A genetically modified organism (GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms.
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
Introduction: Biotechnology is an emerging field of research as it has the potential to solve many biological problems which could not be solved till now with conventional techniques.
The use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings is known as Biotechnology. It has various applications in different fields such as Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Processed Food, Waste Management, Energy Production, Genetically Modified Crops etc.
Biotechnology means 'applications of scientific and engineering principles to biological processes to provide goods and services'. Full understanding of biological processes is possible with detailed analysis of gene structure and function i.e. the Genetic Engineering means the introduction of manipulated genetic material (DNA) into a cell in such a way as to replicate and be passed on to progeny cells'. The outcome is attractive and promising.
biotechnology and its applications
application s of biotechnology, bt.cotton, cloning, dna, dna fingerprinting, dna isolation, gene manipulation, genetic engineering, goldenrice., r dnatechnology, recombinant vaccines, transgenic, vectors
Introduction: Biotechnology is an emerging field of research as it has the potential to solve many biological problems which could not be solved till now with conventional techniques.
The use of biology to develop technologies and products for the welfare of human beings is known as Biotechnology. It has various applications in different fields such as Therapeutics, Diagnostics, Processed Food, Waste Management, Energy Production, Genetically Modified Crops etc.
Biotechnology means 'applications of scientific and engineering principles to biological processes to provide goods and services'. Full understanding of biological processes is possible with detailed analysis of gene structure and function i.e. the Genetic Engineering means the introduction of manipulated genetic material (DNA) into a cell in such a way as to replicate and be passed on to progeny cells'. The outcome is attractive and promising.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are organisms in which the
genetic material has been altered using recombinant DNA technology.
Genetic manipulation involves a wide variety of modifications to produce
nutritionally valued GM crops. In some cases, genetic modifications
represent more faster and efficient mechanisms for achieving desired
resulting traits. This review indicate the mechanism of group of actions
with various biotechnological tool utilize to carry out genetic
modification, their benefits, etc. Production of GM food crops provides
new ways to fulfill future food requirments but risk associated factors
cannot be neglected. To overcome these problems and to cope with the
continuous increase in the number and variety of GMOs, new approaches
are needed. India has approved cultivation of some GM crops but due to
lack of proper knowledge and religious factors lead to stunted outcomes
ignoring environment cleanliness and hunger of malnourished segments.
So more attention still needed for its adoption globally by ensure its
safety for human utilization.
Genetic Engineering in Insect Pest management Mohd Irshad
gene incorporation is gaining attention across the globe with the aim of improving plant health, crop protection, and sustainable crop production. This versatile method of Scientific cultivation should be adopted by the growers as it has been investigated and assessed by experts and environmentalists. There is not any kind of toxic effect on mammalian.
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
AAS is an analytical technique used to determine how much of certain elements are in a sample. It uses the principle that atoms (and ions) can absorb light at a specific, unique wavelength. When this specific wavelength of light is provided, the energy (light) is absorbed by the atom.
Strain improvement is one element of fermentation process management. It is the process of increasing the productivity of a microorganism by improving or selecting for a more productive phenotype.
Eukaryotic transcription is carried out in the nucleus of the cell and proceeds in three sequential stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotes require transcription factors to first bind to the promoter region and then help recruit the appropriate polymerase.
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Mutations can result from errors in DNA replication during cell division, exposure to mutagens or a viral infection.2
A DNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that transfects a specific antigen-coding DNA sequence into the cells of an organism as a mechanism to induce an immune response.
DNA vaccines work by injecting genetically engineered plasmid containing the DNA sequence encoding the antigen(s) against which an immune response is sought, so the cells directly produce the antigen, thus causing a protective immunological response.
Bioremediation is a branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living organisms, like microbes and bacteria, in the removal of contaminants, pollutants, and toxins from soil, water, and other environments.
radioactivity is the act of emitting radiation spontaneously. This is done by an atomic nucleus that, for some reason, is unstable; it "wants" to give up some energy in order to shift to a more stable configuration.
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Type I, II and III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions because they occur within 24 hours of exposure to the antigen or allergen.
Diphtheria is a serious infection caused by strains of bacteria called Corynebacterium diphtheriae that make toxin. It can lead to difficulty breathing, heart rhythm problems, and even death. CDC recommends vaccines for infants, children, teens, and adults to prevent diphtheria. Causes and How It Spreads.
Clostridium is a genus of anaerobic, Gram-positive bacteria. Species of Clostridium inhabit soils and the intestinal tract of animals, including humans. This genus includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agents of botulism and tetanus.
transposon, class of genetic elements that can “jump” to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called “jumping genes,” they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.1
Gene regulation is the process used to control the timing, location and amount in which genes are expressed. The process can be complicated and is carried out by a variety of mechanisms, including through regulatory proteins and chemical modification of DNA.
Genetic recombination (genetic reshuffling) is the exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. The process occurs naturally and can also be carried out in the lab.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in food.
The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs including cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions.
Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to both humans and livestock.
Microbiology essentially began with the development of the microscope. Although others may have seen microbes before him, it was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch draper whose hobby was lens grinding and making microscopes, who was the first to provide proper documentation of his observations.
We can make various products like soup powder, papad, nuggets, chips, preserve, candy etc. using different mushrooms. products like pasta, noodles etc. by supplementing with fresh or dried mushroom powder.
The microbes are highly useful for making vaccines and antibiotics for making medicines. It is a well-known fact that harmful pathogens that cause different diseases by infecting our body. The antibiotics and medicines would help us in fighting these diseases and infections.
Biofertilizers are living microbes that enhance plant nutrition by either by mobilizing or increasing nutrient availability in soils. Various microbial taxa including beneficial bacteria and fungi are currently used as biofertilizers, as they successfully colonize the rhizosphere, rhizoplane or root interior.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Travis Hills' Endeavors in Minnesota: Fostering Environmental and Economic Pr...Travis Hills MN
Travis Hills of Minnesota developed a method to convert waste into high-value dry fertilizer, significantly enriching soil quality. By providing farmers with a valuable resource derived from waste, Travis Hills helps enhance farm profitability while promoting environmental stewardship. Travis Hills' sustainable practices lead to cost savings and increased revenue for farmers by improving resource efficiency and reducing waste.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Genetic modification is the process of altering the properties of
cells in an organism by changing the genetic makeup of the
DNA in the nucleus of the cell. This can include deleting or
changing genes, or transferring genes from one organism to
another. When an organism has had these changes made to it,
it will become a genetically modified organism and DNA
fragments are called rDNA and their technique is genetic
engineering.
Such as Bacteria and yeast, plants, fish, and mammals.
INTRODUCTION: -
3. HISTORY OF GMO
• The first GMOs were bacteria in 1971.
• Creation of the first recombinant DNA
molecules by Paul Berg in 1972.
• Insulin –producing bacteria were
commercialized in 1982.
5. EXAMPLES OF GMO’s
• In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was introduced as
the first GM food.
• Golden rice – enriched rice containing beta-carotene
(Vitamin A).
• Bt corn – corn containing a chemical normally found
in bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis).
• Herbicide resistant plants (roundup ready corn).
7. Plants are genetically modified to be:
•Herbicide resistant
•Pesticide resistant
•Insect resistant
•Drought tolerant
•Extreme temperature tolerant
•Have added nutrients, such as vitamins and
minerals
GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS
8. Roundup is a common herbicide
manufactured by Monsanto that
is harmful to weeds and plants
alike For this reason, Monsanto
developed a line of “Roundup
ready” crops that are resistant to the herbicide By inserting gene 5’‐
enolpyruvylshikimate‐ 3’ ‐ phosphate (EPSP) from the bacteria
Agrobacterium, plants such as corn, soybeans, cotton, and alfalfa
could be made herbicide resistant
HERBICIDE RESISTANT
9. Corn, cotton, and several other plants have
been genetically modified to be insect
resistant.
Insect resistance in crops is accomplished by
identifying and isolating a gene from the soil
bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis that
produces a toxin called Cry that is toxic to
plant insects.
INSECT RESISTANCE
10. Rice, has been genetically modified to be
an improved source of vitamin A.
Biosynthesis of beta‐ carotene in GM rice was accomplished by
inserting phytoene synthase (psy) gene from daffodils and
phytoene desaturase (ctrI) gene from the bacteria Erwinia
uredovorainto rice DNA
The additional beta‐carotene produced by the endosperm (rice
grain that is eaten by the humans) gives it a characteristic yellow
or golden hue Because of this the vitamin‐enriched GM rice is also
known as “golden rice”
GM PLANTS WITH ADDED NUTRIENTS ‐RICE
11. Strawberries, which are a good source of vitamin C,
have been genetically modified to provide 3 times
as much vitamin C.
A gene in the strawberry plant called GalUR gene codes for an
enzyme that converts a protein in the plant to vitamin C.
A similar gene is found in the thale cress Arabidopsis thaliana.
Researchers created a DNA plasmid using the A. thaliana gene and
the bacteria Agrobacterium and inserted into the strawberry plant to
over‐express GalUR gene and produce 3 times as much vitamin C
GM PLANTS WITH ADDED NUTRIENTS ‐STRAWBERRIES
12. Currently, researchers around the world are working at
creating and perfecting:
• Drought resistant wheat, corn, and rice
• Salt tolerant tomatoes
• Frost resistant strawberries
• Heat tolerant beans such as kidney, red, black, and
pinto beans
• Carrots that produce a vaccine against hepatitis B
MORE GM CROPS
13. GENETICALLY MODIFIED ANIMALS
• Genetically modified
mammals are an
important category of
genetically modified
organisms. Ralph L.
Brinster and Richard
Palmiter developed
the techniques
responsible for
transgenic mice, rats,
rabbits, sheep, and
pigs in the early
1980s.
14. The FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine(CVM) regulates
genetically altered animal products
Currently no transgenic animals have been approved for human
consumption
Transgenic animals have been approved for use as biopharm
animals (for producing drugs and hormones) and they produce
such products as milk and wool.
15. • Production of animals with specific traits much
quicker than with traditional breeding methods
Results in –
• Better quality with increased milk production
and wool production, Increased growth rates
Efficient production of pharmaceuticals,
nutritional supplements, and hormones.
• Most pharmaceuticals are produced from the
milk of goats, cows and sheep Included are such
drugs as Insulin, Growth hormone.
BENEFITS OF TRANSGENIC ANIMALS
16. • Experts estimate that producing therapeutic protein
using traditional methods cost approximately $300
‐$3,000 per gram.
• In contrast, using a transgenic goat to produce the
protein in milk costs approximately $20 ‐$105 per
gram.
• Transgenic hen eggs are even cheaper, costing
approximately $.10 ‐$.25 per gram of protein
17. GENETICALLY MODIFIED MICROBES
• Bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the
laboratory, due to their simple genetics. They are important in
producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in
medicine.
• Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce the protein
insulin to treat diabetes. Similar bacteria have been used to
produce clotting factors to treat haemophilia and human
growth hormone to treat various forms of dwarfism.
24. CHALLENGES #1
• Environmental – possibility of unintended harm to other
organisms:
• potential risk of harm to non-target organisms, e.g. a pest
resistant crop that produces toxins that may harm both crop-
damaging and non crop-damaging insects
• E.g. The pollen of BT corn on milkweed is thought to affect
(slow or kill) the larvae of Monarch butterflies. Further
studies are underway.
25. CHALLENGES #2
• pesticides become less effective as pests become resistant to
modified crops.
• Different varieties and strengths of pesticides will be needed
once weeds have adapted to the existing effective pesticides.
26. CHALLENGES #3
• “Superweeds”
gene transfer to non-target species where
herbicide tolerant plants crossbreed with
weeds potentially creating herbicide resistant
weeds.
Some Western Canadian farmers are calling
Monsanto’s round-up ready canola a
superweed.
27. CHALLENGES #4
• Human health risks
▫ introducing a gene into a plant
may create a new allergen or
cause an allergic reaction in
susceptible individuals
▫ For example, inserting genes from
a nut into another plant could be
dangerous for people who are
allergic to nuts
28. CHALLENGES #5
• Economic Hazards
• Elimination of competition
▫ GM seeds are patented (must buy each year)
• This presents problems for poor farmers in both the developed
and developing worlds.
▫ Large companies like Monsanto have resorted to suing small
farmers found to be using their seed without paying.
• Suicide seeds
▫ Plants with sterile seeds that are infertile are created
▫ Farmers are forced to buy seeds every year
• However, some companies have reduced costs or donated GM
seeds to impoverished nations.
29. CONCLUSION
Despite the great promise of genetic engineering it also brings
with it potential problem in area of safety, human experience,
potential ecological disruption & biological warfare.
genetically engineered microbes are emerging as a efficient
vehicle to overcome environmental pollutions.