1) Leverage increases the variability of both EPS and ROE. It amplifies gains in good years but also amplifies losses in bad years.
2) Break-even EBIT is the level of earnings where EPS is the same under the current and proposed capital structures. It indicates whether leverage will increase or decrease stockholder wealth.
3) The optimal capital structure balances the tax benefits of debt against the costs of financial distress and bankruptcy. It occurs when the benefit of an additional dollar of debt is offset by the increased expected bankruptcy costs.
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Mampu Menjelaskan, menghitung dan memahami tentang :
Jenis dan fitur obligasi
Harga/nilai obligasi dan mengapa berfluktuasi
Rating obligasi dan maknanya
Dampak inflasi terhadap tingkat bunga
“Term structure” tingkat bunga dan yang mempengaruhibesaran “yield” obligasi
Bagaimana harga saham dipengaruhi oleh pembayaran dividen dan tingkat pertumbuhan dividen
Menghitung harga saham menggunakan Model Pertumbuhan Dividen
Understand the role that financial institutions play in managerial
finance. Contrast the functions of financial institutions and financial markets.
Describe the differences between the capital markets and the
money markets.Discuss business taxes and their importance in financial decisions.
Jenis dividen dan cara pembayarannya
Isu penting disekitar kebijakan pembayaran dividen
Perbedaan “cash dividends” dan “stock dividends”
“Stock repurchases” sebagai alternatif terhadap pembayaran dividen
Mampu Menjelaskan, menghitung dan memahami tentang :
Jenis dan fitur obligasi
Harga/nilai obligasi dan mengapa berfluktuasi
Rating obligasi dan maknanya
Dampak inflasi terhadap tingkat bunga
“Term structure” tingkat bunga dan yang mempengaruhibesaran “yield” obligasi
Bagaimana harga saham dipengaruhi oleh pembayaran dividen dan tingkat pertumbuhan dividen
Menghitung harga saham menggunakan Model Pertumbuhan Dividen
Understand the role that financial institutions play in managerial
finance. Contrast the functions of financial institutions and financial markets.
Describe the differences between the capital markets and the
money markets.Discuss business taxes and their importance in financial decisions.
Jenis dividen dan cara pembayarannya
Isu penting disekitar kebijakan pembayaran dividen
Perbedaan “cash dividends” dan “stock dividends”
“Stock repurchases” sebagai alternatif terhadap pembayaran dividen
FIN 534 Week 8 Part 2 Capital Structure DecisionsSlide 1Intro.docxssuser454af01
FIN 534 Week 8 Part 2: Capital Structure Decisions
Slide 1
Introduction
Welcome to Financial Management. In this lesson we will discuss capital structure decisions.
Next slide
Slide 2
Topics
The following topics will be covered in this lesson:
A preview of capital structure issues;
Business risk and financial risk;
Capital structure theory;
Capital structure evidence and implications;
Estimating the optimal capital structure; and
Anatomy of recapitalization.
Next slide
Slide 3
A preview of capital structure issues
Managers should make capital structure decisions to maximize the intrinsic value of the firm. The firm’s capital structure is its mixture of debt and equity. While the actual levels of debt and equity may vary over time, most firms try to maintain a financing mix that is close to its target capital structure. Recall, the value of the firm’s operations is the present value of its expected future cash flows, FCF, discounted at the firm’s weighted average cost of capital, WACC. Mathematically, the value of the firm’s operations is given by the following equation:
V sub OP equals summation T equals one through infinity FCF sub T divided by the quantity one plus WACC raised to the tth power;
Where WACC equals w sub D times the quantity one minus T times R sub D plus W sub S times R sub S; and
WACC depends on the percentages of debt and common equity, W sub D and W sub S, the cost of debt, R sub D, the cost of equity, R sub S, and the corporate tax rate T. The only way any decision can change the firm’s value is by changing either FCF or its cost of capital. Debtholders’ claim on the firm’s cash flows rank ahead of the stockholders’ claim because they have a residual claim on the cash flows after debtholders’ are paid.
The fixed claim of debtholders increases the cost of equity, R sub S, because their residual claim becomes riskier. Interest expense is tax deductible which reduces the firm’s taxable income and therefore its tax bill. The tax reduction reduces the after-tax cost of debt which results in more income available to debtholders and other investors.
When the firm increases its debt level the probability of financial distress or bankruptcy increases. This results in an increased pretax cost of debt, R sub D, because debt-holders will require a higher interest rate. The net impact on the WACC is indeterminate because both R sub D and R sub S change because it is a weighted average of relatively low-cost debt and relatively high-cost equity. The risk of bankruptcy can reduce FCF and the value of the firm. When the risk of bankruptcy increases, customers may make purchases from another firm and hence sales decline which reduces net operating profit as well as FCF. Additionally any type of financial distress negatively impacts the productivity of managers and employees and reduces net operating profit after taxes, NOPAT, and FCF. Moreover the firm experiences a reduction in accounts payable and results in an ...
jimmy stepanian | Capital structure | Financial Structure | decisions | Jimmy Stepanian
Capital structure is the combination of long term capital and debt resources. Examine your balance sheet and you will find that there will be three main sources of capital.
This presentation is an overview of Capital Structure Theories.
Dr. Soheli Ghose ( Ph.D (University of Calcutta), M.Phil, M.Com, M.B.A., NET (JRF), B. Ed).
Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce,St. Xavier's College, Kolkata.
Guest Faculty, M.B.A. Finance, University of Calcutta, Kolkata
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
20. Case II - Example 3470 3300 CFFA 2970 3300 Net Income 1530 1700 Taxes (34%) 4500 5000 Taxable Income 500 0 Interest 5000 5000 EBIT Levered Firm Unlevered Firm
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