solvency ratios long-term financial position, efficiency ratios use of assets/liabilities, and profitability ratios ability to generate revenue. Key ratios discussed include current ratio, quick ratio, debt-equity ratio, gross profit ratio, return on capital employed, and earnings per share.

1. RATIO ANALYSIS
BY NIKHIL PRIYA (MCOM, UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS)
GUIDED BY PROF. D.S RAY, MCOM, MFM, MBA

2. INTRODUCTION
Ratio analysis is a technique which involves regrouping of data presented in financial
statements by application of arithmetical relationships. In other words, it is a mathematical
expression that shows the relationship between various items shown in financial statements. It
enables to measure the overall performance of an enterprise irrespective of its size or scale.

3. OBJECTIVES OF RATIO ANALYSIS
• To know the areas of an enterprise which need more attention.
• Helpful in comparative analysis of the performance of the entity.
• To provide analysis of the liquidity, solvency, activity and profitability of an
enterprise.
• To provide information useful for making estimates and preparing the plans for
future.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ACCOUNTING RATIOS
• Accounting ratios
Liquidity
Ratios
Solvency
Ratios
Efficiency
Ratios
Profitabilit
y
Ratios

5. LIQUIDITY RATIOS
• Liquidity ratios: These ratios measure the firm’s ability to fulfill it’s short-term
financial obligations
a) Current Ratio : This ratio establishes the relationship between current assets
and current liabilities and is used to asses the short term financial position of
the business enterprise. The ideal current ratio is 2:1.
Current Ratio= Current Assets / Current Liabilities
b) Quick Ratio: This ratio establishes the relationship between quick assets and
current liabilities and is used to measure the firm’s ability to meet the claims of the
creditors immediately. The ideal quick ratio is 1:1.
Quick Ratio= Quick Assets / Current Liabilities

6. SOLVENCY RATIOS
• These ratios judge the long term financial position of an enterprise that is whether
the business is able to pay its long term liabilities or not.
1) Debt Equity Ratio : It establishes the relationship between long term debts and
shareholders funds. The ideal ratio is 2:1.
Debt Equity ratio= Long term debts / Shareholder’s Funds
2) Proprietary Ratio: It establishes relationship between proprietors funds and total
assets.
Proprietary Ratio = Shareholder’s funds / Total Assets

7. SOLVENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)
3) Total Assets to Debt Ratio: It establishes relationship between total assets and total
long term debts.
Total Assets to Debt Ratio= Total Assets / Long Term Debts
4) Debt to Capital Employed Ratio: It refers to the ratio of long term debt to the total of
external and internal funds (capital employed or net assets)
Debt to Capital Employed Ratio = Long term Debts / Capital Employed

8. SOLVENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)
• 5) Interest Coverage Ratio
It deals with the servicing of interest on loan. It expresses the relationship between
profits available for payment of interest and the amount of interest payable
ICR = Net profit before interest and tax / Interest on long – term debts
A higher ICR ensures safety of interest on debts. The ideal coverage ratio is 6 to 7
times.

9. EFFICIENCY RATIOS
Efficiency ratios measure a company's ability to use its assets and manage its liabilities
effectively in the current period or in the short-term. These are also called as Turnover
Ratios or Activity Ratios. The types of efficiency ratios can be outlined as follows:
1) Inventory turnover ratio: The inventory turnover ratio is used to determine if sales are
enough to turn or use the inventory. It measures a company's ability to manage its
inventory efficiently and provides insight into the sales of a company.
Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of goods sold / Average Inventory
Cost of goods sold= Opening Inventory + Net Purchases + Direct Expenses – Closing Inventory

10. EFFICIENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)
2) Asset Turnover Ratio= The asset turnover ratio measures a company's ability to efficiently
generate revenues from its assets. In other words, the asset turnover ratio calculates sales as a
percentage of the company's assets. The ratio is effective in showing how many sales are
generated from each rupee of assets a company owns.
Asset Turnover Ratio= Net Sales / Average Total Assets
3) Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio: This measures how effectively a company can actively collect
its debts and extend its credits.
Trade Receivables Turnover Ratio= Net Credit Sales / Average Trade Receivables

11. EFFICIENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)
Higher turnover means speedy collection from trade receivable. This ratio also helps
in working out the average collection period. The ratio is calculated by dividing the
days or months in a year by trade receivables turnover ratio.
Average collection period = 365 days or 12 months / Trade Receivables Turnover
Ratio
4) Trade payables turnover ratio indicates the pattern of payment of trade payable.
As trade payable arise on account of credit purchases, it expresses relationship
between credit purchases and trade payable. It is calculated as follows:
Trade Payables Turnover ratio = Net Credit purchases/ Average trade payable where
Average Trade Payable = (Opening Creditors and Bills Payable + Closing Creditors
and Bills Payable) / 2
Average Payment Period = No.of days/ month in a year / Trade Payables Turnover
Ratio

12. 5) Net Assets or Capital Employed Turnover Ratio- It reflects relationship between
revenue from operations and net assets (capital employed) in the business. Higher
turnover means better activity and profitability. It is calculated as follows :
Net Assets or Capital Employed Turnover ratio = Revenue from operations / Capital
Employed
EFFICIENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)

13. 6) Working Capital Turnover Ratio- High turnover of capital employed, working capital
and fixed assets is a good sign and implies efficient utilization of resources. Utilization of
capital employed or, for that matter, any of its components is revealed by the turnover
ratios. Higher turnover reflects efficient utilization resulting in higher liquidity and
profitability in the business.
Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net Revenue from Operations / Working Capital
EFFICIENCY RATIOS (CONTD.)

14. PROFITABILITY RATIOS
Profitability ratios consist of a group of metrics that assess a company's ability to generate
revenue relative to its revenue, operating costs, balance sheet assets, and shareholders' equity.
Profitability ratios also show how well companies use their existing assets to generate profit
and value for shareholders. The types of profitability ratios can be outlined as follows:
1) Gross Profit Ratio: Gross profit ratio is typically the first profitability ratio calculated by
businesses. It measures how much sales income a company has left over after it covers the cost
of goods sold (COGS). This figure is known as a company’s gross profit ratio.
Gross Profit Ratio= Gross Profit / Net Sales *100

15. PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)
2) Operating Ratio : It is computed to analyze cost of operation in relation to revenue from
operations. It is calculated as follows:
Operating Ratio = (Cost of Revenue from Operations + Operating Expenses) / Net Revenue
from Operations × 100.
Operating expenses include office expenses, administrative expenses, selling expenses,
distribution expenses, depreciation and employee benefit expenses etc. Cost of operation is
determined by excluding non-operating incomes and expenses such as loss on sale of assets,
interest paid, dividend received, loss by fire, speculation gain and so on.

16. PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)
3) Operating Profit Ratio : A company’s operating profit reveals how much revenue
is left over after it covers both COGS and operating expenses. The operating profit
margin shows the percentage of revenue that remains once these costs are
deducted from your net sales.
Operating Profit Ratio: Operating Profit / Revenue *100

17. PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)
4) Net Profit Ratio
Net profit ratio is based on all inclusive concept of profit. It relates revenue from
operations to net profit after operational as well as non-operational expenses and
incomes. It is calculated as under:
Net Profit Ratio = Net profit / Revenue from Operations × 100.
Generally, net profit refers to profit after tax (PAT). Significance: It is a measure of
net profit margin in relation to revenue from operations. Besides revealing
profitability, it is the main variable in computation of Return on Investment. It
reflects the overall efficiency of the business, assumes great significance from the
point of view of investors.

18. 5) Return on Capital Employed or Investment
It explains the overall utilisation of funds by a business enterprise. Capital employed
means the long-term funds employed in the business and includes shareholders’
funds, debentures and long-term loans. Alternatively, capital employed may be
taken as the total of non-current assets and working capital. Profit refers to the
Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT) for computation of this ratio. Thus, it is
computed as follows: Return on Investment (or Capital Employed) = Profit before
Interest and Tax/ Capital Employed × 100 Significance: It measures return on capital
employed in the business. It reveals the efficiency of the business in utilisation of
funds entrusted to it by shareholders,

19. 5) Return on Shareholders’ Funds
This ratio is very important from shareholders’ point of view in assessing whether their
investment in the firm generates a reasonable return or not. It should be higher than
the return on investment otherwise it would imply that company’s funds have not
been employed profitably. A better measure of profitability from shareholders point of
view is obtained by determining return on total shareholders’ funds, it is also termed
as Return on Net Worth (RONW) and is calculated as under :
Return on Shareholders’ Fund =Profit after Tax / Shareholders' Funds× 100
PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)

20. 6) Earnings per Share The ratio is computed as:
EPS = Profit available for equity shareholders/Number of Equity Shares.
In this context, earnings refer to profit available for equity shareholders which is
worked out as Profit after Tax – Dividend on Preference Shares. This ratio is very
important from equity shareholders point of view and also for the share price in the
stock market. This also helps comparison with other to ascertain its reasonableness
and capacity to pay dividend.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)

21. 7) Dividend Payout Ratio
This refers to the proportion of earning that are distributed to the shareholders. It is
calculated as –
Dividend Payout Ratio = Dividend per share / Earnings per share
This reflects company’s dividend policy and growth in owner’s equity.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)

22. 8) Price / Earning Ratio
The ratio is computed as
P/E Ratio = Market Price of a share / earnings per share.
For example, if the EPS of Wipro Ltd. is Rs. 10 and market price is Rs. 100, the price
earning ratio will be 10 (100/10). It reflects investors expectation about the growth
in the firm’s earnings and reasonableness of the market price of its shares. P/E Ratio
vary from industy to industry and company to company in the same industry
depending upon investors perception of their future.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)

23. 9) Book Value per Share
This ratio is calculated as : Book Value per share = Equity shareholders’
funds/Number of Equity Shares.
Equity shareholder fund refers to Shareholders’ Funds – Preference Share Capital.
This ratio is again very important from equity shareholders point of view as it gives
an idea about the value of their holding and affects market price of the shares.
PROFITABILITY RATIOS (CONTD.)

24. CONCLUSION
Accounting ratios are very helpful in analyzing the entities’ performance but on the
flip side, these ratios are calculated using balance sheet on a specific date. As such,
may not reflect the financial position of the entity during other periods of the year.
Thank You