Life cycle of aspergillus
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Aspergillus is commonly found in soil, with a saprophytic mode of nutrition, obtaining its nutrients from dead and decaying matter.The saprophytic nature of Aspergillus spp means they fully depend on environmental materials, which allows them to produce enzymes such as amylase that breaks down compounds into simple products that can be absorbed by the vegetative hyphae. food materials for utilization during reproduction and growth.
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- It infects above-ground plant parts through stomata, causing white irregular patches on leaves and stems that later powder. Flowers and fruits become deformed.
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- Oospores can remain dormant for long periods until conditions are suitable for germination into zoospores that can infect new host plants
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(2) During asexual reproduction, sporangiophores produce chains of sporangia on the leaf surface that release zoospores or germinate directly to infect other leaves.
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Puccinia fungi exhibit a complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages and host alternation. The distinct morphological characteristics of Puccinia, including its specialized structures called uredinia and telia, contribute to its identification. The life cycle encompasses both sexual and asexual reproduction, with different spore types facilitating dispersal and survival. The spore stages, from basidiospores to urediniospores and teliospores, play pivotal roles in the infection process and completion of the life cycle.
Ecology :
Puccinia fungi are known for their plant-specific parasitism, and their ecological impact extends to various ecosystems. Understanding the ecological relationships between Puccinia and its host plants sheds light on the dynamics of plant-fungus interactions. Puccinia species demonstrate host specificity, affecting a wide range of economically important crops, including wheat, barley, and coffee. The environmental factors influencing Puccinia prevalence and the consequences of its infections on host populations are crucial aspects of its ecological role.
Economic Importance :
The economic significance of Puccinia cannot be overstated, as it impacts global agriculture and food security. Rust diseases caused by Puccinia species affect a multitude of crops, leading to substantial yield losses. The devastation caused by stem rust (Puccinia graminis) on wheat crops in historical famines underscores the urgency of managing and understanding these pathogens. The economic consequences extend beyond crop losses, affecting trade, livelihoods, and food prices. Developing strategies for sustainable management and control of Puccinia-induced diseases is crucial for global agriculture.
Plant-Fungus Interactions:
Puccinia engages in intricate interactions with its host plants, employing various strategies to infect and manipulate host physiology. The establishment of infection involves the recognition of host signals, penetration of host tissues, and the suppression of plant defenses. Understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these interactions provides insights into host specificity, immune evasion, and the co-evolutionary dynamics between Puccinia and its hosts.
Conclusion (200 words):
Puccinia stands as a testament to the complexity and adaptability of fungi in ecological systems. Its dual role as a devastating pathogen and an organism with unique ecological functions necessitates a holistic approach to research and management. As we delve deeper into the secrets of Puccinia, we pave the way for innovative solutions.
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This document summarizes the systematic position and life cycle of the fungus Penicillium. It notes that Penicillium is classified as Ascomycetes, order Eurotiales, family Eurotiaceae. The vegetative body is a mycelium composed of branched, septate hyphae. Penicillium reproduces through vegetative, asexual, and sexual means. Sexual reproduction involves the formation of ascocarps containing asci with ascospores, which germinate to form new mycelia. The life cycle is completed through both asexual spore formation and the sexual cycle involving ascogonium, antheridium, and cleistothecium formation.
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Classification of fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms that reproduce both sexually and asexually. They include mushrooms, yeasts, molds, and crop parasites. Fungi play important roles in symbiotic relationships with plants. They are classified into two divisions - Myxomycota containing plasmodial fungi and Eumycota containing filamentous fungi. Eumycota is further divided into five subdivisions - Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, and Deuteromycotina - based on characteristics like cell structure, life cycle, and mode of reproduction. Many fungi are plant pathogens that cause diseases in important crop species
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This document provides information about the Fusarium wilt disease of pigeon pea plants. It discusses the causal fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. udum, including its vegetative structure, reproduction through microconidia, macroconidia and chlamydospores, and disease cycle. The fungus is a soilborne pathogen that infects young pigeon pea roots and root hairs, spreading through the vascular system and producing wilt symptoms like yellowing and wilting leaves. The disease cycle involves the fungus surviving as mycelium or spores in the soil until new host plants are infected through their roots.
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- It infects above-ground plant parts through stomata, causing white irregular patches on leaves and stems that later powder. Flowers and fruits become deformed.
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Anthoceros
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both vegetatively and sexually. It has a thallus-like structure and reproduces vegetatively through fragmentation, gemmae, tubers, and apospory.
2. Sexually, it is either dioecious or monoecious. Antheridia and archegonia develop on the dorsal surface of the thallus. Fertilization occurs when antherozoids are released from the antheridia and swim via chemotaxis to fertilize the egg in the archegonium, forming a zygote.
3. The zygote develops into a sporophyte that consists of a
Eurotium(aspergillus)
Eurotium, commonly known as Aspergillus, is a genus of fungi that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It is commonly found growing on damp organic materials. Asexually, it produces multicellular structures called conidiophores that bear chains of spherical spores called conidia. Sexually, specialized hyphae called archicarps develop and produce female sex organs called oogonia. If fertilized by male sex organs called antheridia, the oogonia undergo meiosis and form chains of cells called ascogenous hyphae, which then produce sacs called asci containing ascospores. The ascospores and conidia allow the fungus to spread and
Eurotium(aspergillus)
Eurotium, commonly known as Aspergillus, is a genus of fungi that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It is commonly found growing on damp organic materials. Asexually, it produces multicellular structures called conidiophores that bear chains of spherical spores called conidia. Sexually, specialized hyphae called archicarps develop and produce female sex organs called oogonia. If fertilized by male sex organs called antheridia, the oogonia undergo meiosis and form chains of cells called ascogenous hyphae, which then produce sacs called asci containing ascospores. The ascospores and conidia allow the fungus to spread and
Aspergillus niger (FUNGUS)
Structure and reproduction of Aspergillus niger ,with picture of different reproduction methods in detail ,also called sac fungi,large groupof true fungi ,saprophyte,it also known to cause food contaminations or food spoilage ,also cause black mold in fruits and vegetables like grapes, apricote ,onions and peanuts .Aspergillus niger is common group of Aspergillus.reproduction by sexual ,asexual or vegetative methods. vegetative mthods by fragmentation ,sclerotia
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Anthoceros
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that includes about 200 species found worldwide in shady, moist tropical and temperate areas.
2. The plant body is a gametophyte that consists of a small, dark green, lobed thallus containing chloroplasts and rhizoids.
3. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through tubers, gemmae, and persistent apices, or sexually through antheridia that produce sperm and archegonia containing eggs leading to fertilization and formation of a sporophyte.
Fungi
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll and include mushrooms, molds, and yeasts. They obtain nutrients by digesting external materials and can be saprophytic or parasitic. Fungi have filamentous hyphae that can aggregate into a mycelium and reproduce both sexually and asexually via spores. They are found universally and prefer moist, dim environments.
Saprolegnia
1) Saprolegnia is a genus of aquatic fungi that can be parasites on fish or their eggs, causing disease.
2) It has coenocytic, branching hyphae and reproduces asexually through zoospores formed in sporangia.
3) Sexually, it produces male antheridia and female oogonia, with fertilization occurring through fertilization tubes, forming thick-walled oospores.
Anthoceros.ppt
1. Anthoceros is a genus of hornworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a dominant haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte.
2. The gametophyte is a small, thalloid structure that produces male antheridia and female archegonia for sexual reproduction. Fertilization of an egg cell within the archegonium forms a zygote that develops into the sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte is an elongated structure that bears haploid spores through meiosis. Upon germination, the spores develop into new gametophyte plants, completing the
18. phylum platyhelminthes II Full Explanation
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Microbes, Man and Environment (fungal replication) .pptx
Fungi can reproduce through three main methods: vegetative reproduction which involves fragmentation or budding without spores; asexual reproduction through mitospores like sporangiospores, zoospores, or conidiospores; and sexual reproduction through the fusion of gametes to form ascospores, basidiospores, or zygospores. Fungal reproduction allows them to disperse and form new individuals under varying environmental conditions through both spore-based and non-spore based methods.
Penicillium
This document discusses the genus Penicillium. It is a saprophytic fungus commonly found in soil and decaying organic matter. It includes over 100 species distributed worldwide. Penicillium fungi are used to produce foods and the antibiotic penicillin. Sir Alexander Fleming first discovered penicillin in 1928 from the mold Penicillium notatum. While most Penicillium species are harmless, some can cause infections in immunosuppressed individuals or produce mycotoxins.
Oedogonium
Oedogonium is a common freshwater green alga that grows as unbranched filaments attached to substrates by a basal holdfast cell. The filaments are made up of elongated cylindrical cells containing a single chloroplast. Reproduction can occur vegetatively through fragmentation, or sexually through the formation of zoospores or oogonia and antherozoids. Fertilization of an oogonium results in the formation of a resting oospore, which can germinate to form a new filament and complete the life cycle. Species can be either monoecious/dioecious or produce dwarf male filaments (nannandria) containing antheridia.
Zygomycotina
The document summarizes information about the fungi group Zygomycotina. It is divided into two classes: Zygomycetes and Trichomycetes. Zygomycetes are mostly terrestrial fungi that reproduce sexually through the fusion of opposite hyphae to form spores called zygospores. Rhizopus stolonifer is a common member. Trichomycetes are typically symbiotic fungi living in arthropod guts. The document also provides details about the fungi Mucor and Rhizopus, including their structures, life cycles, and reproduction methods.
Marchantia, Dr.V.Vijaya, Assistant Professor of Botany, E.M.G. Yadava Women's...
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Vaucheria ppt.pptx
1. The document describes the algal genus Vaucheria, which has coenocytic, filamentous thalli.
2. Vaucheria reproduces through both asexual and sexual means. Asexually, it produces zoospores, aplanospores, and akinetes. Sexually, it produces antheridia and oogonia that undergo fertilization to form zygotes.
3. The zygotes develop thick walls called oospores that allow the alga to survive unfavorable conditions. When conditions improve, the oospores germinate to form new haploid thalli.
Mycology5 converted
This PPT intends to explore the general characteristics, habitat & ecology of Chytridiomycotina & Zygomycotina
Similar to Life cycle of aspergillus (20)
Microbes, Man and Environment (fungal replication) .pptx
Microbes, Man and Environment (fungal replication) .pptx
Marchantia, Dr.V.Vijaya, Assistant Professor of Botany, E.M.G. Yadava Women's...
Marchantia, Dr.V.Vijaya, Assistant Professor of Botany, E.M.G. Yadava Women's...
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Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
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Life cycle of aspergillus
- 1. Life cycle of Aspergillus DR. RACHANA CHOUDHARY Asstt. Prof. Department of Microbiology Shri Shankaracharya Mahavidyalaya, Junwani,Bhilai (Durg).
- 2. CLASSIFICATION/SYSTEMIC POSITION Division : Mycota Sub division : Eumycotina Class :Ascomycetes sub-class : Euascomycetidae Order :Aspergillales Family :Aspergillaceae Genus : Aspergillus
- 3. OCCURRENCE Saprophytic fungus. There are 200 species of Aspergillus. Grows on decaying vegetable. On fatty media such as butter and ghee. On starchy media such as bread and rice. On preserved food such as jams and jellies. Also found on rotting oranges and other fruits.
- 4. APPEARANCE Greenish and Smoky Patches along with Mucor, Rhizopus & Penicillium on moist bread. Other common shades are Yellow, Black, and Blue. Mostly appear in the conodial stage (imperfect stage). Very few produce cleistothecia (perfect stage).
- 5. Cultural Characteristics • Cottony appearance; initially white to yellow and then turning black The reverse is white to yellow. • Potato dextrose agar at 25°C is initially white, which quickly becomes black with conidial production. The reverse is pale yellow and growth may produce radial fissures in the agar. • Malt Extract Agar – an incubation for 7 days at 25ºC and 37ºC producing slightly brown colonies smooth-walled colonies of conidia. • Czapek Yeast Agar – after 5 days of incubation at 25ºC and 37ºC, they produce black colonies with wooly smooth-walled colonies of conidia.
- 6. MYCELIUM Well developed structures. Made up of interwoven mass, branched and septate hyphae. Hyphae are branched and form mat on the substratum. Some of the hyphae lie superficially upon the substratum and other penetrate deeply to absorb food and for mycelium.
- 8. REPRODUCTION 1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION 2. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION 3. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
- 9. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION • BY FRAGMENTATION
- 10. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Conidiophores Cells vigorously grow and mycelium become thick walled. Thick walled t shaped cells called foot cell. Each t cell produce erect branch called conidiopores.
- 11. Length of conidiophores is around 2.5mm. Swells at the tip and form globose called vesicle. Lumen of vesicle is continuous with upper part of conidiopores. From the surface of vesicle tubular cells grows outwords called strigmata or phialides. Phialides cover the whole surface of vesicle.
- 12. DEVELOPMENT OF STERIGMETA/ PHIALIDES By dissolution of cell wall material thin tubular area formed. Cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria and other organelles migrate from vesicle to sterigmata. In maturity stage sterigmata cut off from vesicle from basal septum.
- 13. ABSTRICTIONS OF CONIDIA Sterigmata are uninucleate Nucleus divide by mitosis to form two daughter nuclei From two one migrates to tip of the sterigmata to form first conidium First conidium is cut off by basal septum at the sterigmata apex. By fragmentation fungus produce asexual spores known as conidia
- 14. Later develop second conidium in same manner. This series of events repeated. Thus sterigmata continue to grow conidia one below to another. Consequently chain of conidia is formed at the tip of the sterigmata. The youngest is at the base and oldest is at the top.
- 15. Two advantages 1. Dispersel of mature conidia in the air 2. Proper nourishment of young conidia Conidia are black, green, brown, blue or yellow in color according to their species Conidial wall is thick consist of two layers outer epispore and inner endospore On falling of suitable substratum each conidium germinates First produce germ tube which grows into mycelium
- 17. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION • Sexual reproduction is rare. • Female sex organ is called ascogonium or archicarp. • Male sex organ is called pollonidium or anthridium.
- 18. ASCOGONIUM (FEMALE SEX ORGAN) Small, coiled septate branch. Terminal segment is longest and single celled called trigogyne contain 20 nuclei. Trigogyne function as a receptive part of female sex organ.
- 19. ANTHREDIUM (MALE SEX ORGAN Male branch grows beside the ascogonium from the same hyphae. Anthredium is multi nucleate.
- 20. PLASMOGAMY Fusion of ascogonium and anthredium. Tip of anthredium fuse with trochogyne. Then intervening wall is dissolved. Content of anthredium pass into the trochogyne. Here haplophase ends. Male nuclei pair with female nuclei. Each pair is called dikaryon and phase is called dikaryophase.
- 21. The wall of asci is dissolved. Ascopores are released into cleistothesium. Then wall of cleistothesium decays to released ascopores into atmosphere. Each ascopores germinate to form mycelium.
- 23. Life cycle of Aspergillus
- 24. Life cycle of Aspergillus
- 25. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE 44 species are reported in India. Aspergillus oryzae is utilized to make alcohol. Aspergillus niger is utilized in production of citric acid and other organic acid. Some species are the source of antibiotics. Culture of A.niger and A.oryzae yield awide range of enzymes. Which are used for industrial fermentation.
- 26. Decay tobacco and cigar. Spoils nuts, bread and other food stuffs. In humid atmosphere it grows on leather and fabrics. Sometimes produce poisonous substance called mycotoxins. Aspergillus Cause number of disease called aspergilloses. Eg. In human ear cause otomycosis.
- 27. Thank you